解芳++++++徐家杰++++++盧建建++++++張超++++++楊莉亞++++++李澍源++++++滕利
[摘要] 目的 研究雙頜前部根尖下截骨術(shù)對雙頜前突畸形患者咬合關(guān)系的影響。 方法 選擇2003年9月~2014年10月中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院整形外科醫(yī)院收治的20例雙頜前突患者,均接受同期上頜及下頜前部根尖下截骨手術(shù)。通過對患者術(shù)前及術(shù)后進(jìn)行頭影測量,系統(tǒng)地分析此術(shù)式對患者咬合關(guān)系的影響。 結(jié)果 與治療前相比,患者治療后的頭影測量上切牙牙軸傾斜度(U1-OP)、下切牙牙軸傾斜度(L1-OP)、下中切牙牙軸-下頜平面角(IMPA)、上中切牙突距(U1E-Apog)、下中切牙突距(L1E-Apog)、上中切牙-NA的垂距(U1E-NA)、下牙傾斜度(L1-NB)、下中切牙-NB的垂距(L1E-NB)有所減小,上下中切牙角(ⅡA)、上牙傾斜度(U1-NA)有所增加,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。 結(jié)論 通過術(shù)前模型外科設(shè)計,可以確定一部分雙頜前突的患者僅需要正頜手術(shù)即可同期矯正,明顯提高治療效率,減輕患者經(jīng)濟和身體負(fù)擔(dān),值得進(jìn)一步深入研究以進(jìn)一步普及和推廣。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 雙頜前突;正頜外科;頭影測量;模型外科
[中圖分類號] R782 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2017)06(c)-0130-04
[Abstract] Objective To study effect of anterior apical osteotomy on occlusal relationship in patients with bimaxillary protrusion. Methods From September 2003 to October 2014, 20 patients with bimaxillary protrusion were included in this study, who underwent anterior subapical osteotomy of both the maxilla and mandible in Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. In addition, the pre- and postoperative cephalometric radiographs were systematically analyzed. Results After surgery, the levels of U1-OP, L1-OP, IMPA, U1E-Apog, L1E-Apog, U1E-NA, L1-NB, L1E-NB were decreased than before surgery, and the levels of ⅡA and U1-NA were increased than before surgery, with high statistically significant difference (P < 0.01). Conclusion With the use of a precise preoperative model surgical design, orthognathic surgery, a simple and time-saving technique, can be used to correct bimaxillary protrusion with satisfactory postoperative occlusal relationship, and minimal postoperative complications.
[Key words] Bimaxillary protrusion; Orthognathic surgery; Cephalometric; Model surgery
早在20世紀(jì)60年代,Taylor等[1]就開始應(yīng)用根尖下截骨術(shù)來治療雙頜前突畸形。20世紀(jì)80年代以來,隨著正畸技術(shù)的發(fā)展,根尖下截骨術(shù)配合術(shù)前術(shù)后正畸治療作為常規(guī)方法被廣泛應(yīng)用于成人上頜或下頜前突的矯治[2-4]。然而自1990年以來,傳統(tǒng)的生物醫(yī)學(xué)模式逐步轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樯鐣?生物-心理醫(yī)學(xué)模式[5]。醫(yī)生在治療錯畸形的同時,尤其是對于外表更加看重的求美者,應(yīng)更加考慮到患者的心理需求。傳統(tǒng)的術(shù)前正畸治療在解決牙列擁擠問題的同時,會在5~9個月的時期內(nèi)加重牙齒前突的程度,且有時會出現(xiàn)因術(shù)前拔牙矯治而呈現(xiàn)特殊的“消瘦面形”,這無疑更加重了患者的不自信?,F(xiàn)代社會快節(jié)奏的工作生活,使得多數(shù)成人患者不能配合長時間的術(shù)前術(shù)后正畸治療,而越來越傾向于選擇一次性手術(shù)解決外形不滿意的問題。
隨著手術(shù)器械的改進(jìn)、正頜技術(shù)的不斷成熟、模型外科的發(fā)展及CAM/CAD技術(shù)的興起,同期雙頜手術(shù)逐漸開展并不斷完善,越來越多的患者希望選擇通過一次手術(shù)同期解決雙頜前突畸形,免去術(shù)前術(shù)后長期的正畸過程。在本文中,將分析20例雙頜前突患者接受同期雙頜根尖下截骨術(shù)前后的X線頭影測量變化,系統(tǒng)性評價這種改良的方法的臨床療效及對咬合關(guān)系的影響。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇在中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院整形外科醫(yī)院整形五科2003年9月~2014年10月接受手術(shù)的20例雙頜前突患者,女19例,男1例,年齡19~41歲,平均為(29.00±6.41)歲。所有患者均接受了同期上頜及下頜前部根尖下截骨手術(shù),其中6例同時行頦部水平截骨前徙術(shù),2例同時行上唇V-Y延長術(shù),1例同時行下頜角弧形截骨術(shù),1例同時行硅膠假體隆頦術(shù)。術(shù)后測量顯示,上頜骨后退骨量平均為(3.73±1.43)mm,下頜骨后退骨量平均為(3.45±1.23)mm,術(shù)中平均出血量為(315.00±181.44)mL。
1.2 治療方法
術(shù)前應(yīng)用頭影測量和模型外科預(yù)測分析,確定上下頜骨后退的距離,并重點分析手術(shù)是否對咬合關(guān)系造成嚴(yán)重影響,依據(jù)模型外科制作術(shù)中咬合導(dǎo)板,并應(yīng)用Surgicase軟件模擬手術(shù)過程,并進(jìn)一步預(yù)測術(shù)后效果,醫(yī)患雙方達(dá)到滿意后最終確定手術(shù)方案。術(shù)中先拔除上下頜第一前磨牙,之后經(jīng)唇齦溝唇側(cè)5 mm入路,行上頜骨及下頜骨前部根尖下截骨,磨球消耗骨組織以后退上、下頜骨前部骨塊,戴用制備的咬合導(dǎo)板,調(diào)整至基本正常的咬合關(guān)系后,行小鈦板鈦釘堅強內(nèi)固定,截骨線兩側(cè)牙齒以鋼絲輔助固定骨塊。經(jīng)過手術(shù),上頜牙槽及軟組織可瞬間后退6~7 mm[6-9]。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
根據(jù)Wylie[10],Downs[11],Bjrk等[12]提出的方法,所有研究對象在治療前后均拍攝取正中咬合位時的X線頭顱側(cè)位定位片。用MedCeph 4.0軟件對每張頭顱側(cè)位定位片進(jìn)行定點和測量。每一個頭影測量的點均定2次,如果2次之間的測量角度或長度差值大于1°或者0.5 mm,則要求進(jìn)行第3遍定點測量,這一次測量值與其他兩次相比,異常的數(shù)值舍去,然后取平均值。
治療前后對患者進(jìn)行頭顱X線檢查,囑患者處于正中咬合位,并在唇部完全放松的靜息狀態(tài)下,拍攝頭顱側(cè)位的X線片[13-15]。并對術(shù)前和術(shù)后的頭顱側(cè)位X線片的收集、整理、標(biāo)記,并將所有解剖標(biāo)記點數(shù)字化。之后對數(shù)字化的解剖標(biāo)記點進(jìn)行頭影測量,觀察個指標(biāo)變化情況以評估臨床矯治效果。對手術(shù)前后X線頭顱側(cè)位片分別進(jìn)行頭影測量,所需測量的牙齒相關(guān)指標(biāo)包括:上切牙牙軸傾斜度(U1-OP)、下切牙牙軸傾斜度(L1-OP)、頦角(Id-Pog-Go)、上下中切牙角(IIA)、下中切牙牙軸-下頜平面角(IMPA)、上中切牙突距(U1E-Apog)、下中切牙突距(L1E-Apog)、上中切牙-NA的垂距(U1E-NA)、上牙傾斜度(U1-NA)、下牙傾斜度(L1-NB)、下中切牙-NB的垂距(L1E-NB)。見圖1。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用配對樣本t檢驗,以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 治療前后頭影測量的牙齒相關(guān)指標(biāo)比較
與治療前相比,患者治療后的頭影測量U1-OP、L1-OP、IMPA、U1E-Apog、L1E-Apog、U1E-NA、L1-NB、L1E-NB有所減小,ⅡA,U1-NA有所增加,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。見表1。術(shù)后隨訪12~36個月,所有患者頜骨關(guān)系正常,牙弓形態(tài)及Spee曲線正常,牙齒排列無明顯不整,咬合關(guān)系正常,顏面外形獲得滿意的改善。
2.2 典型病例
患者術(shù)前微笑時牙齦外露過多,強迫閉口時,下唇下方與頦部間有明顯的軟組織隆起(圖2A、2C)?;颊咝型谏项M及下頜前部根尖下截骨手術(shù),以及頦部水平截骨前移術(shù),術(shù)后2個月患者由凸面型轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橹泵嫘?,顏面外形明顯改善(圖2B、2D)。
3 討論
雙頜前突的人群在中國人中占有很高的比例。高加索人種的面型符合大多數(shù)中國人審美標(biāo)準(zhǔn),而雙頜前突的面型對中國人而言顯得較為蠢笨[16-18]。所以上下頜前部截骨術(shù)在華人中開展得較歐美廣泛。傳統(tǒng)的術(shù)前正畸治療在解決牙列擁擠問題的同時,會在5~9個月內(nèi)加重牙齒前突的程度,現(xiàn)代社會快節(jié)奏的工作生活,使得多數(shù)患者不能配合長時間的正畸治療,而且對于口外裝置的排斥使得正畸拔牙患者的拔牙間隙很難完全用于前牙的內(nèi)收,如何控制支抗是治療中的難題。而且正畸治療主要適用于牙性雙頜前突,且后退程度有限(2~3 mm)[19-20]。
術(shù)前精確仔細(xì)的模型外科設(shè)計,對于雙頜前突的治療是至關(guān)重要的。術(shù)前根據(jù)模型外科分析研究,拔牙截骨后退骨段后,如上下牙弓形態(tài)良好、協(xié)調(diào),前牙覆頜、覆蓋基本正常,雙側(cè)尖牙-雙尖牙區(qū)開頜≤1 mm,去骨后尖牙與第二雙尖牙間基本無間隙,沒有前牙早接觸,可不進(jìn)行術(shù)前、術(shù)后正畸治療[9]。
上頜骨前部截骨主要有3種方法:Wassmund,Wunderer和Downfracture法。Wunderer法多應(yīng)用于前牙需要向后移動者,故本研究中大部分患者應(yīng)用此方法,在術(shù)中拔除雙側(cè)上頜第一前磨牙后,行AMSO可后退上頜前部7 mm左右,后退骨塊的主要阻力來自于腭骨水平板的后份,術(shù)中一定要充分去除該阻力,否則上頜骨前部骨塊只能旋轉(zhuǎn)而很難充分后退[21-22]。對于開唇露齒較嚴(yán)重甚至露齦的患者,有時需要上移上頜前部骨塊,減小前牙牙弓高度,這時通常采用Downfracture法[23]。原則上上移不應(yīng)超過2 mm,否則會造成骨切開線兩端鄰牙平面臺階過大,不利于Spee曲線的協(xié)調(diào)。有時術(shù)中需要適當(dāng)旋轉(zhuǎn)上頜前部骨塊,應(yīng)注意骨切開線兩端鄰牙的平面[24]。
術(shù)后,U1-OP、L1-OP、U1-NA、L1-NB、U1E-NA、L1E-NB、U1E-Apog、L1E-Apog均有所減?。≒ < 0.01),說明雙頜前部根尖下手術(shù)有使患者面部由凸面型變?yōu)橹泵嫘偷内厔荩墒挂Ш详P(guān)系更加協(xié)調(diào)穩(wěn)定。ⅡA是反映上下頜骨前后向凸度的綜合指數(shù)[4,25],研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ⅡA是對功能矯治起主要作用的4項指標(biāo)之一。
雙頜前部根尖下截骨術(shù)作為一種操作簡單的正頜外科術(shù)式,在模型外科及CAM/CAD技術(shù)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)上,將更好地應(yīng)用于雙頜前突等錯畸形的矯正,并取得咬合關(guān)系和面部外形俱佳的療效。
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