李 偉 姜永冬 龐 達(dá)
FGFR3基因單核苷酸多態(tài)與絕經(jīng)前乳腺癌易感性的關(guān)聯(lián)研究
李 偉 姜永冬 龐 達(dá)
目的探討FGFR3基因單核苷酸多態(tài)(SNPs)與女性絕經(jīng)前乳腺癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)關(guān)系。方法采用多重單堿基延伸SNP分型技術(shù)(Snapshot)檢測(cè)FGFR3基因的rs2234909和rs3135848的SNP基因型在絕經(jīng)前乳腺癌患者和絕經(jīng)前正常女性人群中的頻率,并分析不同SNP基因型與絕經(jīng)前乳腺癌發(fā)病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)關(guān)系。結(jié)果FGFR3基因rs2234909和rs3135848的SNP基因型的頻率在乳腺癌與對(duì)照組間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05)。Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,對(duì)于rs2234909位點(diǎn),相比較于TT基因型,TC和TC+CC基因型和乳腺癌的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性(OR=1.035,95%CI:0.680~1.575,P=0.874;OR=0.985,95%CI:0.638~1.521,P=0.945);對(duì)于rs3135848位點(diǎn),相比較于TT基因型,TC、CC和TC+CC基因型與乳腺癌的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無(wú)關(guān)(OR=1.177,95%CI:0.846~1.636,P=0.333;OR=0.948,95%CI:0.287~3.137,P=0.931;OR=1.162,95%CI:0.548~1.112,P=0.360)。rs2234909位點(diǎn)突變的乳腺癌患者與未突變者相比,組織學(xué)分級(jí)(顯性模型:P=0.032;共顯性模型:P=0.024)以及Ki67指數(shù)(顯性模型:P=0.056;共顯性模型:P=0.044)顯著增高;rs3135848位點(diǎn)突變及兩位點(diǎn)均突變與乳腺癌患者臨床病理特征無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性(P>0.05)。結(jié)論FGFR3基因的rs2234909和rs3135848兩位點(diǎn)基因多態(tài)性與乳腺癌易感性無(wú)明顯相關(guān)性;而rs2234909位點(diǎn)突變?cè)诮^經(jīng)前乳腺癌患者中與組織學(xué)分級(jí)和Ki67指數(shù)呈正相關(guān),可能提示預(yù)后不良。
乳腺癌;FGFR3基因;單核苷酸多態(tài);遺傳易感性
乳腺癌是女性最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤之一,其發(fā)病率在世界范圍內(nèi)逐年增加并呈現(xiàn)年輕化趨勢(shì)[1]。與歐美國(guó)家發(fā)病狀況相反,相比于絕經(jīng)后乳腺癌患者,我國(guó)絕經(jīng)前乳腺癌患者明顯占有更大的比例,這可能是中國(guó)人群乳腺癌的特點(diǎn)[2]。目前針對(duì)乳腺癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展有大量研究報(bào)道,但其具體原因尚不明確。大量的研究結(jié)果顯示遺傳因素和環(huán)境因素的相互作用在乳腺癌的發(fā)病過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著重要的促進(jìn)作用。BRCA1和BRCA2等高外顯率易感基因在乳腺癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過(guò)程中發(fā)揮了重要的作用[3]。此外,一些低外顯率的基因也同樣扮演著不可或缺的角色。成纖維生長(zhǎng)因子受體3(Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3,F(xiàn)GFR3)是一種受體型酪氨酸激酶,其在調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞增殖、分化、血管形成以及某些惡性腫瘤的致瘤過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要作用[4-6]。然而,有關(guān)FGFR3的基因多態(tài)性與乳腺癌易感性的研究國(guó)內(nèi)外鮮有報(bào)道。因此,本研究選取FGFR3基因的rs2234909和rs3135848這兩個(gè)位點(diǎn)的單核苷酸多態(tài)作為研究對(duì)象,探索其與乳腺癌發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)系。同時(shí),因月經(jīng)狀態(tài)也影響著乳腺癌的發(fā)生[7-8],所以本研究選取所有病例標(biāo)本皆為絕經(jīng)前女性患者。運(yùn)用病例對(duì)照研究針對(duì)FGFR3基因單核苷酸多態(tài)在絕經(jīng)前乳腺癌及正常女性人群的頻率進(jìn)行分析,進(jìn)而揭示FGFR3基因的rs2234909和rs3135848位點(diǎn)單核苷酸多態(tài)性與絕經(jīng)前乳腺癌的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)關(guān)系,為乳腺癌發(fā)病機(jī)制研究提供更深層的證據(jù)。
本研究選取2008年11月—2011年4月在哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院就診的絕經(jīng)前原發(fā)乳腺癌415例病例,所有患者均由兩名獨(dú)立病理科醫(yī)生經(jīng)組織病理學(xué)確診。入組病例均未進(jìn)行化療、放療以及內(nèi)分泌治療,無(wú)其他腫瘤患病史和腫瘤遺傳史,平均年齡(43.53±7.01)歲。同時(shí),在哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院體檢中心隨機(jī)選取457例健康普查絕經(jīng)前女性作為對(duì)照組,對(duì)照組中所有樣本體檢合格,無(wú)乳腺疾病患病史,無(wú)惡性腫瘤及腫瘤遺傳史,平均年齡(43.14±6.16)歲。所有研究對(duì)象均獲取了知情同意書(shū),本研究經(jīng)哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)審批通過(guò)。
1.2.1 基因組DNA提取 所有入組的乳腺癌患者及正常女性人群抽取2 mL外周靜脈血,應(yīng)用DNA提取試劑盒(AxyPrep血基因組DNA小量制備試劑盒,AP-MN-BL-GDNA)抽提基因組DNA,測(cè)定濃度及純度后,置于-20℃保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
1.2.2 PCR及基因型的測(cè)序鑒定 應(yīng)用多重單堿基延伸SNP分型技術(shù)(Snapshot)對(duì)FGFR3基因rs2234909和rs3135848的SNP位點(diǎn)進(jìn)行檢測(cè)分型。應(yīng)用PCR擴(kuò)增包含上述SNP位點(diǎn)的核酸片段,設(shè)計(jì)緊鄰SNP位點(diǎn)的延伸引物用于多重單堿基延伸(表1)。(1)PCR反應(yīng):PCR反應(yīng)體系(總量20 μL):1×HotStarTaq buffer,dNTP 0.3 mmol/L,Mg2+3.0 mmol/L,上下游引物各0.1 μmol/L,HotStarTaq polymerase 1 U和樣本DNA 1 μL。運(yùn)用Touch-down PCR對(duì)目的片段進(jìn)行擴(kuò)增,反應(yīng)條件:95℃預(yù)變性15 min→94℃變性20 s,65℃退火40 s,72℃延伸90 s(共11個(gè)循環(huán),每個(gè)循環(huán)退火溫度降低0.5℃)→94℃變性20 s,59℃退火30 s,72℃延伸90 s(共24個(gè)循環(huán))→72℃延伸2 min→4℃。應(yīng)用SAP/Exo I針對(duì)上述PCR產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行純化,簡(jiǎn)要步驟如下:10 μL PCR產(chǎn)物中加入SAP酶、Exonuclease I酶各1 U,37℃溫浴1 h后,75℃滅活15 min,產(chǎn)物置于-20℃保存;(2)Snapshot多重單堿基延伸反應(yīng):應(yīng)用Snapshot Multiplex試劑盒針對(duì)上述純化后的PCR產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行延伸反應(yīng)并鑒定基因型。反應(yīng)體系(總量10 μL):Snapshot Multiplex Kit 5 μL,純化后多重PCR產(chǎn)物2 μL,延伸引物混合物(正反引物濃度均為0.8 mmol/L)1 μL,超純水(PCR級(jí)別)2 μL。反應(yīng)條件:96℃預(yù)變性1 min→96℃變性10 s,50℃退火5 s,60℃延伸30 s(共28個(gè)循環(huán))→4℃。應(yīng)用酶法對(duì)延伸產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行純化,體系如下:延伸產(chǎn)物10 μL,加入SAP酶1 U,37℃溫浴1 h后75℃滅活15 min;(3)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果分析:取上述純化后的延伸產(chǎn)物0.5 μL與內(nèi)標(biāo)Liz120 0.5 μL、甲酰胺9 μL混勻,95℃變性5 min后,應(yīng)用ABI 3130XL基因測(cè)序儀進(jìn)行毛細(xì)管電泳,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果應(yīng)用GeneMapper 4.0軟件進(jìn)行分析。
應(yīng)用SPSS 18.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,基因型在病例組與對(duì)照組之間分布差異以卡方檢驗(yàn)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,各基因型和乳腺癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)系采用Logistic回歸分析,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
在415例乳腺癌病例組中,rs2234909位點(diǎn)的TT、CT和CC基因型頻率分別為89.6%、9.9%和0.5%;在457例對(duì)照組中,rs2234909位點(diǎn)的TT、CT和CC基因型頻率分別為89.5%、10.5%和0,其分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律(P=0.23)。上述3種基因型頻率分布在乳腺癌與正常女性人群中無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05)(表2)。
表1 SNP位點(diǎn)PCR引物序列
表2 FGFR3基因型頻率在病例組和對(duì)照組的分布
在415例乳腺癌病例組中,rs3135848位點(diǎn)的TT、TC和CC基因型頻率分別為76.9%、21.9%和1.2%;在457例正常對(duì)照組中,rs3135848位點(diǎn)的TT、TC和CC基因型頻率分別為79.4%、19.3%和1.3%,其分布同樣符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律(P=0.79)。rs3135848位點(diǎn)的上述3種基因型頻率分布在乳腺癌與正常女性人群中無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05)(表2)。
在共顯性模型下,與野生純合型TT相比,rs2234909位點(diǎn)的CT雜合型與乳腺癌的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性(OR=1.035,95%CI:0.680~1.575,P=0.874);與TT基因型相比,CT+TT基因型與乳腺癌的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性(OR=0.985,95%CI:0.638~1.521,P=0.945),在共顯性模型下,與野生純合型TT相比,rs3135848位點(diǎn)CT雜合型和突變純合型CC均與乳腺癌的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性(OR=1.177,95%CI:0.846~1.636,P=0.333;OR=0.948,95%CI:0.287~3.137,P=0.931);與TT基因型相比,CT+TT基因型與乳腺癌的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性(OR=1.162,95%CI:0.842~1.603,P=0.360)(表2)。
在415例乳腺癌患者中,與未突變者相比,F(xiàn)GFR3基因SNP位點(diǎn)rs2234909突變的乳腺癌患者組織學(xué)分級(jí)更高(顯性模型:P=0.032;共顯性模型:P=0.024),Ki67指數(shù)更高(顯性模型:P=0.056;共顯性模型:P=0.044),均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(表3);FGFR3基因SNP位點(diǎn)rs3135848位點(diǎn)突變及兩位點(diǎn)均突變與乳腺癌患者臨床病理因素?zé)o關(guān)(P>0.05)(表4,表5)。
表3 FGFR3基因rs2234909位點(diǎn)與乳腺癌臨床病理因素的相關(guān)性
Note:P1 represents comparison of genotype TT、TC and CC;P2 represents comparison of genotype TT and TC+CC.
表4 FGFR3基因rs3135848位點(diǎn)與乳腺癌臨床病理特征的關(guān)系
Note:P1 represents comparison of genotype TT、TC and CC.P2 represents comparison of genotype TT and TC+CC.
表5 FGFR3基因rs2234909和rs3135848位點(diǎn)共同突變與乳腺癌臨床病理特征的關(guān)系
FGFR3基因位于人染色體4p16.3,堿基長(zhǎng)度約16.5 kb,含有19個(gè)外顯子和18個(gè)內(nèi)含子[9]。FGFR3通常以兩種形式存在:FGFR3Ⅲc和FGFR3Ⅲb[10]。以往的研究主要集中在FGFR3基因突變與骨發(fā)育不良相關(guān)的人類遺傳性疾病的相關(guān)性,例如軟骨發(fā)育不全或致死性骨發(fā)育不全等先天性異??赡芘cFGFR3基因的某些位點(diǎn)的突變存在相關(guān)性[11-15]。近期有研究證明,人類某些腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展同F(xiàn)GFR3的突變同樣存在相關(guān)性:在多發(fā)性骨髓瘤中發(fā)現(xiàn)FGFR3基因點(diǎn)突變[16-17],在尿路上皮腫瘤、膀胱癌、口腔癌和大腸癌等中發(fā)現(xiàn)FGFR3基因的體細(xì)胞激活突變[18-21]。
Zammit等[22]通過(guò)對(duì)80例乳腺癌樣本和32例非惡性組織樣本應(yīng)用免疫組織化學(xué)染色檢測(cè)FGFR3的表達(dá)情況,結(jié)果顯示,在惡性及非惡性上皮細(xì)胞中FGFR3的表達(dá)水平無(wú)顯著差異;然而,他們卻發(fā)現(xiàn)在人乳腺癌細(xì)胞內(nèi)發(fā)生以細(xì)胞核染色為主的FGFR3定位的改變。對(duì)于造成FGFR3在惡性細(xì)胞細(xì)胞核中聚積的可能原因,Johnston等[23]研究者認(rèn)為可能存在外顯子缺失的FGFR3基因型,導(dǎo)致信號(hào)多肽及跨膜區(qū)的缺失。Penault-Llorca等[24]通過(guò)對(duì)103例經(jīng)手術(shù)治療的原發(fā)性乳腺癌樣本進(jìn)行RT-qPCR及Northern blot分析,在乳腺癌樣本中未檢測(cè)到FGFR3的表達(dá)上調(diào)。本研究拋開(kāi)FGFR3的表達(dá)差異,選擇FGFR3的兩個(gè)位點(diǎn)進(jìn)行基因多態(tài)性檢測(cè),期許能夠從基因多態(tài)性角度解釋FGFR3與乳腺癌易感性的相關(guān)性。同時(shí),本研究選取了絕經(jīng)前乳腺癌患者及正常女性人群作為研究對(duì)象,從而排除月經(jīng)狀態(tài)對(duì)乳腺癌易感性的影響。本研究結(jié)果顯示,F(xiàn)GFR3基因rs2234909和rs3135848位點(diǎn)最小等位基因頻率分別為0.054和0.122,與女性絕經(jīng)前乳腺癌的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性。與此結(jié)果類似,在2014年Agarwal等[25]通過(guò)對(duì)53 835例乳腺癌患者及50 156例正常女性(包括46 450例乳腺癌歐洲女性及45 600例正常的歐洲女性)進(jìn)行FGFR3的SNPs分析,結(jié)果顯示歐洲女性中FGFR3的rs2234909和rs3135848位點(diǎn)與乳腺癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)同樣無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性。此外,本研究針對(duì)FGFR上述位點(diǎn)的分布頻率與乳腺癌臨床病理因素的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行分析,F(xiàn)GFR3基因SNP位點(diǎn)rs2234909突變與絕經(jīng)前乳腺癌的組織學(xué)分級(jí)和Ki67指數(shù)呈現(xiàn)顯著正相關(guān),這一結(jié)果為FGFR3基因SNP位點(diǎn)在乳腺癌中占據(jù)的角色提供了初步證據(jù),但尚需深層次機(jī)制的研究以進(jìn)一步揭示其具體作用與功能。
綜上所述,本研究針對(duì)FGFR3基因的遺傳多態(tài)性與女性絕經(jīng)前乳腺癌易感性進(jìn)行關(guān)聯(lián)研究,結(jié)果提示rs2234909和rs3135848兩個(gè)位點(diǎn)未增加其發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但rs2234909突變與絕經(jīng)前乳腺癌的組織學(xué)分級(jí)和Ki67指數(shù)顯著相關(guān)。然而,SNP因人群種族的不同可能存在不同結(jié)果和意義。因此,本研究結(jié)果尚需擴(kuò)大樣本量以及擴(kuò)展至不同種族人群進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步研究以獲取更多證據(jù)。
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AssociationbetweensinglenucleotidepolymorphismsinFGFR3geneandriskofbreastcancer
LIWei,JIANGYongdong,PANGDa
Department of Breast Surgery,Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital,Harbin 150081,China
ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)in FGFR3 gene and the risk of breast cancer.MethodsThe frequency of SNP genotypes rs2234909 and rs3135848 of FGFR3 gene in premenopausal breast cancer patients and premenopausal normal females were detected by multiple clonal extension SNP typing technique.The SNP genotypes were compared with different SNP genotypes and the risk of premenopausal breast cancer.ResultsThere was no difference in the genotype frequencies of SNP rs2234909 and rs3135848 between breast cancer and control groups(P>0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that there was no correlation between TC and TC +CC genotype and risk of breast cancer(OR=1.035,95%CI:0.680~1.575,P=0.874;OR=0.985,95%CI:0.638~1.521,P=0.945).For the rs3135848 locus,the genotypes of TC,CC and TC+CC were not associated with the risk of breast cancer(OR=1.177,95%CI:0.846-1.636,P=0.333;OR=0.948,95%CI:0.287-3.137,P=0.931;OR=1.162,95%CI:0.548~1.112,P=0.360).Histological grade was significantly higher in breast cancer with rs2234909 mutation than that of the non-mutation group(dominant model:P=0.032,co-dominant model:P=0.024).The Ki67 index of FGFR3 gene locus rs2234909 mutation was higher than that of the non-mutation(dominant model:P=0.056;co-dominant model:P=0.044).There was no difference between rs3135848 mutation and both site mutation with clinicopathological features of breast cancer patients(P>0.05).ConclusionThe SNP genotypes of rs2234909 and rs3135848 of FGFR3 gene were not associated with susceptibility to breast cancer in premenopausal women in North of China.Rs2234909 mutation was positively correlated with histological grade and Ki67 index in premenopausal breast cancer patients.
Breast cancer;FGFR3 gene;Single nucleotide polymorphism;Genetic susceptibility
哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院乳腺外科(哈爾濱 150081)
李偉,男,(1991-),碩士研究生,從事乳腺癌基礎(chǔ)與臨床的研究。
龐達(dá),E-mail:pangdasir1@sina.com
R737.9
A
10.11904/j.issn.1002-3070.2017.05.006
(收稿:2017-03-13)