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濾紙法測定干濕循環(huán)下膨脹土基質(zhì)吸力變化規(guī)律

2017-09-15 06:17吳珺華
關(guān)鍵詞:濾紙吸力含水率

吳珺華,楊 松

濾紙法測定干濕循環(huán)下膨脹土基質(zhì)吸力變化規(guī)律

吳珺華1,2,楊 松3※

(1. 南昌航空大學(xué)無損檢測技術(shù)教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,南昌 330063; 2. 南昌航空大學(xué)土木建筑學(xué)院,南昌 330063;3. 云南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)水利學(xué)院,昆明 650201)

為了獲得干濕循環(huán)作用下膨脹土基質(zhì)吸力的變化規(guī)律, 首先采用人工模擬降雨和蒸發(fā)的方法開展了膨脹土室內(nèi)干濕循環(huán)試驗(yàn),然后利用濾紙法進(jìn)行了不同含水率下試樣的基質(zhì)吸力測定試驗(yàn),獲得了干濕循環(huán)條件下膨脹土的土水特征曲線,求出了相應(yīng)的進(jìn)氣值與殘余值,結(jié)合Fredlund土水特征曲線模型對(duì)經(jīng)歷不同干濕循環(huán)次數(shù)下的土壤土水特征曲線進(jìn)行了擬合,最終建立了考慮干濕循環(huán)效應(yīng)的膨脹土土水特征曲線模型。結(jié)果表明:1)隨著干濕循環(huán)次數(shù)的增加,土壤的進(jìn)氣值呈下降趨勢,從循環(huán)1次時(shí)的134.5 kPa降至循環(huán)4次時(shí)的58.5 kPa,降幅達(dá)56.5%。從循環(huán)1次至2次的進(jìn)氣值下降較大,往后降幅明顯減小,趨于基本穩(wěn)定,這表明對(duì)土壤進(jìn)氣值的影響以初次干濕循環(huán)為主。2)殘余值亦呈下降趨勢,從循環(huán)1次時(shí)的1 040.5降至循環(huán)4次時(shí)的528.5 kPa,降幅達(dá)49.2%。每經(jīng)歷一次干濕循環(huán),殘余值降幅均較大,尚未趨于穩(wěn)定,這表明干濕循環(huán)效應(yīng)對(duì)土壤殘余值的影響比對(duì)土壤進(jìn)氣值的影響要大。3)新建土水特征曲線模型中的擬合參數(shù)與干濕循環(huán)次數(shù)成較好線性關(guān)系,表明隨著干濕循環(huán)次數(shù)的增加,土壤進(jìn)氣值逐漸減小,水分變化速率有所降低,而殘余含水率逐漸增加。該成果可為深入研究土壤基質(zhì)吸力及其工程應(yīng)用提供參考。

土壤;裂隙;含水率;膨脹土;干濕循環(huán);濾紙法;基質(zhì)吸力;土水特征曲線

吳珺華,楊 松. 濾紙法測定干濕循環(huán)下膨脹土基質(zhì)吸力變化規(guī)律[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2017,33(15):126-132.

doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.15.016 http://www.tcsae.org

Wu Junhua, Yang Song. Changes of matric suction in expansive soil under drying-wetting cycles using filter paper method[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(15): 126-132. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.15.016 http://www.tcsae.org

0 引 言

土水特征曲線(SWCC)是土壤基質(zhì)勢與飽和度的關(guān)系曲線,表示土壤水的能量與數(shù)量之間的關(guān)系,反映了土壤的持水性能[1]。膨脹土是一種富含親水性礦物的粘性土,在干濕循環(huán)作用下易產(chǎn)生脹縮裂隙,其原有結(jié)構(gòu)明顯破壞,持水性能與完整土壤相比大不相同,因此膨脹土的基質(zhì)勢受土壤飽和度和結(jié)構(gòu)的共同影響而變化,導(dǎo)致膨脹土強(qiáng)度、變形、滲流等性質(zhì)產(chǎn)生較大改變。部分學(xué)者對(duì)膨脹土進(jìn)行了相應(yīng)的試驗(yàn)研究,系統(tǒng)開展了基質(zhì)吸力測定設(shè)備研發(fā)[2]、基質(zhì)吸力的預(yù)測方法[3-5]等。此外,膨脹土在水分變化過程中裂隙發(fā)育,裂隙形態(tài)對(duì)膨脹土內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)影響較大[6-8],進(jìn)而影響到膨脹土的強(qiáng)度和變形特性[9-11]。張雪東等[12]以概率論為基礎(chǔ),從微觀上建立了模擬孔隙率對(duì)基質(zhì)吸力影響規(guī)律的經(jīng)驗(yàn)?zāi)P?。陳東霞等[13]采用濾紙法測試了廈門地區(qū)殘積土的土-水特征曲線,認(rèn)為修正Gardner模型最適合廈門地區(qū)殘積土的土水特征曲線。張欽喜等[14]將試驗(yàn)測定的土水特征曲線引入至考慮地下水作用時(shí)的地表沉降曲線,認(rèn)為在地表沉降計(jì)算中宜考慮土水特征曲線的貢獻(xiàn)。胡冉等[15]假定變形后的孔隙分布函數(shù)可以從參考狀態(tài)孔隙分布函數(shù)求得,基于此建立了考慮土體變形和滯回效應(yīng)的土水特征曲線模型。Tarantino[16]通過建立含水率與吸力的關(guān)系以間接反映孔隙比對(duì)土水特征曲線的影響。劉艷等[17]利用土性參數(shù)預(yù)測粒狀土和黏性土的土水特征曲線。董倩等[18]利用壓力板儀測定了非飽和粉質(zhì)砂土的水土特征曲線,獲得了非飽和粉質(zhì)砂土抗剪強(qiáng)度和基質(zhì)吸力之間的關(guān)系。李濤等[19]采用濾紙法測定了不同干密度下土體的土水特征曲線,建立了考慮基質(zhì)吸力的破壞包絡(luò)面。趙天宇等[20]采用非飽和導(dǎo)水儀和壓力膜儀測定了重塑黃土的土水特征曲線,獲得了黃土土水特征曲線的進(jìn)氣值與殘余含水率,但并未考慮黃土濕陷性對(duì)黃土基質(zhì)吸力的影響。張昭等[21]通過引入“水土體積比”對(duì)已有土壤的土水特征曲線數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,并對(duì)VG模型進(jìn)行改進(jìn),提出了一種考慮應(yīng)力引起孔隙比變化的土水特征曲線模型。楊鋼等[22]發(fā)現(xiàn)SWCC的變化規(guī)律與土壤顆粒級(jí)配、蒸發(fā)效應(yīng)、防護(hù)條件、收縮裂紋等試驗(yàn)條件密切相關(guān)。

可以看出,基質(zhì)吸力的準(zhǔn)確測定對(duì)研究膨脹土的力學(xué)和變形性質(zhì)十分重要。膨脹土脹縮過程中通常伴隨著裂隙的張開與閉合,并且不斷有新的裂隙生成。也就是說,不同裂隙形態(tài)的土樣,其內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)與含水率均在不斷變化,每個(gè)時(shí)刻的土樣狀態(tài)都不相同。傳統(tǒng)測量土壤基質(zhì)吸力試驗(yàn)方法所獲得的試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),均是初始狀態(tài)基本相同的土樣測得的,而干濕循環(huán)下膨脹土在不同時(shí)刻的含水率和裂隙形態(tài)均不相同,即試驗(yàn)開始時(shí)的初始狀態(tài)并不相同。若采用傳統(tǒng)試驗(yàn)方法測量土壤基質(zhì)吸力,一方面,試樣受到限制難以形成宏觀裂隙,不能完全地反映干濕循環(huán)產(chǎn)生的裂隙特征;另一方面,若直接采用某一裂隙樣進(jìn)行試驗(yàn),試驗(yàn)結(jié)果只能大致反映初始試樣的特征,并不能獲得由于含水率變化引起裂隙形態(tài)變化這一特征對(duì)土壤基質(zhì)吸力的影響。實(shí)際工程中,隨著干濕循環(huán)的進(jìn)行,膨脹土裂隙不斷開展,基質(zhì)吸力受土壤含水率及裂隙形態(tài)的共同影響,傳統(tǒng)測量土壤基質(zhì)吸力的方法存在缺陷。

濾紙法是一種可測量土壤全程基質(zhì)吸力的試驗(yàn)方法[23-24],具有價(jià)格低廉、操作簡單等優(yōu)點(diǎn),且可測量較大的基質(zhì)吸力范圍,已廣泛應(yīng)用于土壤學(xué)領(lǐng)域[25-26]。該方法遵循熱力學(xué)平衡原理,當(dāng)土壤-濾紙-空氣間的水氣達(dá)到平衡時(shí),由濾紙的平衡含水率來反映土壤的基質(zhì)吸力值[27]。當(dāng)濾紙與土壤直接接觸時(shí),濾紙的平衡吸力相當(dāng)于土壤的基質(zhì)吸力;當(dāng)濾紙與土壤不接觸時(shí),濾紙的平衡吸力相當(dāng)于土壤的總吸力。由于濾紙法可獲得任意狀態(tài)下土壤的吸力,原理清晰,試驗(yàn)設(shè)備簡單,不干擾土壤的狀態(tài),可同時(shí)開展大批量試樣的吸力測定試驗(yàn)。作者前期開展了基于濾紙法的一次吸濕和脫濕過程中膨脹土基質(zhì)吸力測定的試驗(yàn),驗(yàn)證了濾紙法可用來有效測定膨脹土在水分變化過程中的基質(zhì)吸力[28]。實(shí)際膨脹土工程中,往往經(jīng)歷是長期、多次的干濕過程,干濕循環(huán)對(duì)膨脹土性質(zhì)的影響非常顯著,相關(guān)研究也較多,但關(guān)于循環(huán)過程中基質(zhì)吸力的準(zhǔn)確測定鮮見報(bào)道,而這對(duì)于完善非飽和土相關(guān)理論、處治膨脹土工程問題有積極效應(yīng)。因此本文在已有研究基礎(chǔ)上,采用濾紙法來測量干濕循環(huán)下不同含水率的裂隙膨脹土試樣的基質(zhì)吸力,獲得了干濕循環(huán)下裂隙膨脹土的土水特征曲線,結(jié)合Fredlund土水特征曲線模型,建立了考慮干濕循環(huán)效應(yīng)的膨脹土土水特征曲線模型,為研究干濕循環(huán)下膨脹土持水性能對(duì)土壤性質(zhì)的影響提供參考。

1 濾紙法試驗(yàn)過程

1.1 濾紙率定

本文采用美國材料試驗(yàn)學(xué)會(huì)(ASTM)推薦的Whatman No. 42型無灰定量分析濾紙開展土壤基質(zhì)吸力測量試驗(yàn)。濾紙典型尺寸為55 mm直徑圓狀。濾紙法使用的主要設(shè)備包括密封容器、絕緣箱、高精度天平、烘箱及干燥器等。試驗(yàn)時(shí)將土樣與濾紙放在密封容器中若干天以達(dá)到平衡,并將密封容器放置于絕緣箱中。絕緣箱必須保持恒溫。采用濾紙法測試樣的基質(zhì)吸力,首先要獲得濾紙的率定曲線,即濾紙含水率與對(duì)應(yīng)基質(zhì)吸力之間的定量關(guān)系。試驗(yàn)采用Whatman No.42型標(biāo)準(zhǔn)濾紙,其率定關(guān)系見式(1)[29],該型濾紙的含水率w與基質(zhì)吸力us的關(guān)系曲線為雙折線。

1.2 試樣制備

采用輕型擊實(shí)儀制備的試樣,在人工干濕循環(huán)條件下,既可以保證裂隙發(fā)育良好,又能大大降低制樣的工作量。土樣基本參數(shù)為:液限42.6%,塑限19.6%,塑性指數(shù)23,自由膨脹率56.8%,最大干密度1.8 g/cm3,相對(duì)密度2.7,試樣初始干密度1.68 g/cm3。試樣制備過程如下:

1)采用輕型擊實(shí)儀將配制好的土料制成大圓狀樣,高度為40 mm,目的是后期切取環(huán)刀樣時(shí)能最大限度地獲得完整試樣。擊實(shí)完成后將試樣推出,并將表面整平。然后將試樣置于抽氣飽和裝置中進(jìn)行抽氣飽和。至此一個(gè)圓狀樣制備完畢。

2)將飽和試樣移出置于室內(nèi)恒溫(22 ℃)環(huán)境下,使其在自然狀態(tài)下蒸發(fā)脫濕??紤]到時(shí)間因素,試驗(yàn)過程中采用小型電風(fēng)扇吹試樣表面以加速水分蒸發(fā)。轉(zhuǎn)面與試樣表面平行,距離600 mm。試驗(yàn)過程中定期稱量試樣質(zhì)量,當(dāng)其保持不變時(shí)表明一個(gè)脫濕過程完成。對(duì)于浸水過程,本文采用加濕器噴霧于試樣表面的方法模擬降雨過程,當(dāng)水分在表面有少許殘留并不再浸入試樣內(nèi)部時(shí)停止噴霧。最后用塑料薄膜將其密封。至此一個(gè)干濕循環(huán)完成,重復(fù)上述步驟即為多次干濕循環(huán)。圖1為經(jīng)歷不同干濕循環(huán)次數(shù)后,試樣表面裂隙的開展情況。隨著干濕循環(huán)次數(shù)的增加,主裂隙首先生成;當(dāng)循環(huán)至一定次數(shù)后,主裂隙邊緣土顆粒剝落,形態(tài)逐漸模糊,并有新的小裂隙生成,土壤表面破碎程度加劇,這符合實(shí)際工程中裂隙的發(fā)育過程。

圖1 干濕循環(huán)下膨脹土裂隙發(fā)育過程Fig.1 Crack development process of expansive soil under drying-wetting cycles

3)當(dāng)試樣含水率達(dá)到試驗(yàn)指定要求后,采用環(huán)刀取樣的方法獲得試驗(yàn)所需的試樣,環(huán)刀尺寸為Φ61.8 mm× H20 mm。用螺旋式千斤頂緩慢地將環(huán)刀壓入試樣約30 mm,即環(huán)刀頂?shù)酌婢粲?0 mm,以便后期切削時(shí)能最大程度地保證試樣的完整性。壓入速率不宜過大,尤其對(duì)于含水率低的試樣,其表現(xiàn)出較高硬度和較大脆性,壓入太快易使試樣產(chǎn)生脆性斷裂。對(duì)此進(jìn)行了不同壓入速率的取樣試驗(yàn),結(jié)果表明對(duì)于含水率低的試樣,壓入速率不宜超過0.3 mm/s;對(duì)于含水率高的試樣,壓入速率不宜超過0.8 mm/s。

1.3 試驗(yàn)方案與步驟

為研究不同水分變化路徑對(duì)膨脹土基質(zhì)吸力的影響,課題組分別進(jìn)行了4次干濕循環(huán)下試樣脫濕和吸濕條件下的濾紙法測基質(zhì)吸力試驗(yàn)。具體試驗(yàn)方案見表1。需要說明的是,表1中的數(shù)據(jù)為試驗(yàn)完成后試樣的實(shí)測體積含水率,可根據(jù)試驗(yàn)完成后試樣的質(zhì)量含水率、濕密度和土粒密度等參數(shù)換算得到。不同編號(hào)分別代表試驗(yàn)不同階段時(shí)所切取的試樣。由于試驗(yàn)?zāi)康闹饕谦@得整個(gè)干濕循環(huán)過程中基質(zhì)吸力的變化情況,因此具體選取哪個(gè)階段時(shí)的試樣并無嚴(yán)格要求,原則上根據(jù)試樣顏色、軟硬程度等的變化來控制。經(jīng)歷不同干濕循環(huán)次數(shù)下試樣的飽和體積含水率不盡相同,具體見表1中編號(hào)11的數(shù)據(jù),是由試驗(yàn)完成后取樣測得。土粒密度為2.7 g/cm3。采用接觸法測量試樣的基質(zhì)吸力,每組取相同試樣2個(gè)及干濾紙3張。濾紙尺寸小于試樣(1張直徑為55 mm,另2張直徑為58 mm),將小直徑的濾紙夾在2張大直徑濾紙之間并置于下部試樣的頂部,然后將上部試樣置于濾紙上方緊密接觸(圖2),目的是避免測試濾紙(即中間小直徑濾紙)沾染土顆粒而影響試驗(yàn)結(jié)果。用塑料膜將整體包裹后蠟封,置于恒溫環(huán)境下至少7 d[26],保證濾紙與試樣達(dá)到水分交換平衡。然后迅速將濾紙取出并稱質(zhì)量,隨后烘干至少6 h并稱質(zhì)量。由此可獲得濾紙的含水率,通過式(1)即可計(jì)算得該試樣的平均基質(zhì)吸力。同時(shí)量測上下試樣的體積和質(zhì)量,以獲得試樣的體積含水率,最終獲得試樣的土水特征曲線。

圖2 濾紙法示意圖[23]Fig.2 Schematic diagram of filter paper method

表1 濾紙法試驗(yàn)方案Table 1 Testing program of filter paper method

2 試驗(yàn)結(jié)果與分析

非飽和土土水特征曲線通常具有復(fù)雜的形態(tài),可用典型特征參數(shù)來反映,以吸力進(jìn)氣值與殘余值為典型代表:進(jìn)氣值是空氣進(jìn)入土體孔隙并將孔隙中的重力水開始排出時(shí)所對(duì)應(yīng)的基質(zhì)吸力,殘余值是重力水開始進(jìn)入土體孔隙時(shí)所對(duì)應(yīng)的基質(zhì)吸力。在實(shí)際應(yīng)用時(shí),進(jìn)氣值為脫濕曲線在高飽和度下的拐點(diǎn),殘余值為吸濕曲線在低飽和度下的拐點(diǎn),具體確定方式見圖3[30]。

不同干濕循環(huán)次數(shù)下測得的濾紙含水率見表2,結(jié)合式(1)求得相應(yīng)的試樣基質(zhì)吸力(表3)。結(jié)合表1中相應(yīng)的試樣體積含水率,可獲得經(jīng)歷不同干濕循環(huán)次數(shù)下試樣的土水特征曲線(圖4),其中橫坐標(biāo)為基質(zhì)吸力的對(duì)數(shù)值。根據(jù)基質(zhì)吸力進(jìn)氣值和殘余值的確定方法(圖3),可求出經(jīng)歷不同干濕循環(huán)次數(shù)下試樣的基質(zhì)吸力進(jìn)氣值和殘余值,相應(yīng)的計(jì)算結(jié)果見圖5。

圖3 土水特征曲線的進(jìn)氣值和殘余值確定方法Fig.3 Determination of air-entry and residual values of SWCC

表2 濾紙含水率測定結(jié)果Table 2 Results of water content of filter papers

表3 濾紙法測定土壤基質(zhì)吸力試驗(yàn)結(jié)果Table 3 Results of soil matric suction by filter paper method

圖4 試樣土水特征曲線及特征參數(shù)Fig.4 Soil SWCC and its characteristic parameters

圖5 不同干濕循環(huán)次數(shù)下試樣的進(jìn)氣值與殘余值Fig.5 Air-entry and residual values of soil under drying-wetting cycles

隨著干濕循環(huán)次數(shù)的增加,土壤的進(jìn)氣值呈下降趨勢,從循環(huán)1次時(shí)的134.5 kPa降至循環(huán)4次時(shí)的58.5 kPa,降幅達(dá)56.5%。從循環(huán)1次至2次的進(jìn)氣值減小較大,往后降幅明顯減小,趨于基本穩(wěn)定,這表明對(duì)土壤進(jìn)氣值的影響主要出現(xiàn)在初次干濕循環(huán)下;殘余值亦呈下降趨勢,從循環(huán)1次時(shí)的1 040.5 kPa降至循環(huán)4次時(shí)的528.5 kPa,降幅達(dá)49.2%。每經(jīng)歷一次干濕循環(huán),殘余值的降幅均較大,尚未趨于穩(wěn)定,這表明干濕循環(huán)效應(yīng)對(duì)土壤殘余值的影響比對(duì)土壤進(jìn)氣值的影響要大。本文中經(jīng)歷4次干濕循環(huán)的試樣,其殘余值仍有較大的下降空間,而進(jìn)氣值已基本趨于穩(wěn)定。

可以看出,干濕循環(huán)效應(yīng)對(duì)膨脹土結(jié)構(gòu)影響十分明顯,導(dǎo)致土壤結(jié)構(gòu)松散破碎,裂隙發(fā)育,持水能力總體下降。干濕循環(huán)效應(yīng)對(duì)土壤殘余值影響較大,對(duì)土壤進(jìn)氣值的影響相對(duì)較小??傮w上看,干濕循環(huán)對(duì)膨脹土持水性能的影響很大,隨著循環(huán)次數(shù)的增加,膨脹土持水能力迅速衰減,遇水后基質(zhì)吸力迅速降低,工程性質(zhì)變差。此外,對(duì)一些受水分作用影響明顯的特殊性土,傳統(tǒng)的基質(zhì)吸力量測方法不能真實(shí)完全地反映其持水特性。濾紙法不干擾試樣的初始形態(tài),試驗(yàn)結(jié)果有效地驗(yàn)證了濾紙法可測定干濕循環(huán)下土體的基質(zhì)吸力,可作為測量該類特殊性土基質(zhì)吸力的一種有效方法。

計(jì)算求出不同體積含水率下試樣的基質(zhì)吸力后,應(yīng)采用合適的土水特征曲線計(jì)算模型進(jìn)行分析。本文采用Fredlund等[31]提出的三參數(shù)模型(式(2))對(duì)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果擬合

式中ψ為基質(zhì)吸力,kPa;θw為基質(zhì)吸力為ψ時(shí)的體積含水率;θs為飽和體積含水率;a為與進(jìn)氣值有關(guān)的參數(shù);b為與土壤脫濕速率有關(guān)的參數(shù);c為與殘余值有關(guān)的參數(shù)。

利用Origin軟件的自定義函數(shù)擬合功能,對(duì)4次干濕循環(huán)下的土水特征曲線進(jìn)行了擬合,擬合結(jié)果見表4??梢钥闯觯S著干濕循環(huán)次數(shù)的增加,a和b值逐漸減小,c值有所增大。這表明,隨著干濕循環(huán)次數(shù)的增加,土壤進(jìn)氣值逐漸減小,水分變化速率有所降低,而殘余含水率逐漸增加。這表明,干濕循環(huán)效應(yīng)導(dǎo)致土壤結(jié)構(gòu)逐漸松散破碎,持水能力逐漸下降,土壤中的水分易從孔隙中逃溢,外界水分也易入滲土壤。

表4 土水特征曲線模型參數(shù)擬合結(jié)果Table 4 Fitted results of parameters in SWCC model

將參數(shù)a、b、c與干濕循環(huán)次數(shù)的關(guān)系繪于圖6。可以看出,脫濕和吸濕條件下,參數(shù)a、b、c與干濕循環(huán)次數(shù)均呈現(xiàn)較好的線性關(guān)系,可采用一次線性關(guān)系式進(jìn)行擬合,結(jié)果見表5。

圖6 擬合參數(shù)a、b、c與干濕循環(huán)次數(shù)的關(guān)系Fig.6 Relationship between fitted parameters a, b, c and drying-wetting cycle time

表5 土水特征曲線模型參數(shù)與干濕循環(huán)次數(shù)關(guān)系Table 5 Relationship between parameters of SWCC model anddrying-wetting cycle time

將擬合結(jié)果代入式(2)中,即可獲得考慮干濕循環(huán)效應(yīng)的膨脹土土水特征曲線模型,見式(3)。

式中ad、bd、cd、aw、bw、cw的具體表達(dá)式見表5,其余參數(shù)物理意義與式(2)中的參數(shù)相同。

3 結(jié) 論

1)隨著干濕循環(huán)次數(shù)的增加,土壤的進(jìn)氣值呈下降趨勢,初次干濕循環(huán)對(duì)進(jìn)氣值影響最大,往后降幅明顯減小,趨于基本穩(wěn)定;殘余值亦呈下降趨勢,每經(jīng)歷一次干濕循環(huán),殘余值的降幅均較大,尚未趨于穩(wěn)定,這表明干濕循環(huán)效應(yīng)對(duì)土壤殘余值的影響比對(duì)土壤進(jìn)氣值的影響要大。經(jīng)歷4次干濕循環(huán)的試樣,其殘余值仍有較大的下降空間,而進(jìn)氣值已基本趨于穩(wěn)定。

2)采用了Fredlund土水特征曲線模型對(duì)干濕循環(huán)下膨脹土的土水特征曲線結(jié)果進(jìn)行擬合,建立了考慮干濕循環(huán)效應(yīng)的土水特征曲線模型。模型參數(shù)與干濕循環(huán)次數(shù)均呈現(xiàn)較好的線性關(guān)系。隨著干濕循環(huán)次數(shù)的增加,土壤進(jìn)氣值逐漸減小,水分變化速率有所降低,而殘余含水率逐漸增加。該成果可為深入研究土壤基質(zhì)吸力及應(yīng)用提供參考。

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Changes of matric suction in expansive soil under drying-wetting cycles using filter paper method

Wu Junhua1,2, Yang Song3※
(1. Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Testing , Ministry of Education, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China; 2. College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China; 3. College of Water Conservancy, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China)

Soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) can show the soil water holding capacity, and is the relationship between the soil matric potential and saturation. The expansive soil has the characteristics of strong swell-shrink, developing fissures and over consolidation, especially under drying-wetting cycles. Its water holding capacity, which has an important impact on the soil properties, is totally different from the capacity of full soil. Therefore, how to exactly obtain the matric suction of expansive soil under drying-wetting cycles is very important to analyze the characteristics of mechanics and deformation of expansive soil. In order to analyze the change rule of matric suction of expansive soil under drying-wetting cycles, the artificial rainfall and evaporation was applied in drying-wetting tests of expansive soil. The specimens sized at 102 mm × 40 mm (diameter × height) were made by compaction apparatus and the initial dry density was 1.68 g/cm3. All the specimens were saturated after compaction and undergoing drying-wetting cycles in constant temperature (22 ℃) environment. The small electric fans were adopted to increase the rate of evaporation until the mass of specimens was kept constant under the condition of drying. Then the water vapours were sprayed to the surface of specimens by humidifiers until the process of infiltration stopped under the condition of wetting. That is one drying-wetting cycle so far. In this paper, 4 set of experiments under drying-wetting cycles were carried out and the cycle times were 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Then 11 specimens sampled by cutting rings (61.8 mm × 20 mm (diameter × height)) in different volumetric water content were obtained in each process of drying and wetting respectively. The matric suction of each specimen was measured with filter paper of Whatman No. 42 and then the SWCCs were obtained under drying-wetting cycles. The corresponding air-entry values and residual values in different drying-wetting cycle times were calculated from SWCC. Ulteriorly, the different SWCCs obtained in different drying-wetting cycle times were fitted by the Fredlund SWCC model. Based on the above analysis, an SWCC model of expansive soil considering drying-wetting cycle effect was established finally. The results showed that: 1) With the increase of drying-wetting cycle time, the air-entry value of expansive soil was evidently reduced. Compared with the air-entry value (134.5 kPa) of expansive soil undergoing one drying-wetting cycle, the air-entry value was 58.5 kPa and reduced by 56.5% undergoing 4 drying-wetting cycles. The most effect of drying-wetting cycles on air-entry value occurred in the first cycle. 2) With the increase of drying-wetting cycle time, the residual value of expansive soil was also reduced. Compared with the residual value (1 040.5 kPa) of expansive soil undergoing one drying-wetting cycle, the residual value was 528.5 kPa and reduced by 49.2% undergoing 4 drying-wetting cycles. Moreover, the residual value is reduced evidently after undergoing one drying-wetting cycle and it cannot yet be stabilized with the increase of drying-wetting cycle time. That means the effect of drying-wetting cycles on ari-entry value is much greater than on residual value. 3) The fitted parameters in the SWCC model of expansive soil considering the effect of drying-wetting cycle have a good linear correlation with the drying-wetting cycle time. With the increase of drying-wetting cycle time, the soil air-entry value and change rate of water content reduce while the residual value increases gradually. The results can provide a reference for the further analysis on soil matric suction and its application in engineering.

soils; cracks; water content; expansive soil; drying-wetting cycles; filter paper method; matric suction; soil water characteristic curve

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.15.016

S152.7

A

1002-6819(2017)-15-0126-07

2017-01-12

2017-07-10

國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(51408291,41662021);南昌航空大學(xué)無損檢測技術(shù)教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室開放基金項(xiàng)目(ZD201529002)

吳珺華,副教授,博士,主要從事非飽和土基本性質(zhì)研究。南昌南昌航空大學(xué)土木建筑學(xué)院,330063。Email:wjhnchu0791@126.com

※通信作者:楊 松,博士,主要從事非飽和土基本性質(zhì)研究。昆明 云南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)水利學(xué)院,650201。Email:yscliff007@126.com

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