陳李圳 謝雁鳴 王連心 張寅 王群 賈萍萍+鳳博
[摘要]該文探索使用清開靈注射液青少年患者的臨床用藥特征。基于中國(guó)中醫(yī)科學(xué)院中醫(yī)臨床基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)研究所構(gòu)建的全國(guó)16家大型三級(jí)甲等醫(yī)院HIS系統(tǒng)收錄的1998—2011年住院病例,提取使用清開靈注射液的青少年患者615例。采用Apriori算法建模,使用Clementine 120進(jìn)行關(guān)聯(lián)規(guī)則分析。結(jié)果顯示男性患者(355例)多于女性患者(243例);患者年齡14歲以下最多,平均年齡為940歲;住院天數(shù)以4~7 d居多;患者多集中于兒科,主要是上呼吸道感染;以門診方式入院居多(451例,7554%);有中醫(yī)辨證信息的患者中,主要有痰濕內(nèi)阻證(3846%)、肝氣郁結(jié)(1538%)、氣陰兩虛證(1154%)、陽(yáng)氣虛衰證(1154%)等;患者入院率最多的節(jié)氣為小寒(1301%)。臨床聯(lián)合2種化藥時(shí),最常聯(lián)合頭孢注射液+維生素C組合(支持度為2460%);聯(lián)合2種中藥時(shí),最常聯(lián)合雙黃連+感冒清熱顆粒組合(支持度4065%);聯(lián)合3種化藥時(shí),最常聯(lián)合氯化鉀注射液+頭孢注射液+維生素C組合(支持度1593%);聯(lián)合3種中藥時(shí),最常聯(lián)合雙黃連+云南白藥+感冒清熱顆粒組合(支持度1138%)。清開靈注射液在青少年患者中亦有較為廣泛的應(yīng)用,患者診斷及使用方法基本符合藥品說(shuō)明書,男性略多于女性,發(fā)病年齡、節(jié)氣特點(diǎn)與中醫(yī)證候高度一致,清開靈注射液聯(lián)合用藥以化藥為主,也兼顧使用中藥,聯(lián)合用藥比較合理?;贖IS真實(shí)世界的研究結(jié)果為清開靈注射液在青少年患者中規(guī)范用藥提供思路與參考。
[關(guān)鍵詞]清開靈注射液; 真實(shí)世界; 青少年患者; 臨床用藥特征; 關(guān)聯(lián)分析
Clinical features analysis of Qingkailing injection for
adolescent patients based on real world HIS
CHEN Lizhen1,2, XIE Yanming1, WANG Lianxin1*, ZHANG Yin1, WANG Qun3, JIA Pingping4, FENG Bo4
(1 Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China;
2 Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China;
3 Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China;
4 School of Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China)
[Abstract]To explore the clinical application features of Qingkailing injection for adolescent patients This study was based on the information from the hospitalized patients in 1998-2011 in HIS (hospital information system) of 16 tertiary hospitals in China 615 adolescent patients with Qingkailing injection were used to investigate the clinical characteristics of Qingkailing injection Apriori algorithm was adopted to establish the model, and Clementine 120 was used for correlation analysis The results showed that male patients (355 cases) were more than female patients (243 cases); the age of the most patients was under 14 years old, with an average age of 940 years old; the hospital stay was most of 47 d; the patients were mostly concentrated in pediatrics, mainly including upper respiratory tract infection; outpatient admission to the majority (451 cases, accounting for 7554%) The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome mainly included phlegmdampness internal resistance (3846%), Qi and Yin Deficiency (1154%), Liver qi stagnation (1538%), and Yang deficiency syndrome (1154%); the highest admission rate was during Slight Cold (1301%) In combined application, the most common western medicine pair was Cephalosporin injection+vitamin C (with supporting rate of 246%) and the most common TCM pair was Shuanghuanglian+Ganmao Qingre granules (with supporting rate of 4065%) The most common 3 western medicines in combined use were Potassium chloride injection
+Cephalosporin injection + vitamin C (supporting rate of 1593%); while the most common three Chinese medicines were Shuanghuanglian+Yunnan Baiyao+Ganmao Qingre granules (supporting rate of 1138%) Qingkailing injection was also widely used in adolescent patients; the diagnosis and use were basically in line with the instructions; men were slightly more than women; age of onset, solar terms and TCM syndromes were highly consistent Qingkailing injection was mainly combined with western medicines in combined drug use, and Chinese medicines were also available Combined drug use was more reasonable Based on the results of the real world HIS, Qingkailing injection could provide the idea and reference for regulating the medication in adolescent patients
[Key words]Qingkailing injection; real world; adolescent patients; clinical features; correlation analysis
清開靈注射液是由膽酸、豬去氧膽酸、珍珠母粉、水牛角粉、梔子、板藍(lán)根、黃芩苷和金銀花組成的中藥制劑;藥品說(shuō)明書中記載其具有清熱解毒、化痰通絡(luò)和醒神開竅的功效[12]。是在“安宮牛黃丸”的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行的劑型改進(jìn),拓寬了用藥途徑,廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床內(nèi)、外、婦、兒科,尤其是上呼吸道感染性疾病及中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病[34]。而青少年是內(nèi)科常見多發(fā)病——呼吸道感染性疾病,尤其是上呼吸道感染性疾病的易感人群。本研究基于中國(guó)中醫(yī)科學(xué)院中醫(yī)臨床基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)研究所構(gòu)建的全國(guó)16家大型三級(jí)甲等醫(yī)院的醫(yī)院信息系統(tǒng)(hospital information system,HIS)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)[5],共12 385例患者使用清開靈注射液,提取1998—2011年使用清開靈注射液的住院青少年患者(18歲以下)615例(占總?cè)藬?shù)的497%)進(jìn)行分析,以了解清開靈注射液在青少年患者中的真實(shí)用藥特征,為規(guī)范和指導(dǎo)更好的臨床用藥提供參考。
1資料與方法
11數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源
本研究數(shù)據(jù)源于中國(guó)中醫(yī)科學(xué)院中醫(yī)臨床基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)研究所構(gòu)建的全國(guó)16家大型三甲醫(yī)院HIS數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù),分析615例青少年患者的基本信息,包括一般情況、西醫(yī)診斷、中醫(yī)診斷、醫(yī)囑記錄等4部分內(nèi)容,以了解患者疾病診斷分布特點(diǎn)以及臨床聯(lián)合用藥規(guī)律。
12數(shù)據(jù)規(guī)范
為分析方便,需對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)規(guī)范化處理。根據(jù)《診斷學(xué)》(第7版)對(duì)西醫(yī)診斷信息進(jìn)行規(guī)范化,其一,醫(yī)囑信息規(guī)范化:數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中記錄為商品名稱的化藥轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橥ㄓ妹Q,且合并相同項(xiàng);其二,對(duì)中成藥,合并同類藥物成分相同但劑型不同的中成藥,其余保留原始名稱;其三,對(duì)聯(lián)合用藥的數(shù)據(jù)是基于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化后的,且溶媒(如5%葡萄糖注射液、葡萄糖氯化鈉注射液、09%氯化鈉注射液)的影響在聯(lián)合用藥納入時(shí)已被剔除。
13統(tǒng)計(jì)方法
定性指標(biāo)用頻數(shù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析方法,采用Apriori算法構(gòu)建模型,使用Clementine 120對(duì)聯(lián)合用藥進(jìn)行關(guān)聯(lián)規(guī)則分析,尋找用藥間的相關(guān)性。
2結(jié)果
21患者基本信息
211性別和年齡清開靈注射液使用的患者中,男性355例,女性243例,17例患者性別信息缺失。男性患者占分析人數(shù)的5936%,女性患者占分析人數(shù)的4064%,可見男性患者略多于女性患者;患者平均年齡940歲,中位數(shù)10歲;再結(jié)合性別分層,發(fā)現(xiàn)男性患者以14歲以下最多(238例,6704%),女性患者也以14歲以下最多(168例,6914%),在各個(gè)年齡段男性都明顯多于女性,見表1。
212入院情況患者以門診方式入院居多,共451例,占總?cè)藬?shù)7554%。
213入院科室分布使用清開靈注射液的青少年患者入院兒科科室共253例,占總?cè)藬?shù)4114%,
在該科室中分布最多,其余5886%患者散布在骨傷科、皮膚科、神經(jīng)科、傳染病科、外科等其他科室。
214住院天數(shù)患者平均住院天數(shù)為1173 d,中位數(shù)為1100 d;進(jìn)一步對(duì)住院天數(shù)進(jìn)行分段分析可以看出,患者住院時(shí)間多集中在4~7 d(180例,2927%),8~14 d(147例,2390%),15~28 d(131例,2130%)。
215費(fèi)用住院總費(fèi)用中位數(shù)為13 81400元,均值為29 98538元,將住院費(fèi)用進(jìn)行分段,費(fèi)用在0~5 000元的患者最多(354例,5756%)。
22患者診斷信息
221西醫(yī)診斷對(duì)使用清開靈注射液的上呼吸道感染青少年患者的西醫(yī)診斷分析發(fā)現(xiàn):清開靈注射液治療青少年患者合并病肺炎最多(123例,2000%),其次為血液系統(tǒng)疾病(33例,537%)、銀屑?。?9例,472%)等,可見,臨床診療真實(shí)世界存在超說(shuō)明書用藥現(xiàn)象,應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)安全性藥物警戒。