陳 宇,黃蔚霞
(浙江中醫(yī)藥大學附屬溫州中醫(yī)院腎內(nèi)科,浙江 溫州 325000)
IgA腎病孕婦的臨床資料分析
陳 宇,黃蔚霞
(浙江中醫(yī)藥大學附屬溫州中醫(yī)院腎內(nèi)科,浙江 溫州 325000)
目的 分析浙江中醫(yī)藥大學附屬溫州中醫(yī)院近10年IgA腎病孕婦的妊娠結(jié)局及其危險因素。方法 選取我院2006年6月至2016年8月收治的IgA腎病孕婦86例的臨床資料,分析其妊娠結(jié)局的影響因素。結(jié)果 86例患者共妊娠90次,妊娠20~40周,平均(36.2±5.6)周。58例為足月產(chǎn),9例為早產(chǎn),23例于妊娠28周前終止妊娠,分別占64.44%、10.00%和25.56%。67例胎兒中62例活胎,體重1 038.9~5 896.3 g,平均體重為(3 012.5±253.9)g;低體重兒14例,極低體重兒6例,分別占22.58%和9.67%。妊娠成功組年齡、平均動脈壓、血肌酐、妊娠前24 h尿蛋白量顯著低于失敗組(t值分別為2.332、2.257、2.259、2.225,均P<0.05),血紅蛋白顯著高于失敗組(t=2.302,P<0.05),Lee氏分級顯著低于失敗組(χ2=5.661,P<0.05)。兩組病程、血清白蛋白、總膽固醇無顯著性差異(t值分別為1.025、0.562、0.785,均P>0.05),且腎小球球性硬化、腎小球節(jié)段性硬化發(fā)生率均無顯著性差異(χ2值分別為1.535、0.981,均P>0.05)。Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,年齡、妊娠前腎性高血壓、Lee氏分級、血紅蛋白和妊娠前24h尿蛋白量是IgA腎病孕婦妊娠結(jié)局的獨立影響因素(OR值分別為3.038、3.927、3.358、2.038,均P<0.05),年齡越大,Lee氏分級越高,妊娠前24h尿蛋白量高,低血紅蛋白,伴有妊娠前腎性高血壓的IgA腎病孕婦更易出現(xiàn)不良妊娠結(jié)局,胎兒預后亦差。結(jié)論 IgA腎病可能導致妊娠結(jié)局不良,其中妊娠前腎病的臨床表現(xiàn)與妊娠結(jié)局存在緊密關(guān)系,應積極控制妊娠前上述癥狀,從而改善妊娠結(jié)局。
IgA腎??;孕婦;妊娠結(jié)局;危險因素
IgA腎病(immunoglobulin A nephropathy,IgAN)好發(fā)于育齡期婦女,是原發(fā)性腎小球腎炎的常見病理類型[1]。IgA腎病患者臨床表現(xiàn)為反復發(fā)作的無癥狀性蛋白尿、血尿,伴或不伴高血壓、水腫和腎功能損害等,其主要發(fā)病機制是IgA免疫球蛋白沉積導致腎小球系膜組織性增生發(fā)生炎性病變[2-3]。IgA腎病患者的妊娠問題一直是臨床關(guān)注的重點,然而目前有關(guān)IgA腎病孕婦妊娠結(jié)局的相關(guān)報道還十分有限。本文通過回顧性分析近10年的IgA腎病孕婦的妊娠結(jié)局,并對其影響因素展開分析,旨在為改善IgA腎病孕婦的妊娠結(jié)局提供指導方向。
1.1臨床資料
選取2006年6月至2016年8月浙江中醫(yī)藥大學附屬溫州中醫(yī)院收治的IgA腎病孕婦86例。納入標準:符合世界衛(wèi)生組織(World Health Organization,WHO)制定的原發(fā)性IgA腎病診斷標準[4]:①均經(jīng)腎穿刺組織病理檢查確診;②妊娠20周以上;③臨床資料齊全。排除標準:①繼發(fā)的IgA腎病者;②主動放棄妊娠者;③IgA腎病接受腎移植者;④合并惡性腫瘤及嚴重心肝肺功能不全者;⑤臨床資料不全者。86例患者年齡21~38歲,平均(29.5±5.2)歲;IgA腎病Lee分級(Lee’s classification,Lee):Ⅰ級22例、Ⅱ級20例、Ⅲ級16例、Ⅳ級18例、Ⅴ級10例;病程3~14個月,平均病程7.5±1.2個月。
1.2方法
分析統(tǒng)計符合上述標準的86例IgA腎病孕婦的臨床資料,包括年齡、腎小球球性硬化、腎小球節(jié)段性硬化、終止妊娠方式、胎兒發(fā)育情況,胎兒預后、總膽固醇、24h尿蛋白量、血肌酐、血紅蛋白、血清白蛋白、平均動脈壓。28周≤分娩孕周<37周為早產(chǎn);胎兒出生體重<1 500g為極低體重兒,<2 500g為低體重兒。
1.3統(tǒng)計學方法
所有資料采用SPSS 20.0進行分析處理,計數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗,計量資料采用均數(shù)±標準差表示,多因素分析采用非條件Logistic回歸分析,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2.1妊娠結(jié)局分析
86例患者共妊娠90次,妊娠20~40周,平均(36.2±5.6)周。58例為足月產(chǎn),9例為早產(chǎn),23例于妊娠28周前終止妊娠,分別占64.44%、10.00%和25.56%。67例胎兒中62例活胎,體重1 038.9~5 896.3g,平均體重為(3 012.5±253.9)g;低體重兒14例,極低體重兒6例,分別占22.58%和9.67%。根據(jù)妊娠結(jié)局,分為成功組(n=62)和失敗組(n=28,包括23例終止妊娠和5例死亡)。
2.2妊娠結(jié)局影響因素分析
妊娠成功組年齡、平均動脈壓、血肌酐、妊娠前24 h尿蛋白量顯著低于失敗組(均P<0.05),血紅蛋白顯著高于失敗組(P<0.05),Lee氏分級顯著低于失敗組(P<0.05)。兩組病程、血清白蛋白、總膽固醇無顯著性差異(均P>0.05),且腎小球球性硬化、腎小球節(jié)段性硬化發(fā)生率均無顯著性差異(均P>0.05),見表1。
2.3妊娠結(jié)局影響因素多因素分析
Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,年齡、妊娠前腎性高血壓、Lee氏分級、血紅蛋白和妊娠前24h尿蛋白量是IgA腎病孕婦妊娠結(jié)局的獨立影響因素(均P<0.05),年齡越大,Lee氏分級越高,妊娠前24h尿蛋白量高,低血紅蛋白,伴有妊娠前腎性高血壓的IgA腎病孕婦更易出現(xiàn)不良妊娠結(jié)局及胎兒預后差,見表2。
Table 1 Influencing factors of pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with IgAN[±S,n(%)]
表2 IgA腎病孕婦妊娠結(jié)局影響因素Logistic回歸分析
3.1IgA腎病對妊娠的影響
在全世界范圍內(nèi),IgA腎病都有較高的發(fā)病率。由于該病好發(fā)于中青年,而部分女性患者正處于育齡期。研究顯示,IgA腎病與妊娠之間存在密切關(guān)系,一方面IgA腎病可能導致妊娠結(jié)局不良,另一方面由于妊娠后導致血液動力學改變使合并妊娠的IgA腎病變得更為復雜,從而影響IgA腎病的近期和遠期預后[5-6]。因此,探討IgA腎病孕婦的妊娠結(jié)局及其影響因素具有十分重要的臨床意義。
3.2IgA腎病者妊娠結(jié)局及影響因素分析
本組數(shù)據(jù)顯示,86例患者共妊娠90次,58例為足月產(chǎn),9例為早產(chǎn),23例于妊娠28周前終止妊娠,分別占64.44%、10.00%和25.56%,表明IgA腎病可能導致妊娠結(jié)局不良。目前,文獻中鮮有IgA腎病對妊娠結(jié)局影響的相關(guān)報道。葉文玲等[7]報道稱,IgA腎病孕婦胎兒死亡率為12.5%,顯著高于國內(nèi)健康人群胎兒死亡率的1.1%。本文中86例共90次妊娠中,23例于妊娠28周前終止妊娠,5例胎兒出生后死亡,均顯著高于國內(nèi)相當水平[8-9]。
有報道稱,IgA腎病患者合并妊娠導致母體風險和胎兒預后不良與24h尿蛋白定量、孕前腎功能損害程度、高血壓等多種因素有關(guān)。本文通過Logistic回歸分析顯示,年齡、妊娠前腎性高血壓、Lee氏分級、血紅蛋白和妊娠前24h尿蛋白量是IgA腎病孕婦妊娠結(jié)局的獨立影響因素(P<0.05)。年齡越大,Lee氏分級越高,妊娠前24h尿蛋白量高,低血紅蛋白,伴有妊娠前腎性高血壓的IgA腎病孕婦更易出現(xiàn)不良妊娠結(jié)局及胎兒預后差。隨著患者年齡的增大,患者機體能力下降,可能導致IgA腎病病情的加重,從而影響了妊娠的預后。這與文獻報道的年輕IgA腎病患者依從性差導致妊娠的預后差的結(jié)果不一致,有待于進一步分析。
3.3IgA腎病者妊娠前腎病的臨床表現(xiàn)與妊娠結(jié)局關(guān)系
IgA腎病患者妊娠前腎病的臨床表現(xiàn)與妊娠結(jié)局密切相關(guān),Lee氏分級可反映IgA腎病病情的嚴重程度,多個研究證實IgA腎病是導致妊娠結(jié)局不良的危險因素,隨著其病情的加重,患者胎兒死亡例數(shù)增加[10]。血紅蛋白水平可用于IgA腎病患者病情和治療效果的判斷,當其水平降低則表明腎臟病理損害程度加重。24h尿蛋白量被證實是影響IgA腎病病情發(fā)展的因素,北京大學第一醫(yī)院張宏教授研究證實妊娠期間的24h尿蛋白量是IgA腎病患者不良妊娠結(jié)局的一個風險預測因子。妊娠前腎性高血壓也被認為是一個妊娠結(jié)局不良的危險因素。Abe等于1991年對168例次IgA腎病患者妊娠進行分析表明,妊娠前血壓>140/90mmHgIgA腎病患者較正常血壓的IgA腎病患者胎兒圍產(chǎn)期死亡率亦明顯增高。因此,控制蛋白尿和血壓水平,提高血紅蛋白水平對于改善妊娠的IgA腎病婦女妊娠結(jié)局具有重要意義。
綜上所述,IgA腎病可能導致妊娠結(jié)局不良,其中妊娠前腎病的臨床表現(xiàn)與妊娠結(jié)局存在緊密關(guān)系,如Lee氏分級越高,妊娠前24h尿蛋白量高,低血紅蛋白,伴有妊娠前腎性高血壓是妊娠結(jié)局不良的危險因素,應積極控制妊娠前上述癥狀,從而改善妊娠結(jié)局。
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[專業(yè)責任編輯:馬良坤]
Clinical study on pregnant women with IgA nephropathy in a hospital in recent 10 years
CHEN Yu, HUANG Wei-xia
(Department of Nephrology, Wenzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Wenzhou 325000, China)
Objective To analyze the pregnancy outcomes and risk factors of pregnant women with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) in Wenzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine in recent 10 years. Methods Eighty-six patients with IgAN admitted in the hospital from June to August in 2016 were selected. Their clinical data was analyzed and influencing factors of pregnancy outcomes were analyzed. Results Number of pregnancies of 86 patients was 90 and gestation time was 20 to 40 weeks with an average of 36.2±5.6 weeks. Among them, 58 cases were term delivery, 9 cases were preterm birth, and 23 cases terminated pregnancy before 28 gestational week, accounting for 64.44%, 10.00% and 25.56%, respectively. In 67 fetuses, 62 were live births, weighing 1 038.9-5 896.3g, and average body weight was 3 012.5±253.9 g. There were 14 cases of low birth weight and 6 cases of very low birth weight, accounting for 22.58% and 9.67%, respectively. Age, mean arterial pressure, serum creatinine and 24h urine protein quantity before pregnancy of women with successful pregnancy were significantly lower than those of women with failed pregnancy (tvalue was 2.332, 2.257, 2.259 and 2.225, respectively, allP<0.05), but hemoglobin was significantly higher (t=2.302,P<0.05). Lee’s classification in successful group was significantly lower than in failed group (χ2=5.661,P<0.05). There was no significant difference in duration of disease, serum albumin and total cholesterol between two groups (tvalue was 1.025, 0.562 and 0.785, respectively, allP>0.05). Incidence of glomerular sclerosis and segmental glomerular sclerosis in two groups was not significantly different (χ2value was 1.535 and 0.981, respectively, bothP>0.05). Logistic regression analysis results showed that age, renal hypertension before pregnancy, Lee’s classification, hemoglobin and 24h urine protein quantity before pregnancy were independent factors affecting pregnancy outcomes of pregnant women with IgAN (ORvalue was 3.038, 3.927, 3.358 and 2.038, respectively, allP<0.05). Pregnant women with IgAN of elder age, higher Lee’s classification, higher 24h urine protein quantity before pregnancy, lower hemoglobin, and suffering from renal hypertension before pregnancy were prone to adverse pregnancy outcomes and poor fetus prognosis. Conclusion IgAN may lead to poor pregnancy outcomes, and clinical manifestations of pre-pregnancy kidney disease are closely related to pregnancy outcomes. Such symptoms before pregnancy should be actively controlled to improve pregnancy outcomes.
IgA nephropathy (IgAN); pregnant women; pregnancy outcomes; risk factors
2017-05-17
陳 宇(1979-),男,主治醫(yī)師,碩士,主要從事腎臟病研究。
黃蔚霞,主任醫(yī)師。
10.3969/j.issn.1673-5293.2017.06.042
R714.25
A
1673-5293(2017)06-0741-03