張蓬川++++++宋煒++++++王海英++++++何紹奇++++++趙婭南++++++謝秀娟
[摘要] 目的 研究醫(yī)聯(lián)體模式下腦卒中高危人群篩查和干預(yù)的社區(qū)管理及效果評(píng)價(jià)。 方法 2015年1~12月以北京市大興區(qū)德茂社區(qū)和紅星樓社區(qū)作為研究基地,入選200例41~91歲腦卒中高危人員,以社區(qū)為基本單元,采用隨機(jī)分組方法將其分為干預(yù)組(100例)和對(duì)照組(100例)。采用醫(yī)聯(lián)體模式下的三級(jí)綜合醫(yī)院對(duì)兩個(gè)社區(qū)11名醫(yī)生進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化腦卒中高危人群篩查和干預(yù)試點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目培訓(xùn),醫(yī)生參與干預(yù)組的隨訪管理。對(duì)照組不進(jìn)行任何干預(yù)。主要隨訪指標(biāo)包括社區(qū)醫(yī)生對(duì)腦卒中高危人群篩查和干預(yù)項(xiàng)目內(nèi)容的知曉率、篩查陽性率、規(guī)范化治療接受程度;患者的腦卒中危險(xiǎn)因素知曉率、服藥率、規(guī)范化藥物使用率、自我日常生活管理能力。 結(jié)果 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化腦卒中高危人群篩查和干預(yù)試點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目培訓(xùn)后,社區(qū)醫(yī)生腦卒中高危人群篩查和干預(yù)項(xiàng)目內(nèi)容的知曉率、篩查陽性率、規(guī)范化治療接受程度均較培訓(xùn)前增高(均P < 0.05)。干預(yù)組有效隨訪患者96例,對(duì)照組有效隨訪患者97例,隨訪時(shí)間為(18.5±0.5)個(gè)月。干預(yù)組患者的腦卒中危險(xiǎn)因素知曉率、服藥率、規(guī)范化藥物使用率、自我日常生活管理能力均高于對(duì)照組(均P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 通過醫(yī)聯(lián)體模式的三級(jí)綜合醫(yī)院指導(dǎo)下腦卒中高危人群篩查和干預(yù)的社區(qū)管理模式,提高了社區(qū)醫(yī)生對(duì)腦卒中高危人群篩查和干預(yù)診治進(jìn)展及社區(qū)疾病管理控制方案的知曉率及執(zhí)行度,提高了患者對(duì)腦卒中高危因素的認(rèn)知率及疾病自我管理能力,改善了患者服藥率和遵醫(yī)行為,為醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生改革探索出了新經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 腦卒中;篩查;干預(yù);疾病管理;社區(qū)醫(yī)學(xué)
[中圖分類號(hào)] R743.3 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2017)10(c)-0180-05
Community management of screening and intervention of high-risk population of stroke under the guidance of medical partnerships system and its effectiveness evaluation
ZHANG Pengchuan SONG Wei WANG Haiying HE Shaoqi ZHAO Ya′nan XIE Xiujuan
Department of Neurosurgery, Daxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing 100076, China
[Abstract] Objective To study the community management of screening and intervention of high-risk population of stroke under the guidance of medical partnerships and evaluate its effectiveness. Methods From January to December 2015, Demao Community and Hongxing Building Community in Daxing District of Beijing were selected as study bases. 200 cases with high-risk of stroke aged 41-91 were collected, and randomly divided into the intervention group (100 patients) and the control group (100 patients). 11 doctors from the two communities had been trained for standard of high-risk population of stroke screening and intervention pilot project in a tertiary general hospital that under the medical partnerships system. Patients in the intervention group were given follow-up management, patients in the control group were given no intervention. The main follow-up indicators for community doctors included awareness rate of screening and intervention in high-risk population of stroke, positive rate of screening, acceptance degree of standardized treatment; for patients included awareness rate of risk factors of stroke, medication rate, use rate of standardized drugs, self-daily life management rate. Results After standard training of high-risk population of stroke screening and pilot intervention, the awareness rate of community doctors on screening and intervention in high-risk population, the screening positive rate and the acceptance degree of standardized treatment were raised than before(P < 0.05). In the intervention group 96 cases had effective follow-up, and in the control group 97 cases had effective follow-up, the follow-up time was (18.5±0.5) months. The awareness rate of stroke risk factors, medication rate, rate of accepting standardized drugs and self-daily life management rate in the intervention group were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion The community management model of screening and intervention in high risk population of stroke under the guidance of a tertiary general hospital that enrolled in medical partnerships system, improves the diagnosis and treatment levels of community doctors which in turn can be beneficial to recognizing and well-management of high-risk population, as well as the awareness rate and execution degree of management control program of community disease. It also improves the awareness rate and self-management level of patients with high risk factors, which contribute to patients′ medication rate and medical compliance, thus provides a new method for medical and health reform.endprint
[Key words] Stroke; Screening; Intervention; Disease management; Community medicine
腦卒中已成為導(dǎo)致人類致殘和死亡的主要疾病,也是引起人類死亡的第二大病因[1-3]。通過對(duì)腦卒中危險(xiǎn)因素的干預(yù),可明顯減少其發(fā)生率[4-6]。我國腦卒中的發(fā)病率明顯高于印度、日本等亞洲其他國家[7-8]。因此,腦卒中的預(yù)防顯得尤其重要。社區(qū)是對(duì)腦卒中高危人群進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)管理的基本單元,腦卒中高危人群大部分時(shí)間需要在社區(qū)進(jìn)行治療和管理,而社區(qū)醫(yī)生對(duì)腦卒中高危人群篩查和干預(yù)指南的知曉率低,影響腦卒中高危人群在社區(qū)篩查和干預(yù)的效果。本研究采用醫(yī)療聯(lián)合體(以下簡稱“醫(yī)聯(lián)體”)模式下三級(jí)綜合醫(yī)院指導(dǎo)社區(qū)醫(yī)生對(duì)患者進(jìn)行管理,觀察其對(duì)腦卒中高危人群疾病控制率的影響。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
1.1.1 社區(qū)腦卒中高危人群 2015年1~12月以北京市大興區(qū)德茂社區(qū)和紅星樓社區(qū)作為研究區(qū)域,入選200例(每個(gè)社區(qū)各100例)41~91歲腦卒中高危人群。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①高血壓病史(≥140/90 mmHg)(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),或正在服用降壓藥;②房顫和心瓣膜??;③吸煙;④血脂異?;蛭粗?;⑤糖尿??;⑥很少進(jìn)行體育運(yùn)動(dòng)(體育鍛煉的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是每周鍛煉≥3次,每次≥30 min,持續(xù)時(shí)間超過1年);⑦肥胖(BMI≥26 kg/m2);⑧有卒中家族史。有3項(xiàng)及以上危險(xiǎn)因素為高危人群,或既往有卒中/短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作病史者[9]。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①參與其他相關(guān)研究者;②不愿意加入本研究者;③無法進(jìn)行交流者;④流動(dòng)人口。入選患者均經(jīng)社區(qū)醫(yī)生初篩,由北京市大興區(qū)中西醫(yī)結(jié)合醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)神經(jīng)內(nèi)科和心內(nèi)科醫(yī)生復(fù)診及問卷復(fù)核?;颊呔炇鹬橥鈺⑦M(jìn)行頸動(dòng)脈超聲檢查或超聲心動(dòng)圖。
1.1.2 社區(qū)醫(yī)生 選擇北京市大興區(qū)德茂社區(qū)和紅星樓社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)站醫(yī)生共11名。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):符合研究條件的執(zhí)業(yè)醫(yī)師或執(zhí)業(yè)助理醫(yī)師。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):不愿意加入本研究的醫(yī)務(wù)人員。
1.2 方法
以社區(qū)為基本單元,采用整群隨機(jī)分組方法將入選的腦卒中高危人群分為干預(yù)組(100例)和對(duì)照組(100例)。對(duì)干預(yù)組患者進(jìn)行社區(qū)管理干預(yù),包括:由我院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科主治及以上醫(yī)師對(duì)11名社區(qū)醫(yī)生進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化腦卒中高危人群篩查和干預(yù)項(xiàng)目培訓(xùn),培訓(xùn)前后進(jìn)行問卷考核,考核合格的社區(qū)醫(yī)生進(jìn)行干預(yù)組患者隨訪管理。同期對(duì)干預(yù)組患者進(jìn)行腦卒中高危因素自我管理教育,主要采用面對(duì)面溝通及講座方式。對(duì)照組不進(jìn)行任何干預(yù)。兩組人員均進(jìn)行基線及隨訪問卷調(diào)查。
對(duì)社區(qū)醫(yī)生采用集中培訓(xùn)、遠(yuǎn)程指導(dǎo)(網(wǎng)站、咨詢電話)和臨床指導(dǎo)(教學(xué)查房、病例討論)方式。培訓(xùn)內(nèi)容包括《腦卒中高危人群篩查和干預(yù)試點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目技術(shù)方案(試行)》[10]、腦卒中相關(guān)疾?。ǜ哐獕?、高血脂、糖尿病、房顫和心瓣膜病)、相關(guān)檢查(心電圖、頸動(dòng)脈超聲、經(jīng)顱多普勒、超聲心動(dòng)圖、顱腦CT、MRI、血脂、血纖維蛋白原、血同型半胱氨酸)。
社區(qū)醫(yī)生每月對(duì)干預(yù)組患者進(jìn)行電話或面對(duì)面隨訪1次,指導(dǎo)腦卒中高危人群自測、限鹽、體重控制、戒煙、體育鍛煉、監(jiān)測血壓、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)藥物使用。責(zé)任醫(yī)生每3個(gè)月組織1次干預(yù)組抽查,調(diào)查社區(qū)醫(yī)生的指導(dǎo)情況。
隨訪內(nèi)容包括社區(qū)醫(yī)生對(duì)腦卒中高危人群篩查和干預(yù)項(xiàng)目內(nèi)容的知曉率、篩查陽性率、規(guī)范化治療接受程度;患者的腦卒中危險(xiǎn)因素知曉率、服藥率、規(guī)范化藥物使用率、自我日常生活管理率。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
對(duì)社區(qū)醫(yī)生就《腦卒中高危人群篩查和干預(yù)試點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目技術(shù)方案》及《腦卒中篩查與防治指導(dǎo)規(guī)范》進(jìn)行考核,總分為100分,60分為合格。合格者為知曉。社區(qū)醫(yī)生篩查陽性率:由11名社區(qū)醫(yī)生初篩出腦卒中高危人群(每名醫(yī)生篩選15~20例,共193例,培訓(xùn)前后篩選患者人數(shù)一致),再由我院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科主治醫(yī)師以上醫(yī)生復(fù)核。社區(qū)醫(yī)生對(duì)規(guī)范化治療接受程度:通過問卷調(diào)查社區(qū)醫(yī)生培訓(xùn)前后對(duì)腦卒中高?;颊咚☆愃?、降糖類藥、降血壓類藥、抗血小板類藥物使用率。
腦卒中高危人員危險(xiǎn)因素知曉率:使用自制基線及隨訪問卷進(jìn)行調(diào)查,曾聽說過腦卒中危險(xiǎn)因素并知曉其癥狀者為知曉。腦卒中高危人員服藥率:使用自制基線及隨訪問卷進(jìn)行調(diào)查,服用他汀類藥、降血糖類藥、降血壓藥、抗血小板類藥中任意一種或多種者為服藥患者。腦卒中高危人員規(guī)范化藥物使用率:通過自制基線及隨訪問卷調(diào)查腦卒中高危人員他汀類藥、降血糖類藥、降血壓藥、抗血小板類藥物規(guī)范使用率。腦卒中高危人員自我管理能力:通過自制基線及隨訪問卷調(diào)查腦卒中高危人員是否限鹽、控制飲食,監(jiān)測血壓、體重和體育鍛煉情況。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 社區(qū)醫(yī)生培訓(xùn)前后腦卒中高危因素知曉率、篩查陽性率、規(guī)范化治療接受程度比較
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化腦卒中高危人群篩查和干預(yù)試點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目培訓(xùn)后,社區(qū)醫(yī)生對(duì)腦卒中高危人群篩查和干預(yù)項(xiàng)目內(nèi)容的知曉率、篩查陽性率、規(guī)范化治療接受程度均高于培訓(xùn)前(均P < 0.05)。見表1。
2.2 干預(yù)組和對(duì)照組患者基線資料比較
隨訪過程中,干預(yù)組失訪4例,有效患者96例;對(duì)照組失訪3例,有效患者97例。兩組一般情況比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P > 0.05)。見表2。
2.3 兩組患者隨訪前后腦卒中高危因素知曉率、服藥率、規(guī)范化藥物使率、自我日常生活管理能力比較
隨訪時(shí)間為(18.5±0.5)個(gè)月。兩組患者基線腦卒中高危因素知曉率、服藥率、規(guī)范化藥物使率、自我日常生活管理能力差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。干預(yù)組末次隨訪知曉率、服藥率、規(guī)范化藥使用率、自我日常生活管理能力均高于同組基線和對(duì)照組末次隨訪,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表3。endprint
3 討論
腦卒中是多種危險(xiǎn)因素長期共同作用的結(jié)果,其危險(xiǎn)因素分兩種,一種是可干預(yù)的,如高血壓、糖尿病、心臟病、吸煙、肥胖、鍛煉等;另一種是不可干預(yù)的,如年齡、民族、性別、遺傳等。危險(xiǎn)因素能夠單獨(dú)存在,也可以共同存在,導(dǎo)致腦卒中的發(fā)病程度不同[11-16]。美國2011年版卒中一級(jí)預(yù)防指南建議凡是具有卒中危險(xiǎn)的個(gè)體均應(yīng)進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估[17]。通過對(duì)人群的危險(xiǎn)因素篩查和干預(yù)進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估,可有效降低腦卒中發(fā)病率,減少患者、家庭和社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)[18-19]。經(jīng)過體育鍛煉、合理膳食、控制體質(zhì)量、戒煙能有效降低腦卒中發(fā)病率[20-24]。
國內(nèi)社區(qū)醫(yī)務(wù)人員對(duì)腦卒中的篩查、干預(yù)和規(guī)范化管理缺乏系統(tǒng)全面的掌握。為深入開展社區(qū)腦卒中防治工作,研究醫(yī)聯(lián)體模式三級(jí)醫(yī)院指導(dǎo)下腦卒中高危人群篩查和干預(yù)的社區(qū)管理模式是很有必要的,對(duì)預(yù)防和減少腦卒中患病率具有現(xiàn)實(shí)的指導(dǎo)意義,為腦卒中預(yù)防提供新的措施和思路[25-28] 。通過對(duì)社區(qū)醫(yī)務(wù)人員及腦卒中高危人群基線問卷調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),培訓(xùn)前社區(qū)醫(yī)生對(duì)腦卒中高危人群篩查和干預(yù)項(xiàng)目內(nèi)容的知曉率、篩查陽性率、規(guī)范化治療接受程度均較低,腦卒中高危人群干預(yù)前腦卒中高危因素知曉率、服藥率、規(guī)范化藥物使率、自我日常生活管理能力較差?;诂F(xiàn)狀,提出了醫(yī)聯(lián)體模式下腦卒中高危人群的社區(qū)管理模式,即在三級(jí)醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科等專科醫(yī)師指導(dǎo)下,提高社區(qū)醫(yī)務(wù)人員對(duì)腦卒中高危人員篩查、規(guī)范化診治及管理的能力,并對(duì)患者進(jìn)行干預(yù),結(jié)果顯示,通過培訓(xùn),社區(qū)醫(yī)生對(duì)腦卒中高危人群篩查和干預(yù)項(xiàng)目內(nèi)容的知曉率、篩查陽性率、規(guī)范化治療接受程度均高于培訓(xùn)前,干預(yù)后干預(yù)組患者知曉率、服藥率、規(guī)范化藥使用率、自我日常生活管理能力均有顯著改善。
目前國內(nèi)腦卒中患者的診治模式為大部分醫(yī)院??漆t(yī)師直接參與腦卒中患者診治和隨訪。采用醫(yī)聯(lián)體模式下的社區(qū)管理將三級(jí)綜合醫(yī)院專科醫(yī)師作為腦卒中高危人員社區(qū)管理的技術(shù)支持者及社區(qū)醫(yī)生監(jiān)督者,有助于簡化三級(jí)綜合醫(yī)院醫(yī)生的工作流程,節(jié)約醫(yī)療成本。對(duì)社區(qū)醫(yī)生采用的集中培訓(xùn)+遠(yuǎn)程指導(dǎo)+臨床指導(dǎo)的培訓(xùn)方式兼具可行性及有效性,并值得推廣,對(duì)我國腦卒中高危人員日常生活自我管理具有現(xiàn)實(shí)推廣意義。
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(收稿日期:2017-07-27 本文編輯:程 銘)endprint