周 毅, 姚 遠, 楊劍文, 盧啟海, 陳 翔, 陳悅康
廣西科技大學附屬柳州市人民醫(yī)院泌尿外科,柳州 545006
上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化調(diào)控蛋白在前列腺癌侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移中的作用及其臨床預后診斷價值*
周 毅, 姚 遠, 楊劍文, 盧啟海, 陳 翔, 陳悅康
廣西科技大學附屬柳州市人民醫(yī)院泌尿外科,柳州 545006
目的 探討上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(EMT)調(diào)控蛋白在前列腺癌(PCa)侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移中的作用及其對臨床預后的診斷價值。方法 收集48例PCa組織樣本(PCa組)和50例良性前列腺增生(BPH)組織樣本(BPH組),免疫組化SP法檢測樣本神經(jīng)鈣黏素(N-cadherin)、上皮鈣黏素(E-cadherin)表達,分析N-cadherin、E-cadherin表達與PCa患者臨床資料的關(guān)系。對PCa患者進行隨訪,記錄患者總生存期(OS);以O(shè)S作為評價指標,采用單變量和多變量Cox比例風險模型評價患者預后的影響因素。以轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β1(TGF-β1)誘導DU-145細胞發(fā)生EMT,細胞增殖實驗檢測細胞增殖能力,Transwell實驗檢測細胞遷移能力,Western blot檢測細胞E-cadherin、N-cadherin蛋白表達。結(jié)果 PCa組N-cadherin表達水平顯著高于BPH組,E-cadherin表達水平顯著低于BPH組(均P<0.05)。腫瘤直徑≥2.5 cm者N-cadherin高表達率顯著高于腫瘤直徑<2.5 cm者,Ⅳ期PCa患者N-cadherin高表達率顯著高于Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期PCa患者,淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者N-cadherin高表達率顯著高于無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者,遠處轉(zhuǎn)移者N-cadherin高表達率顯著高于無遠處轉(zhuǎn)移者(均P<0.05)。Gleason分級≥7分者E-cadherin高表達率顯著低于Gleason分級≤6分者,有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者E-cadherin高表達率顯著低于無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者,有遠處轉(zhuǎn)移者E-cadherin高表達率顯著低于無遠處轉(zhuǎn)移者(均P<0.05)。N-cadherin高表達患者OS顯著低于N-cadherin低表達患者(P=0.024),E-cadherin高表達患者OS顯著高于E-cadherin低表達患者(P=0.017)。單因素和多因素分析顯示,T4期腫瘤、N-cadherin高表達、E-cadherin低表達是影響患者OS的獨立危險因素(均P<0.05)。細胞增殖實驗顯示,第24~96 h,DU-145組吸光度值顯著高于NC組(均P<0.05);Transwell實驗顯示,DU-145組穿膜細胞數(shù)量顯著多于NC組(P<0.05);Western blot實驗顯示,DU-145組N-cadherin蛋白表達水平顯著高于NC組,E-cadherin蛋白表達水平顯著低于NC組(均P<0.05)。結(jié)論 EMT與PCa的增殖、侵襲和遷移有關(guān),N-cadherin、E-cadherin有可能作為PCa臨床預后的診斷指標之一。
上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化; 神經(jīng)鈣黏素; 上皮鈣黏素; 前列腺癌; 增殖; 侵襲; 預后
前列腺癌(prostate cancer,PCa)是男性最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,雖然我國PCa發(fā)病率低于美國、英國等西方國家[1];但是隨著人口老齡化及生活方式的改變,近10年來我國PCa發(fā)病率呈明顯上升趨勢[2-3]。絕大多數(shù)患者早期并無典型癥狀,一經(jīng)確診,多數(shù)已發(fā)展成晚期[4-5]。據(jù)統(tǒng)計[6],PCa患者5年生存率低于30%,其中侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移是PCa遠期預后主要的影響因素。上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化[7](epithelial-mesenchymal transitions,EMT)是細胞形態(tài)形成的基本過程,參與調(diào)節(jié)組織的修復、重建等活動。但是在惡性腫瘤發(fā)生時,EMT處于失控狀態(tài),導致腫瘤細胞與原發(fā)灶分離并轉(zhuǎn)移至遠處器官,這亦是腫瘤浸潤、侵襲的生物學基礎(chǔ)[8]。EMT被激活后,會調(diào)節(jié)下游靶基因,從而發(fā)揮其生物學功能。EMT發(fā)生的典型標志事件為神經(jīng)鈣黏素(N-cadherin)表達增強,上皮鈣黏素(E-cadherin)表達減弱或缺失[9],從而介導腫瘤細胞的轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲。鑒于此,本研究首先檢測PCa和良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH)患者標本,分析E-cadherin、N-cadherin對PCa預后評估的價值;并進一步采用轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)誘導PCa細胞株DU-145發(fā)生EMT,觀察E-cadherin、N-cadherin在DU-145細胞增殖、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移中的作用,現(xiàn)總結(jié)如下。
1.1 樣本采集
選擇2009年4月至2011年4月柳州市人民醫(yī)院行前列腺切除術(shù)+前列腺穿刺活檢術(shù)的48例PCa組織樣本(PCa組),術(shù)后均經(jīng)病理學證實為PCa。另選擇50例同期在該醫(yī)院行尿道前列腺氣化電切術(shù)術(shù)后病理學證實為BPH的組織樣本(BPH組)作為對照。所有組織樣本采集后立即置于液氮中保存待用。兩組患者組織樣本采集前均未接受放療、化療等處理。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準,患者簽署知情同意書。PCa組患者術(shù)后進行隨訪,術(shù)后第1年每3個月隨訪1次,此后6個月隨訪1次。
1.2 細胞來源
人PCa細胞系DU-145購自美國國家菌種保藏中心(American type culture collection,ATCC),細胞接種于DMEM培養(yǎng)液(含10%胎牛血清、100 U/mL青霉素和100 mg/mL鏈霉素),恒溫培養(yǎng)箱中以37℃、5%CO2培養(yǎng)。
1.3 實驗試劑
DMEM培養(yǎng)液購自美國Gibco公司,RIPA裂解液、胰蛋白酶、二甲基亞砜(DMSO)、胎牛血清、BCA蛋白濃度測定試劑盒購自廣州碧云天生物技術(shù)研究所,TGF-β1凍干粉購自美國Peprotech公司,細胞計數(shù)試劑盒CCK-8(cell counting kit-8)購自日本Dojindo molecular technologies,Transwell小室、Matrigel人工基底膜購自美國BD公司,兔抗人N-cadherin多克隆抗體、兔抗人E-cadherin多克隆抗體、β-actin小鼠單克隆抗體、辣根過氧化酶標記的羊抗兔IgG二抗購自Santa Cruz公司,免疫組化SP試劑盒購自武漢博士德生物制品有限公司,聚烯酰胺、PVDF膜、十二烷基硫酸鈉購自美國Sigma公司。
1.4 免疫組化SP法檢測樣本N-cadherin、E-cadherin表達
從液氮中取出組織樣本,制成厚度約為4 μm的連續(xù)切片,梯度水化,滴加3%過氧化氫室溫下孵育10 min,消除內(nèi)源性過氧化氫酶。高壓鍋煮沸進行抗原修復;再加入1∶500稀釋的一抗,37℃孵育20 min,PBS液沖洗3次,4℃孵育過夜。再用PBS沖洗3次,滴加1~2滴二抗,37℃孵育15 min,DAB顯色液顯色10 min,蒸餾水反復沖洗,蘇木精復染、梯度脫水、透明、中性樹膠封片。用PBS代替一抗作為陰性對照,顯微鏡下觀察并拍照。采用二次計分法對結(jié)果進行評價。染色面積:陽性細胞計數(shù)<10%計為0分,陽性細胞計數(shù)10%~計為1分,陽性細胞計數(shù)20%~計為2分,陽性細胞計數(shù)50%~計為3分。染色強度:無染色計為0分,呈淡黃色計為1分,黃色或深黃色計為2分,褐色或深褐色計為3分。染色面積得分×染色強度得分代表蛋白的表達水平;<2分表示為“-”,2~分表示為“+”,3~分表示為“”,≥4分表示為“”;“-”和“+”為低表達(陰性),“”和“”為高表達(陽性)。
1.5 TGF-β1處理DU-145細胞
取TGF-β1凍干粉,1 200 r/min離心10 min,加入10 nmol/L枸櫞酸溶解,使之終濃度為0.1 mg/mL,再加入0.1%胎牛血清進一步稀釋至1 μg/mL,于-20℃保存待用。將DU-145細胞分為2組:DU-145組和正常對照組(NC),DU-145細胞在DMEM培養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng),待生長融合度≥70%時,PBS沖洗,DU-145組在培養(yǎng)液中加入配置好的TGF-β1溶液,使之終濃度為10 ng/mL,NC選擇不加藥培養(yǎng)液,兩組細胞均繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)24 h后,倒置顯微鏡下觀察細胞形態(tài)并拍照。
1.6 細胞增殖實驗
取對數(shù)生長期細胞,接種于96孔板中,接種密度為2×103個/孔,向每孔中加入20 μL CCK-8,置于37℃下孵育2 h。分別于細胞培養(yǎng)24、48、72、96 h時檢測450 nm處吸光度(A)值,每次實驗重復3次,取3次平均值。
1.7 細胞遷移實驗
取對數(shù)生長期細胞,用不含血清的培養(yǎng)液將濃度調(diào)整為1.0×109個/孔,Transwell上室每孔植入150 μL細胞,下室加入600 μL含有20%胎牛血清的RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)液作為趨化劑,細胞培養(yǎng)48 h后,輕輕拭去表面非侵襲性細胞,4%多聚甲醛固定,蘇木精染色10 min,200倍熒光顯微鏡下統(tǒng)計穿透濾膜的細胞數(shù)。
1.8 Western blot檢測E-cadherin、N-cadherin蛋白表達
取對數(shù)生長期細胞,棄去培養(yǎng)液,PBS沖洗,加入離心管中,再加入1 mL RIPA裂解液置于冰浴上裂解30 min,4℃條件下離心15 min,BCA蛋白濃度試劑盒檢測蛋白純度。采用Western blot檢測E-cadherin、N-cadherin蛋白水平,將20 μg蛋白提取液置于10%SDS-PAGE電泳分離,常規(guī)濕法轉(zhuǎn)膜,加入5%脫脂牛奶孵育封閉2 h。加入1∶500 E-cadherin抗體、1∶500 N-cadherin抗體和1∶100 β-actin抗體,4℃孵育24 h。再滴加二抗37℃孵育2 h。PBS沖洗3次,按照ECL化學發(fā)光顯影試劑盒方法顯影,以β-actin作為內(nèi)參照,分析目的條帶相對表達量。
1.9 統(tǒng)計學方法
2.1 組織樣本中N-cadherin、E-cadherin表達
N-cadherin分布于細胞膜和細胞核(圖1),PCa組N-cadherin表達水平顯著高于BPH組(P<0.05)(表1)。E-cadherin主要分布于細胞膜(圖2),PCa組E-cadherin表達水平顯著低于BPH組(P<0.05)(表1)。
A:PCa組;B:BPH組圖1 PCa組和BPH組N-cadherin表達(蘇木精-伊紅染色,×200)Fig.1 N-cadherin expression in PCa group and BPH group(HE staining,×200)
A:PCa組;B:BPH組圖2 PCa組和BPH組E-cadherin表達(蘇木精-伊紅染色,×200)Fig.2 E-cadherin expression in PCa group and BPH group(HE staining,×200)
組別例數(shù)N-cadherin高表達低表達E-cadherin高表達低表達PCa組4832(66.7)16(33.3)20(41.7)28(58.3)BPH組5018(36.0)32(64.0)41(82.0)9(18.0)χ2值9.21616.953P值0.0020.000
2.2 N-cadherin、E-cadherin表達與PCa患者臨床資料的關(guān)系
N-cadherin表達與年齡、Gleason分級、腫瘤分期、多發(fā)病灶等一般資料無關(guān)(均P>0.05),腫瘤直徑≥2.5 cm者N-cadherin高表達率顯著高于腫瘤直徑<2.5 cm者,Ⅳ期PCa患者N-cadherin高表達率顯著高于Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期PCa患者,淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者N-cadherin高表達率顯著高于無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者,遠處轉(zhuǎn)移者N-cadherin高表達率顯著高于無遠處轉(zhuǎn)移者,各組間比較差異均具有統(tǒng)計學意義(均P<0.05)。E-cadherin表達與年齡、腫瘤直徑、組織學分級、腫瘤分期、多發(fā)病灶等一般資料無關(guān)(均P>0.05),Gleason分級≥7分者E-cadherin高表達率顯著低于Gleason分級≤6分者,淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者E-cadherin高表達率顯著低于無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者,遠處轉(zhuǎn)移者E-cadherin高表達率顯著低于無遠處轉(zhuǎn)移者,各組間比較差異均具有統(tǒng)計學意義(均P<0.05),見表2。
表2 N-cadherin、E-cadherin表達與PCa患者臨床資料的關(guān)系[n(%)]Table 2 Relationship between N-cadherin,E-cadherin expression and clinicopathological data in PCa patients[n(%)]
2.3 N-cadherin、E-cadherin表達與PCa患者生存預后的關(guān)系
生存分析顯示,N-cadherin高表達患者總生存期(overall survival,OS)顯著低于N-cadherin低表達患者(P=0.024)(圖3A);E-cadherin高表達患者OS顯著高于E-cadherin低表達患者(P=0.017)(圖3B)。單因素和多因素分析顯示,T4期腫瘤、N-cadherin高表達、E-cadherin低表達是影響患者OS的獨立危險因素(均P<0.05),見表3、4。
A:N-cadherin表達與總生存期的關(guān)系;B:E-cadherin表達與總生存期的關(guān)系圖3 N-cadherin、E-cadherin表達與PCa患者生存預后的關(guān)系Fig.3 Relationship between N-cadherin,E-cadherin expression and prognosis in PCa patients
臨床病理因素RR95%CIP值年齡(≥65vs.<65)0.9260.484~1.2320.766腫瘤直徑(≥2.5vs.<2.5)1.2600.938~2.4660.578Gleason分級(≥7vs.≤6)0.8270.539~1.3930.439組織學分級(Ⅳvs.Ⅲ、Ⅱ)0.9191.104~1.8560.618腫瘤分期(T4vs.T3、T2)1.9591.056~2.4640.027淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(否vs.是)1.1050.775~1.6330.460遠處轉(zhuǎn)移(否vs.是)1.2070.634~1.8870.572多發(fā)病灶(否vs.是)1.0360.817~1.7390.778N-cadherin表達(高vs.低)1.8761.147~2.1890.016E-cadherin表達(高vs.低)2.1471.352~3.2420.023
2.4 TGF-β1處理后DU-145細胞形態(tài)學變化
與NC組比較,TGF-β1處理后DU-145細胞間隙增加,排列松散,細胞形態(tài)由橢圓形變成長梭形,提示DU-145組細胞發(fā)生了上皮向間質(zhì)的轉(zhuǎn)化,見圖4。
表4 多因素分析影響PCa患者OS的臨床病理因素Table 4 Multivariate analysis of clinicopathologic factors which influenced OS of PCa patients
2.5 細胞增殖、遷移能力
細胞增殖實驗結(jié)果顯示,第24~96 h,DU-145組吸光度值顯著高于NC組(均P<0.05)(圖5A);Transwell實驗結(jié)果顯示,DU-145組穿膜細胞數(shù)量顯著多于NC組(P<0.05)(圖5B);Western blot實驗結(jié)果顯示,DU-145組N-cadherin蛋白表達水平顯著高于NC組,E-cadherin蛋白表達水平顯著低于NC組(均P<0.05)(圖5C,圖5D)。
A:NC組,B:DU-145組圖4 TGF-β1處理后DU-145細胞形態(tài)學變化(×200)Fig.4 Morphological changes of DU-145 cells after TGF-β1 treatment(×200)
PCa是常見的男性惡性腫瘤,臨床調(diào)查顯示,早期PCa患者5年生存率高達90%[10]。然而依然有15%~20%的患者可能會發(fā)生侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,對于發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移的PCa患者,其5年生存率低于30%。因此明確PCa侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移的作用機制,對提高疾病的診療效果、改善患者預后具有重要意義。對于上皮來源的惡性腫瘤,當發(fā)生上皮向間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化時能夠伴發(fā)獲得間質(zhì)表型和缺失上皮表型,導致腫瘤細胞獲得較強的侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移能力。Zheng等[11]通過敲除CCAT2基因激活PCa細胞的EMT能力,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)細胞的增殖、侵襲和遷移能力顯著增強,提示EMT與PCa的侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)。EMT是通過細胞內(nèi)信號路徑,將上皮細胞轉(zhuǎn)化為間質(zhì)細胞,多種生物分子參與了此過程。明確生物分子參與的過程及調(diào)節(jié)信號,對發(fā)現(xiàn)新的治療方法和作用靶點有重要意義。
鈣黏素(cadherins)屬于Ca2+依賴性糖蛋白,在維持組織正常形態(tài)、協(xié)調(diào)細胞運動中發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用[11]。N-cadherin、E-cadherin均屬于cadherin家族成員,E-cadherin通過穩(wěn)定細胞之間的連接作用,抑制細胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。既往研究表明,E-cadherin在上皮惡性腫瘤中廣泛存在,且E-cadherin表達水平與腫瘤的分級有關(guān),在乳腺癌、胃癌、肝癌等低分化型腫瘤細胞中E-cadherin表達明顯下調(diào)或不表達[12-13]。N-cadherin是一種僅在神經(jīng)外胚層或中胚層中表達的鈣粘黏素[14],如神經(jīng)細胞和造血細胞等,而在正常上皮細胞表達較少。研究顯示PCa細胞中N-cadherin呈高表達,且與高Gleason分級、高臨床分期密切相關(guān)[15]。Nalla等[16]報道稱PCa中存在“鈣黏素轉(zhuǎn)換”過程,即E-cadherin轉(zhuǎn)換為N-cadherin,此過程也被證實為執(zhí)行EMT的重要機制。Tanaka等[17]證實N-cadherin能夠促進腫瘤細胞與間質(zhì)、內(nèi)皮的粘附作用,誘導細胞發(fā)生侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。本研究顯示,PCa組N-cadherin表達水平顯著高于BPH組,E-cadherin表達水平顯著低于BPH組,提示E-cadherin可能是腫瘤抑制因子,而N-cadherin可能是一種腫瘤促進因子。
A:TGF-β1處理后細胞增殖能力;B:TGF-β1處理后細胞遷移能力;C:TGF-β1處理后細胞N-cadherin蛋白表達;D:TGF-β1處理后細胞E-cadherin蛋白表達;與NC組比較,*P<0.05圖5 TGF-β1處理后細胞增殖、遷移能力及N-cadherin、E-cadherin表達變化Fig.5 Proliferation and migration ability and expression of N-cadherin and E-cadherin in NC group and DU-145 group
進一步分析N-cadherin、E-cadherin與PCa臨床資料的關(guān)系,結(jié)果顯示N-cadherin表達與較大腫瘤直徑、高組織學分級、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、遠處轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān),E-cadherin與低Gleason分級、無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、無遠處轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān),提示N-cadherin、E-cadherin可以作為潛在的PCa診斷、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移的預測指標。Kim等[18]證實E-cadherin在高危PCa表達水平顯著低于中、低危PCa,低水平E-cadherin與PCa發(fā)展有關(guān)。Jennbacken等[19]對雄激素剝奪治療的PCa患者進行觀察,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)存在激素抵抗的PCa患者,特別是伴遠處轉(zhuǎn)移的PCa患者N-cadherin明顯升高。諸如透明質(zhì)酸等腫瘤抑制藥物,其作用機制亦與抑制N-cadherin表達有關(guān)[20]。在生存預后方面,N-cadherin高表達患者OS顯著低于N-cadherin低表達患者,E-cadherin高表達患者OS顯著高于E-cadherin低表達患者。多因素分析顯示N-cadherin高表達、E-cadherin低表達是影響患者OS的獨立危險因素,說明N-cadherin、E-cadherin亦可以作為PCa預后的預測指標。
TGF-β1是經(jīng)典的EMT誘導因子[21],本研究采用TGF-β1誘導PCa患者DU-145細胞,鏡下觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)DU-145細胞發(fā)生了EMT典型形態(tài)學變化,與既往報道結(jié)論一致[22]。細胞增殖實驗和Transwell實驗均顯示DU-145細胞增殖能力和遷移能力顯著增強,進一步證實EMT對PCa增殖、侵襲的誘導作用。目前對E-cadherin的調(diào)控機制研究較多,但是關(guān)于N-cadherin的調(diào)節(jié)機制仍存在一定爭議。最新研究顯示,N-cadherin能夠激活PI3K/Akt信號通路,上調(diào)下游單核細胞趨化因子表達,誘導腫瘤血管生成因子形成,促進腫瘤的增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移[23]。本研究顯示DU-145組N-cadherin蛋白表達水平顯著高于NC組,E-cadherin蛋白表達水平顯著低于NC組,說明PCa的EMT過程與促進N-cadherin表達和抑制E-cadherin有關(guān),N-cadherin、E-cadherin有望成為PCa治療的潛在靶點之一。
綜上所述,EMT與PCa的增殖、侵襲和遷移有關(guān),N-cadherin、E-cadherin有可能作為PCa臨床預后的預測指標之一。本研究的局限性:對患者臨床結(jié)局的隨訪時間有限,特別是沒有足夠病例分析N-cadherin、E-cadherin與PCa復發(fā)的關(guān)系。另外限于研究的深度,本文尚未分析N-cadherin、E-cadherin的調(diào)控機制,這些都將在接下來的研究中深入探討。
[1] 彭鵬,龔楊明,鮑萍萍,等.中國2008年前列腺癌發(fā)病、死亡和患病情況的估計及預測[J].中華流行病學雜志,2012,33(10):1056-1059.
[2] 齊金蕾,王黎君,周脈耕,等.1990-2013年中國男性前列腺癌疾病負擔分析[J].中華流行病學雜志,2016,37(6):778-782.
[3] 韓蘇軍,張思維,陳萬青,等.中國前列腺癌死亡現(xiàn)狀及流行趨勢分析[J].中華泌尿外科雜志,2012,33(11):836-839.
[4] Vermassen T,Praet C V,Vanderschaeghe D,et al.Capillary electrophoresis of urinary prostate glycoproteins assists in the diagnosis of prostate cancer[J].Electrophoresis,2014,35(7):1017-1024.
[5] Garibaldi F,Capuani S,Colilli S,et al.TOPEM:A PET-TOF endorectal probe,compatible with MRI for diagnosis and follow up of prostate cancer[J].Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A,2013,702(1):13-15.
[6] Herbert C,Liu M,Tyldesley S,et al.Biochemical control with radiotherapy improves overall survival in intermediate and high-risk prostate cancer patients who have an estimated 10-year overall survival of >90%[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2012,83(1):22-27.
[7] Thevenot P T,Saravia J,Jin N,et al.Radical-containing ultrafine particulate matter initiates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions inairway epithelial cells[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol.,2013,48(2):188-197.
[8] Bitting R L,Boominathan R,Rao C,et al.Development of a method to isolate circulating tumor cells using mesenchymal-based capture[J].Methods,2013,64(2):129-136.
[9] Davalos V,Moutinho C,Villanueva A,et al.Dynamic epigenetic regulation of the microRNA-200 family mediates epithelial and mesenchymal transitions in human tumorigenesis[J].Oncogene,2011,31(16):2062-2074.
[10] Bul M,van Leeuwen P J,Zhu X,et al.Prostate cancer incidence and disease-specific survival of men with initial prostate-specific antigen less than 3.0 ng/mL who are participating in ERSPC Rotterdam[J].Eur Urol,2011,59(4):498-505.
[11] Zheng J,Zhao S,He X,et al.The up-regulation of long non-coding RNA CCAT2 indicates a poor prognosis for prostate cancer and promotes metastasis by affecting epithelial-mesenchymal transition[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2016,480(4):508-514.
[12] Brasch J,Harrison O J,Honig B,et al.Thinking outside the cell:how cadherins drive adhesion[J].Trends Cell Biol,2012,22(6):299-310.
[13] Pal M,Koul S,Koul H K.The transcription factor sterile alpha motif(SAM)pointed domain-containing ETS transcription factor(SPDEF)is required for E-cadherin expression in prostate cancer cells[J].J Biol Chem,2014,289(32):12222-12231.
[14] Ando K,Uemura K,Kuzuya A,et al.N-cadherin regulates p38 MAPK signaling via association with JNK-associated leucine zipper protein:implications for neurodegeneration in Alzheimer disease[J].J Biol Chem,2011,286(9):7619-7628.
[15] Tanaka H,Kono E,Tran C P,et al.Monoclonal antibody targeting of N-cadherin inhibits prostate cancer growth,metastasis and castration resistance[J].Nat Med,2010,16(12):1414-1420.
[16] Nalla A K,Estes N,Patel J,et al.N-cadherin mediates angiogenesis by regulating monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression via PI3K/Akt signaling in prostate cancer cells[J].Exp Cell Res,2011,317(17):2512-2521.
[17] Tanaka H,Kono E,Tran C P et al.Monoclonal antibody targeting of N-cadherin inhibits prostate cancer growth,metastasis and castration resistance[J].Nat Med,2010,16(12):1414-1420.
[18] Kim H,He Y,Yang I,et al.δ-Catenin promotes E-cadherin processing and activates β-catenin-mediated signaling:implications on human prostate cancer progression[J].Biochim Biophys Acta,2012,1822(4):509-521.
[19] Jennbacken K,Tesan T,Wang W,et al.N-cadherin increases after androgen deprivation and is associated with metastasis in prostate cancer[J].Endocr Relat Cancer,2010,17(2):469-479.
[20] Itano N,Atsumi F,Sawai T,et al.Abnormal accumulation of hyaluronan matrix diminishes contact inhibition of cell growth and promotes cell migration[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2002,99(6):3609-3614
[21] 鄒勇,曾玉蘭.JNK對TGF-β1誘導的人肺上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)分化的調(diào)控作用[J].華中科技大學學報:醫(yī)學版,2014,43(6):658-662.
[22] Ko H,So Y,Jeon H,et al.TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and acetylation of Smad2 and Smad3 are negatively regulated by EGCG in human A549 lung cancer cells[J].Cancer Lett,2013,335(1):205-213.
[23] Sarray S,Siret C,Lehmann M,et al.Lebectin increases N-cadherin-mediated adhesion through PI3K/AKT pathway[J].Cancer Lett,2009,285(2):174-181.
(2016-12-26 收稿)
Effect of Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition Regulation Protein in PCa Invasion and Metastasis and Its Diagnostic Value for Clinical Prognosis
Zhou Yi,Yao Yuan,Yang Jianwenetal
Department of Urology Surgery,Liuzhou Municipal People’s HospitalAffiliated to Guangxi University of Science and Technology,Liuzhou 545006,China
Objective To explore the effect of epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)regulation protein in prostate cancer(PCa)invasion and metastasis and its diagnostic value of clinical prognosis.Methods Totally,48 cases of PCa tissue samples(PCa group)and 50 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)tissue samples(BPH group)were collected.Expression levels of N-cadherin and E-cadherin were detected by immunohistochemical SP method in tissue samples,the relationship between N-cadherin,E-cadherin and clinical data in PCa patients was analysed.PCa patients were followed up,the overall survival(OS)was recorded,with OS serving as evaluation index.The prognostic factors were evaluated by univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards model.EMT was induced by TGF-β1in DU-145 cells line.The cell proliferation ability was detected by cell proliferation assay.Cell invasion and migration ability was detected by Transwell.E-cadherin and N-cadherin protein expression was detected by Western blotting.Results In PCa group,the expression of N-cadherin was significantly higher than that in the BPH group,and the expression of E-cadherin was significantly lower than that in the BPH group(bothP<0.05).The N-cadherin high expression rate was significantly higher in tumor with diameter≥2.5 cm than that in the tumor with diameter<2.5 cm;N-cadherin high expression rate in stage ⅣPCa patients was significantly higher than that in stage Ⅱ and Ⅲ PCa patients;the high expression rate of N-cadherin was significantly higher in patients with lymph node metastasis than in those without lymph node metastasis;the high expression rate of N-cadherin was significantly higher in patients with distant metastasis than in those without distant metastasis(allP<0.05).The E-cadherin high expression rate was significantly lower in patients with Gleason score≥7 than in those with Gleason score≤6;the high expression rate of E-cadherin was significantly lower in patients with lymph node metastasis than in those without lymph node metastasis;E-cadherin high expression rate was significantly lower in patients with distant metastasis than in those without distant metastasis(P<0.05).The overall survival was significantly lower in N-cadherin high expression patients than in N-cadherin low expression patients(P=0.024);the overall survival was significantly higher in E-cadherin high expression patients than in E-cadherin low expression patients(P=0.017).Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that T4stage tumors,high expression of N-cadherin and low expression of E-cadherin were independent risk factors for overall survival(allP<0.05).Cell proliferation test showed that,absorbance value in DU-145 group in 24-96 h was significantly higher than that of normal control(NC)group(P<0.05).Transwell results showed that the number of transmembrane cells in DU-145 group was significantly higher than that in NC group(P<0.05).Western blotting showed that,N-cadherin proein expression was significantly higher in DU-145 group than in NC group,E-cadherin proein expression was significantly lower in DU-145 group than in NC group(bothP<0.05).Conclusion EMT is related to proliferation,invasion and migration of PCa,and N-cadherin and E-cadherin can be regarded as one of the predictors of clinical prognosis of PCa.
epithelial-mesenchymal transitions; N-cadherin; E-cadherin; prostate cancer; proliferation; invasion; prognosis
*廣西壯族自治區(qū)衛(wèi)生和計劃生育委員會自籌經(jīng)費科研課題(No.Z2014435)
R737.25
10.3870/j.issn.1672-0741.2017.04.006
周 毅,男,1979年生,副主任醫(yī)師,E-mail:zyfifa@163.com