盧佳佳,宋曠蓉,張 碩,鄧宇英,趙良橋,黃漢欽,冷永群,葉 靜,凃婉華
·論著·
原發(fā)性高血壓病患者交感神經(jīng)與迷走神經(jīng)張力對靜息心率的影響研究
盧佳佳*,宋曠蓉,張 碩,鄧宇英,趙良橋,黃漢欽,冷永群,葉 靜,凃婉華
目的探討原發(fā)性高血壓病患者交感神經(jīng)、迷走神經(jīng)張力變化對靜息心率(RHR)的影響。方法選取2013年于武漢市第一醫(yī)院門診及住院治療的原發(fā)性高血壓病患者404例為研究對象。記錄標準12導聯(lián)心電圖,用平均RR間期計算出RHR。根據(jù)RHR,將患者分為RHR-L組(<60 次/min)、RHR-M組(60~<75 次/min)和RHR-H組(≥75次/min)。隨即接受24 h動態(tài)心電圖記錄,離線應用動態(tài)心電記錄分析系統(tǒng),計算極低頻帶(VLF)、低頻帶(LF)、高頻帶(HF)、心率減速力(DC)值。結(jié)果各組VLF、LF、HF、DC、LF/HF比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);其中,RHR-M組VLF、LF、HF低于RHR-L組,RHR-H組VLF、LF、HF、DC低于RHR-L組、RHR-M組,RHR-H組LF/HF高于RHR-L組、RHR-M組(P<0.05)。RHR與VLF〔r=-0.436,95%CI(-0.501,-0.369)〕、LF〔r=-0.290,95%CI(-0.378,-0.205)〕、HF〔r=-0.394,95%CI(-0.468,-0.315)〕、DC〔r=-0.219,95%CI(-0.310,-0.123)〕呈負相關(guān)(P<0.001),與LF/HF〔r=0.248,95%CI(0.158,0.332)〕呈正相關(guān)(P<0.001)。多因素線性回歸分析顯示,VLF、HF、LF/HF是原發(fā)性高血壓病患者RHR的影響因素(P<0.05)。結(jié)論RHR為60~<75次/min的原發(fā)性高血壓病患者RHR主要受到迷走神經(jīng)紊亂影響,而RHR≥75次/min的患者RHR則主要受到交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)紊亂影響。
高血壓;心率;交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng);迷走神經(jīng)
靜息心率(RHR)升高與心力衰竭、心血管死亡風險增加有關(guān),且獨立于心血管危險因素[1]。高RHR能增加正常人的全因死亡率,并且對心血管疾病有顯著影響[2]。交感神經(jīng)激活使RHR增加,引起心肌收縮力提高,從而導致心臟排血量增加;同時交感神經(jīng)活性增加也會引起血管收縮,導致血管周圍阻力增加[3]。迷走神經(jīng)是自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵組成,其通過心率變異性進行評估,低迷走神經(jīng)活性是交感-迷走神經(jīng)動態(tài)平衡的標志[4],其活性對高血壓作用的相關(guān)研究較少,但高血壓發(fā)病過程中迷走神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的紊亂具有重要意義[5]。目前,臨床對高血壓引起的自主神經(jīng)功能損害關(guān)注較少,有研究證明,血管壓迫迷走神經(jīng)能引起神經(jīng)源性高血壓[6],但具體對血壓的影響機制尚未完全解釋。本研究在原發(fā)性高血壓病患者中驗證交感神經(jīng)張力、迷走神經(jīng)張力與RHR的相關(guān)性,為原發(fā)性高血壓病的評估以及改善預后提供流行病學資料。
1.1 研究對象 選取2013年于武漢市第一醫(yī)院門診及住院治療的原發(fā)性高血壓病患者404例,其中男191例,女213例;年齡42~89歲,平均年齡(66.3±10.9)歲。納入標準:符合《中國高血壓防治指南(2010)》[7]原發(fā)性高血壓病的診斷標準;新發(fā)患者,或停用β-受體阻滯劑藥物5個t1/2以上;檢查前12 h及當日未飲咖啡、濃茶、酒及吸煙。本研究獲得武漢市第一醫(yī)院醫(yī)學倫理委員會批準。
1.2 方法 患者在9:00~11:00安靜環(huán)境下,平臥休息10 min,采用GE MAC-800心電圖機記錄標準12導聯(lián)心電圖,選擇Ⅱ?qū)?lián),描記10個心動周期,用平均RR間期計算出RHR。根據(jù)RHR,將患者分為RHR-L組(<60 次/min)、RHR-M組(60~<75 次/min)和RHR-H組(≥75次/min)。
隨即接受24 h動態(tài)心電圖記錄,離線應用動態(tài)心電記錄分析系統(tǒng),將記錄回放,經(jīng)分析系統(tǒng)自動計算極低頻帶(VLF,0.01~<0.04 Hz)、低頻帶(LF,0.04~<0.15 Hz)、高頻帶(HF,0.15~<0.40 Hz)、心率減速力(DC,低危值:>4.5 ms;中危值:2.6~4.5 ms;高危值:<2.6 ms)。
2.2 交感神經(jīng)、迷走神經(jīng)張力指標比較 各組VLF、LF、HF、DC、LF/HF比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);其中,RHR-M組VLF、LF、HF低于RHR-L組,RHR-H組VLF、LF、HF、DC低于RHR-L組、RHR-M組,RHR-H組LF/HF高于RHR-L組、RHR-M組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05,見表1)。
表1 各組交感神經(jīng)、迷走神經(jīng)張力指標比較Table 1 Comparison of VLF,LF,HF,DC and LF/HF among different RHR groups
注:VLF=極低頻帶,LF=低頻帶,HF=高頻帶,DC=心率減速力,RHR=靜息心率;與RHR-L組比較,aP<0.05;與RHR-M組比較,bP<0.05
2.3 Pearson相關(guān)分析 RHR與VLF、LF、HF、DC呈負相關(guān),與LF/HF呈正相關(guān)(P<0.001,見表2)。
2.4 交感神經(jīng)、迷走神經(jīng)張力指標對RHR影響的線性回歸分析 單因素線性回歸分析顯示,VLF、LF、HF、DC、LF/HF與RHR相關(guān)(P<0.001,見表3)。多因素線性回歸分析顯示,VLF、HF、LF/HF是RHR的影響因素(P<0.05,見表4)。
表2 RHR與交感神經(jīng)、迷走神經(jīng)張力指標的Pearson相關(guān)分析Table 2 Pearson correlation analysis between sympathetic and vagal tone and RHR
表3 交感神經(jīng)、迷走神經(jīng)張力指標對RHR影響的單因素線性回歸分析
Table3 Univariate linear regression analysis of sympathetic tone and vagal tone factors for RHR
變量β95%CISEβ't值P值VLF<0.001(0,<0.001)<0.001-0.4369.702<0.001LF-0.001(-0.001,<0.001)<0.001-0.290-6.077<0.001HF-0.002(-0.003,-0.002)<0.001-0.394-8.592<0.001DC-0.100(-0.143,-0.056)0.022-0.219-4.494<0.001LF/HF0.136(0.084,0.188)0.0270.2485.127<0.001
表4 交感神經(jīng)、迷走神經(jīng)張力指標對RHR影響的多因素線性回歸分析
Table4 Multivariate linear regression analysis of sympathetic tone and vagal tone factors for RHR
變量β95%CISEβ't值P值VLF<0.001(0,<0.001)<0.001-0.4466.839<0.001LF<0.001(0,<0.001)<0.0010.1361.5100.132HF<0.001(-0.002,<-0.001)<0.001-0.1672.0980.037DC-0.011(-0.057,0.035)0.023-0.024-0.4600.646LF/HF0.105(0.042,0.169)0.0320.1923.2710.001
文獻報道,RHR>70次/min的患者心血管事件風險及病死率升高[8]。交感神經(jīng)激活是RHR逐漸升高的標志[9],胍丁胺通過抑制外周交感神經(jīng)張力達到降低心血管功能的作用[10],說明交感神經(jīng)張力對心血管功能具有重要意義。有研究通過對腦壓力流量的研究探討交感神經(jīng)控制對動態(tài)呼氣末二氧化碳分壓的影響,間接闡明腦血管狀態(tài)與交感神經(jīng)動態(tài)系統(tǒng)具有密切相關(guān)性[11]。交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的過度活躍是肥胖的典型特征,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),交感神經(jīng)高度活躍與肥胖性高血壓的發(fā)生和發(fā)展緊密相關(guān)[12]。
迷走神經(jīng)作為自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的主要成分,也是影響心血管狀態(tài)的主要因素之一。迷走神經(jīng)活性降低在原發(fā)性高血壓病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中具有重要作用[13],動物實驗顯示,選擇性迷走神經(jīng)刺激治療方法能降低大鼠的血壓,且無明顯不良反應,所以選擇性迷走神經(jīng)刺激可能是治療頑固性高血壓的方法[14]。慢性心力衰竭患者進行迷走神經(jīng)刺激治療過程中會引起瞬時心率發(fā)生變化,提示自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)左右側(cè)刺激是保持一致協(xié)調(diào)的[15]。心臟周期同步選擇性迷走神經(jīng)刺激治療可以長期降低大鼠血壓并避免心動過緩的發(fā)生[16]。以上研究均顯示迷走神經(jīng)對血壓的顯著影響,但迷走神經(jīng)屬于混合神經(jīng),其對高血壓的影響機制尚未得到完全解釋,需進一步研究證實。
自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)紊亂一直被認為是促使原發(fā)性高血壓病發(fā)生、發(fā)展的因素之一,但缺乏定性、定量的診斷指標[17]。交感神經(jīng)和迷走神經(jīng)組成自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),生理情況下,交感神經(jīng)活性與迷走神經(jīng)活性處于動態(tài)平衡狀態(tài),正常調(diào)控機體內(nèi)血管狀態(tài),促進身體各項生理活動的完成。但該平衡被其中一個成分打破,則會引起血管收縮、阻力加大等一系列生理活動,導致動脈血壓升高。最終機體進入高血壓狀態(tài),甚至引起后期并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。
已有研究采用心率變異性時域測定法常用指標探討心率變異性與高血壓的關(guān)系[18],但少有研究單獨使用頻域測定指標探討心率變異性與高血壓的關(guān)系。頻域測定法能在頻譜曲線上比較細微地觀察交感神經(jīng)和迷走神經(jīng)對心臟的影響。VLF可作為交感神經(jīng)活動的指標;LF受交感神經(jīng)和迷走神經(jīng)共同影響,反映交感神經(jīng)與迷走神經(jīng)的共同作用,其中交感神經(jīng)占優(yōu)勢;HF只受迷走神經(jīng)介導,主要代表呼吸變異,反映迷走神經(jīng)張力;DC由德國慕尼黑心臟中心Georg Schmidt 教授2006年發(fā)現(xiàn)并提出,其認為24 h動態(tài)心電圖的心電信息中,凡相鄰的兩個心動周期中后一個周期較前一個周期延長時,為心率出現(xiàn)減速現(xiàn)象,并將其視為迷走神經(jīng)的負性頻率作用對心率調(diào)節(jié)作用的結(jié)果,因而成為迷走神經(jīng)功能正?;虼嬖谡系K的定量指標;LF/HF主要反映交感神經(jīng)和迷走神經(jīng)動態(tài)平衡狀態(tài)。
有研究指出,RHR是引起高血壓發(fā)生、發(fā)展的危險因素之一[19-20]。RHR增加會加強血管收縮壓以及心肌收縮,對血壓有嚴重的影響,導致心血管事件發(fā)生率增加[21]。本研究旨在探討交感神經(jīng)活性、迷走神經(jīng)活性對原發(fā)性高血壓病患者RHR的影響,為自主神經(jīng)功能促發(fā)原發(fā)性高血壓病的過程提供相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與RHR-L組、RHR-M組比較,RHR-H組VLF、LF、HF、DC均降低。既往研究顯示,高RHR的高血壓患者心血管疾病發(fā)生率、全因死亡率較高,預后不良[9]。另外,RHR-H組LF/HF高于RHR-L組、RHR-M組。自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)生理情況下,交感神經(jīng)活性占主要成分。交感神經(jīng)活性越高,迷走神經(jīng)活性越低,RHR越高。PAUL等[22]隨訪研究發(fā)現(xiàn),單純高血壓患者RHR每加快1次/min,可增加1%的死亡風險。Pearson相關(guān)分析顯示,原發(fā)性高血壓病患者RHR與VLF、LF、HF、DC呈負相關(guān),與LF/HF呈正相關(guān)。
本研究單因素線性回歸分析顯示,VLF、LF、HF、DC、LF/HF與RHR相關(guān);多因素線性回歸分析顯示,VLF、HF、LF/HF是RHR的影響因素,其中VLF對RHR的影響程度最大,其次為LF/HF、HF。該多因素線性回歸模型R2=0.273,尚存在其他影響原發(fā)性高血壓病患者RHR的因素。
綜上所述,RHR為60~<75次/min的原發(fā)性高血壓病患者RHR主要受到迷走神經(jīng)紊亂影響,而RHR≥75次/min的患者RHR則主要受到交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)紊亂影響。原發(fā)性高血壓病的發(fā)病起始原因尚未完全明確,其發(fā)生、發(fā)展是多重因素參與并相互作用的結(jié)果。自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)動態(tài)平衡以及RHR僅是原發(fā)性高血壓病的促發(fā)因素之一,尚需進一步發(fā)現(xiàn)和研究其他危險因素。
作者貢獻:盧佳佳、宋曠蓉進行文章的構(gòu)思與設計,研究的實施與可行性分析,負責文章的質(zhì)量控制及審校,對文章整體負責,監(jiān)督管理;張碩、趙良橋進行數(shù)據(jù)收集;黃漢欽進行數(shù)據(jù)整理;鄧宇英進行統(tǒng)計學處理;冷永群、葉靜、凃婉華進行結(jié)果的分析與解釋;盧佳佳、宋曠蓉、張碩、鄧宇英撰寫論文;趙良橋、黃漢欽、冷永群、葉靜、凃婉華進行論文的修訂。
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EffectofSympatheticandVagalToneonRestingHeartRateamongEssentialHypertensivePatients
LUJia-jia*,SONGKuang-rong,ZHANGShuo,DENGYu-ying,ZHAOLiang-qiao,HUANGHan-qin,LENGYong-qun,YEJing,TUWan-hua
DepartmentofECGDiagnosis,WuhanNo.1Hospital,Wuhan430030,China
*Correspondingauthor:LUJia-jia,Attendingphysician;E-mail:jial29@sina.com
ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of sympathetic and vagal tone changes on resting heart rate(RHR) in patients with essential hypertension.Methods404 cases of essential hypertension outpatients and hospitalized patients were selected as the subjects from Wuhan No.1 Hospital in 2013.Recorded the standard 12-lead ECG,calculated the RHR using the average RR interval.The patients were divided into RHR-L group(<60 times/min),RHR-M group(60-<75 times/min) and RHR-H group(≥75 times/min) according to RHR.Followed by 24 h dynamic electrocardiographic recording,the value of very low frequency band(VLF),low frequency band(LF),high frequency band(HF) and heart rate deceleration force(DC) were calculated using off-line application of dynamic ECG recording and analysis system.ResultsThe VLF,LF,HF,DC,LF/HF of each group were compared,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Among them,VLF,LF and HF in RHR-M group were lower than those in RHR-L group.VLF,LF,HF,and DC in RHR-H group were lower than those in RHR-L group and RHR-M group.LF/HF in RHR-H group was higher than RHR-L group and RHR-M group(P<0.05).The RHR was negatively correlated with VLF〔r=-0.436,95%CI(-0.501,-0.369)〕,LF〔r=-0.290,95%CI(-0.378,-0.205)〕,HF〔r=-0.394,95%CI(-0.468,-0.315)〕,DC〔r=-0.219,95%CI(-0.310,-0.123)〕(P<0.001),and it was positively correlated with LF/HF〔r=0.248,95%CI(0.158,0.332)〕(P<0.001).Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that VLF,HF and LF/HF were the influencing factors of RHR in patients with essential hypertensive(P<0.05).ConclusionRHR in essential hypertension patients with RHR of 60-<75 times/min are mainly affected by vagal disturbances,while RHR in patients with RHR ≥75 times/min are mainly affected by sympathetic nervous system disorders.
Hypertension;Heart rate;Sympathetic nervous system;Vagus nerve
R 544.1
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2017.29.004
2016-09-30;
2017-05-02)
(本文編輯:吳立波)
2015年度武漢市衛(wèi)計委基金資助項目(WX15B19)
430030湖北省武漢市第一醫(yī)院心電診斷科
*通信作者:盧佳佳,主治醫(yī)師;E-mail:jial29@sina.com
盧佳佳,宋曠蓉,張碩,等.原發(fā)性高血壓病患者交感神經(jīng)與迷走神經(jīng)張力對靜息心率的影響研究[J].中國全科醫(yī)學,2017,20(29):3596-3600.[www.chinagp.net]
LU J J,SONG K R,ZHANG S,et al.Effect of sympathetic and vagal tone on resting heart rate among essential hypertensive patients[J].Chinese General Practice,2017,20(29):3596-3600.