徐艷雪,朱友明,陳喬爾
(1.安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)口腔醫(yī)學(xué)院;2.安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬口腔醫(yī)院綜合科;3.安徽省口腔疾病研究中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室,安徽 合肥 230032)
正常的p53基因是野生型p53,位于17號(hào)染色體短臂上,屬人體抑癌基因,包含11個(gè)外顯子和10個(gè)內(nèi)含子,編碼一種分子量為53 kDa的蛋白質(zhì)。此種蛋白質(zhì)是一種轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,接受來(lái)自細(xì)胞健康的信號(hào)。當(dāng)DNA受損,p53蛋白會(huì)使細(xì)胞停滯在G1、G2期,阻止DNA復(fù)制,為損傷DNA提供時(shí)間進(jìn)行修復(fù);當(dāng)DNA損傷無(wú)法修復(fù),則p53蛋白促進(jìn)其細(xì)胞凋亡;當(dāng)受損DNA的細(xì)胞增殖失去控制,則可導(dǎo)致癌變。在所有惡性腫瘤中,半數(shù)以上都有p53基因突變。p53基因突變不僅消除了其抑癌功能,而且賦予了其新的致癌作用[1-2]。
p53作為多種細(xì)胞應(yīng)激與細(xì)胞應(yīng)答的中間環(huán)節(jié),與其正反向的各種調(diào)控因子及相關(guān)基因共同構(gòu)成了一個(gè)錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路[3]。絕大部分腫瘤都存在p53信號(hào)通路的異常。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),除了微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)參與p53基因網(wǎng)絡(luò)外,長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA(long noncoding RNA,lncRNA)也參與了p53信號(hào)通路,它們之間存在著復(fù)雜的調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)[4-7]。與蛋白編碼基因或miRNA一樣,lncRNA也能充當(dāng)致癌和抑癌基因的作用。例如,Xu等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn)在神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞中過表達(dá)lncRNA HOXA轉(zhuǎn)錄本末端RNA (HOTTIP)能抑制細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng);而Petrovics等[9]證實(shí)在前列腺癌細(xì)胞中過表達(dá)lncRNA 前列腺癌基因表達(dá)標(biāo)志物1(PCGEM1)能明顯促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖。與蛋白編碼基因相比,lncRNA表現(xiàn)出更顯著的組織特異性[10-11]。研究顯示TUG1在非小細(xì)胞肺癌中低表達(dá),而在膀胱癌、胃癌和骨肉瘤中過表達(dá)[12-15]??傊絹?lái)越多的證據(jù)都表明在人類腫瘤中有l(wèi)ncRNA的異常表達(dá)[16-17]。
lncRNA是一類轉(zhuǎn)錄物長(zhǎng)度大于200個(gè)核苷酸,無(wú)蛋白編碼功能的RNA分子。大部分lncRNA來(lái)源于RNA聚合酶II催化轉(zhuǎn)錄生成,而只有一小部分來(lái)源于RNA聚合酶III。lncRNA的基因表達(dá)調(diào)控模式多種多樣,不僅能夠通過改變?nèi)旧|(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)基因的表達(dá),而且也可通過順式或反式的方法來(lái)沉默或激活一個(gè)基因或一個(gè)基因家族,甚至整條染色體。lncRNA這種多樣性的基因表達(dá)調(diào)控方式主要體現(xiàn)在其多樣性的調(diào)控機(jī)制上——表觀遺傳水平、轉(zhuǎn)錄水平和轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平等多個(gè)層面廣泛調(diào)節(jié)基因的表達(dá)。
1.1表觀遺傳水平表觀遺傳調(diào)控可能是lncRNA基因表達(dá)中一個(gè)最重要的功能,涉及染色質(zhì)重構(gòu)和組蛋白修飾[18]。lncRNA可與多種染色質(zhì)修飾酶相互作用從而改變?nèi)旧|(zhì)構(gòu)象,激活或抑制相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)[19]。例如,多梳蛋白抑制復(fù)合體(PRC2)是一種甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶,由組蛋白-賴氨酸N-甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(enhancer of zeste homolog 2,EZH2)、多梳蛋白(suppressor of zeste 12,SUZ12)和胚外胚層發(fā)育蛋白(embryonic ectoderm development,EED)組成,可催化組蛋白H3賴氨酸-27的三甲基化(H3K27me3),從而調(diào)節(jié)基因表達(dá)。有研究表明在非小細(xì)胞肺癌(Non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)組織中PRC的核心催化亞基EZH2表達(dá)水平與lncRNA SPRY4內(nèi)含子轉(zhuǎn)錄本(SPRY4-IT1)表達(dá)水平呈負(fù)相關(guān),并通過染色質(zhì)免疫沉淀(Chromatin Immunoprecipitation,ChIP)試驗(yàn)表明EZH2直接與SPRY4-IT1啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域(192~362bp)結(jié)合并介導(dǎo)H3K27me3修飾,從而抑制SPRY4-IT1的表達(dá)[6,20-21]。p300是一種關(guān)鍵的組蛋白乙酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶,可誘導(dǎo)組蛋白乙酰化并開放染色質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)激活基因轉(zhuǎn)錄[22-23]。鋅指E-box結(jié)合同源異型盒(ZEB1)反義RNA( ZEB1-AS1)是lncRNA ZEB1基因座的一個(gè)反義轉(zhuǎn)錄物,有研究結(jié)果顯示ZEB1-AS1能招募p300到ZEB1啟動(dòng)子區(qū),誘導(dǎo)一開放的染色質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu),并激活ZEB1轉(zhuǎn)錄;通過功能實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,ZEB1-AS1對(duì)骨肉瘤的促增殖和促遷移作用取決于ZEB1的活化,上調(diào)ZEB1對(duì)ZEB1-AS1在骨肉瘤中發(fā)揮作用至關(guān)重要[24]。91H是位于H19/IGF2基因附近的lncRNA,存在于哺乳動(dòng)物中,Vennin等確定了乳腺癌細(xì)胞中的91H在體內(nèi)和體外都會(huì)增加細(xì)胞致瘤能力并充當(dāng)癌基因,同時(shí)還證明了91H能通過表觀遺傳修飾掩蔽印記控制區(qū)(imprinting control region,ICR)和H19啟動(dòng)子上甲基化位點(diǎn)來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)H19/IGF2 印記基因座的表達(dá)[25]。
1.2轉(zhuǎn)錄水平lncRNA能夠通過各種各樣的機(jī)制在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平進(jìn)行調(diào)控。例如,其可通過將轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控因子募集到鄰近靶基因的啟動(dòng)子上,調(diào)控其表達(dá)。lncRNA結(jié)合到基因細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1(cyclin D1)上,招募RNA結(jié)合蛋白TLS來(lái)調(diào)控蛋白CBP和p300的組蛋白乙酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶活性,進(jìn)而抑制cyclin D1轉(zhuǎn)錄[26]。He等[27]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞中l(wèi)ncRNA CCTA1啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域的一些轉(zhuǎn)錄因子c-Myc結(jié)合位點(diǎn),過表達(dá)c-Myc可增加CCTA1的表達(dá),通過ChIP試驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步確定了c-Myc能與CCTA1啟動(dòng)子區(qū)直接結(jié)合,表明c-Myc在結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞中能激活CCTA1的表達(dá)并促進(jìn)結(jié)腸癌的發(fā)展。除此之外,lncRNA還可以作為共因子調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的活性,能在主要啟動(dòng)子上形成一個(gè)三聚體以阻斷轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的結(jié)合,從而沉默基因表達(dá)。
1.3轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平lncRNA可以在轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平借助與mRNA形成雙鏈的形式來(lái)調(diào)控基因的表達(dá)。例如,E盒結(jié)合鋅指蛋白2(ZEB2)反義RNA可與ZEB2 mRNA 5’端非編碼區(qū)中內(nèi)含子形成雙鏈,從而抑制內(nèi)含子的剪切而使ZEB22基因得到表達(dá)[28]。Liu等[29]在結(jié)腸癌中證明了lncRNA loc285194是p53的直接作用靶點(diǎn),并在某種程度上通過負(fù)調(diào)控miR-211起結(jié)腸癌抑制作用,進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn)雖然 loc285194引起成熟miR-211的減少,但對(duì)pri-miR-211或 pre-miR-211無(wú)影響,表明loc285194可能參與了轉(zhuǎn)錄后調(diào)控。
一些lncRNA不僅是p53轉(zhuǎn)錄因子調(diào)節(jié)基因庫(kù)的一部分,而且也是通過p53微調(diào)其反應(yīng)所必需的,并以此來(lái)充分實(shí)現(xiàn)腫瘤抑制程序[30]。將與p53反應(yīng)相關(guān)的lncRNA進(jìn)行分類,發(fā)現(xiàn)其可在p53網(wǎng)絡(luò)中作為“效應(yīng)器”或“調(diào)節(jié)子”。例如,在p53網(wǎng)絡(luò)中充當(dāng)“調(diào)節(jié)子”的lncRNA包括MALAT1,MEG3,p53-eRNA和Wrap53等;而lincRNA-p21,PANDA,H19和loc285194等則充當(dāng)“效應(yīng)器”;特殊的是,lncRNA ROR在p53途徑中共同發(fā)揮著“效應(yīng)器”和“調(diào)節(jié)子”的功能,因?yàn)槠浼瓤梢砸种苝53而又受p53的控制[5]。近年不少學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)lncRNA在調(diào)控系統(tǒng)中也發(fā)揮著“競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性內(nèi)源性RNA(competing endogenous RNAs,ceRNAs)”的作用[31-32],與miRNA形成一個(gè)相互抑制的反饋環(huán)路,如loc285194和miR-211,linc-MD1和miR-133,HULC和miR-372等。Zhang等[33]證明了lncRNA ANRIL能通過與PRC2結(jié)合表觀遺傳沉默miR-99a/miR-449a,從而調(diào)節(jié)mTOR和CDK6/E2F1途徑,其可能部分導(dǎo)致 INK4基因座中反義非編碼RNA(ANRIL)介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)調(diào)控。有研究表明,在胃癌中由ANRIL沉默miR-449a釋放E2F1表達(dá),上調(diào)的E2F1又能促進(jìn)ANRIL表達(dá),從而形成一個(gè)正反饋回路,繼續(xù)促進(jìn)胃癌細(xì)胞增殖[34]。
在過去的幾年里,許多項(xiàng)研究研究了lncRNA充當(dāng)致癌或抑癌因子的作用。由于p53在癌癥發(fā)生和發(fā)展過程中的重要性,一些lncRNA在p53途徑中的表達(dá)水平和功能作用已在幾種類型的人類腫瘤中得到評(píng)估[30]。
3.1lncRNA與肺癌肺癌主要分為小細(xì)胞肺癌(SCLC)和非小細(xì)胞肺癌(NSCLC)兩型,其中NSCLC占肺癌總數(shù)的絕大部分。持續(xù)的細(xì)胞增殖和腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移是其高死亡率的主要原因。Shi等[35]首次報(bào)道了lncRNA GAS5在NSCLC的發(fā)生發(fā)展中表達(dá)下調(diào),其在體外過表達(dá)時(shí)可顯著誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡和生長(zhǎng)阻滯,在體內(nèi)則可以減少腫瘤的生長(zhǎng),并且首次證明了GAS5 在NSCLC中通過p53非依賴性途徑和p53依賴性途徑而發(fā)揮腫瘤抑制作用,異位表達(dá)GAS5通過轉(zhuǎn)錄后調(diào)控顯著上調(diào)p53而下調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子E2F1的表達(dá),然后刺激內(nèi)源性靶基因p21的表達(dá)。Zhang等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn)lncRNA TUG1在NSCLC中的表達(dá)通常也是下調(diào)的,并通過實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示了其表達(dá)由p53誘導(dǎo),且進(jìn)一步用熒光素酶報(bào)告(luciferase)實(shí)驗(yàn)和染色質(zhì)免疫沉淀(ChIP)試驗(yàn)表明p53是與TUG1啟動(dòng)子區(qū)p53反應(yīng)元件相互作用,進(jìn)而誘導(dǎo)其轉(zhuǎn)錄,從而證實(shí)了TUG1是p53的直接轉(zhuǎn)錄靶向。
3.2lncRNA與胃腸癌胃癌占消化道腫瘤的首位,是威脅人類健康的的一種常見病。在最近幾年中,Yang等[36]利用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR(Quantitative Real-time PCR,QRT-PCR)、流式細(xì)胞術(shù)(Flow Cytometry,FCM)和RNA免疫沉淀(RNA immunoprecipitation, RIP) 等實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)證明了在胃癌細(xì)胞和組織中l(wèi)ncRNA H19水平顯著增加,異位表達(dá)H19會(huì)有助于AGS胃癌細(xì)胞增殖而用小干擾RNA(Small interfering RNA,siRNA)干擾H19后會(huì)引起細(xì)胞凋亡,他們更進(jìn)一步的闡明了H19能減少p53的活性同時(shí)也能抑制p53靶基因BAX的蛋白水平。結(jié)直腸癌也是一種致命的消化道惡性腫瘤。Thorenoor等[37]通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)直腸癌中鋅指蛋白反義RNA1(zinc finger antisense 1,ZFAS1)的表達(dá)顯著高于在正常結(jié)直腸組織中的表達(dá),沉默 ZFAS1通過阻滯細(xì)胞周期G1期而減少結(jié)直腸癌細(xì)胞增殖和其細(xì)胞的致瘤性;通過拉下實(shí)驗(yàn)(pull-down assay)和RIP分析,確定周期蛋白依賴性激酶(Cyclin-dependent kinase 1,CDK1)與ZFAS1相互作用;通過生物信息學(xué)分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)ZFAS1能抑制miR-590-3p,其作用于CDK1;當(dāng)ZFAS1沉默,CDK1水平不受影響,而細(xì)胞周期蛋白B1(cyclin B1)會(huì)減少;ZFAS1沉默使得結(jié)直腸癌細(xì)胞系中p53和DNA修復(fù)酶PARP(poly ADP-ribose polymerase)裂解顯著增加,從而結(jié)直腸癌細(xì)胞的凋亡也增多。他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)暗示了ZFAS1以p53依賴性調(diào)節(jié)途徑參與到癌細(xì)胞中,但是并沒有明確解釋其機(jī)制。
3.3lncRNA與肝癌原發(fā)性肝癌是我國(guó)最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,在惡性腫瘤死亡順序中占第2位,在城市中僅次于肺癌,農(nóng)村中僅次于胃癌。2012年Du等[38]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白(hepatitis B virus X protein,HBX)通過與環(huán)磷腺苷效應(yīng)元件結(jié)合蛋白(cAMP-response element binding protein,CREB)相互作用調(diào)節(jié)CREB依賴啟動(dòng)子的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性,這樣肝癌中高度上調(diào)的lncRNA(Highly Up-regulated in Liver Cancer,HULC)啟動(dòng)子受到間接活化從而其基因轉(zhuǎn)錄得以加強(qiáng),而HULC過表達(dá)又可抑制同一染色體上靠近腫瘤抑制基因p18啟動(dòng)子活性,造成p18在mRNA和蛋白質(zhì)水平下調(diào),進(jìn)而促進(jìn)肝癌細(xì)胞增殖。而另有研究表明在DNA損傷信號(hào)刺激下,p18被誘導(dǎo)并轉(zhuǎn)移到細(xì)胞核,通過與ATM/ATR直接作用而激活抑癌基因p53。p53蛋白在胞質(zhì)內(nèi)和HBX結(jié)合形成復(fù)合體,導(dǎo)致部分p53蛋白從胞質(zhì)進(jìn)入細(xì)胞核的過程受阻,致使p53蛋白正常的負(fù)調(diào)控功能降低或失活[39-40]。此外,Zhu等[41]還證明了在肝癌細(xì)胞中異位表達(dá)lncRNA MEG3基因也能顯著抑制細(xì)胞增殖并誘導(dǎo)其凋亡,通過RIP、RNA拉下實(shí)驗(yàn)和缺失定位證明了通過MEG3與p53的DNA結(jié)合域相互作用建立直接聯(lián)系而發(fā)揮調(diào)節(jié)作用,過表達(dá)MEG3可導(dǎo)致p53蛋白的增加并激活其轉(zhuǎn)錄活性,他們還根據(jù)得到的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)一步提出假說(shuō),p53和MEG3結(jié)合形成一種化合物以增強(qiáng)p53的穩(wěn)定性,并且根據(jù)MEG3序列或結(jié)構(gòu)的選擇性將化合物募集到特定的靶基因,然后MEG3解離,p53開始激活靶基因以發(fā)揮抑癌作用。
3.4lncRNA與食管鱗狀細(xì)胞癌食管癌是世界上第六大最常見與癌癥相關(guān)的死亡病因[42]。在中國(guó),超過90%的食管癌都是食管鱗狀細(xì)胞癌(esophageal squamous cell cancer,ESCC)[43]。Lv等[44]在轉(zhuǎn)染了pcDNA-MEG3的TE-13食管癌細(xì)胞中發(fā)現(xiàn)鼠雙微基因2(murine double minute 2,MDM2)的下調(diào)和p53以及其靶基因p21和BAX的顯著上調(diào),他們經(jīng)過一系列實(shí)驗(yàn)表明MEG3誘導(dǎo)p53活化可能是由于MDM2的下調(diào),證實(shí)了MEG3在ESCC中通過調(diào)控p53的活化而作為一種抑癌基因,還進(jìn)一步用DNA-去甲基化制劑(5-aza-CdR)處理ESCC細(xì)胞系,得到了MEG3表達(dá)水平顯著增加,表明MEG3的下調(diào)是由DNA甲基化所介導(dǎo)的。除此之外,還有研究者在48對(duì)人類ESCC和鄰近非腫瘤組織樣本中用RT-qPCR檢測(cè)腫瘤低表達(dá)lncRNA表達(dá)水平時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),LET誘導(dǎo)ESCC細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)阻滯和凋亡,其在ESCC組織中表達(dá)下調(diào),而轉(zhuǎn)染LET后的野生型ESCC細(xì)胞中的p53表達(dá)水平顯著增加,表明LET通過激活ESCC細(xì)胞中p53而發(fā)揮抑癌基因的作用[45]。
3.5lncRNA與鼻咽癌鼻咽癌發(fā)病率為耳鼻咽喉惡性腫瘤之首。Gong等[46]利用噻唑藍(lán)(MTT)、流式細(xì)胞術(shù)(FCM)檢測(cè)了在鼻咽癌HNE2細(xì)胞中過表達(dá)lncRNA LOC401317,發(fā)現(xiàn)其能明顯抑制HNE2細(xì)胞增殖,并且誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞周期于G0/G1期阻滯,進(jìn)一步構(gòu)建裸鼠移植瘤模型檢測(cè)了其體內(nèi)抑瘤作用,他們還利用luciferase實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示出LOC401317通過鄰近其啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域的p53結(jié)合位點(diǎn)受p53直接調(diào)控。此外,Chak等[47]檢測(cè)了在翻譯抑制劑環(huán)己酰亞胺處理后的鼻咽癌C666-1細(xì)胞中p53蛋白的穩(wěn)定性,觀察到在C666-1細(xì)胞中過表達(dá)lncRNA MEG3變體有助于內(nèi)源性p53蛋白的穩(wěn)定,盡管其能上調(diào)內(nèi)源性MDM2的表達(dá),他們首次證明了MEG3可刺激含有野生型p53的C666-1細(xì)胞中MDM2的產(chǎn)生,推測(cè)MEG3可能通過p53-MDM2-Slug途徑抑制鼻咽癌的轉(zhuǎn)移。
3.6lncRNA與口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌在我國(guó),口腔頜面部的惡性腫瘤以癌為最常見,肉瘤較少。在癌瘤中又以鱗狀細(xì)胞癌為最多見。HOX轉(zhuǎn)錄反義RNA(HOTAIR)是長(zhǎng)度為2158bp的lncRNA,作為分子支架連接和靶向組蛋白修飾復(fù)合物PRC2和LSD1,然后通過偶聯(lián)組蛋白H3K27甲基化和H3K4去甲基化重組染色質(zhì)狀態(tài)的基因沉默來(lái)促進(jìn)癌癥轉(zhuǎn)移[48-49]。Liu等[50]在口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌中發(fā)現(xiàn)過表達(dá)HOTAIR能促進(jìn)舌鱗癌細(xì)胞Tca8113的增殖,通過實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR顯示出在多柔比星處理過的或γ射線照射的Tca8113細(xì)胞中,HOTAIR,p21和p53的mRNA表達(dá)均上調(diào),同時(shí),下調(diào)p53表達(dá)會(huì)抑制多柔比星誘導(dǎo)的HOTAIR上調(diào),表明DNA損傷誘導(dǎo)的HOTAIR表達(dá)可能與p53有關(guān)。Zhou等[51]發(fā)現(xiàn)與正常口腔粘膜相比,在口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌組織中存在轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)肺腺癌相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄本1(metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1,MALAT1)的過表達(dá),蛋白質(zhì)印跡法和免疫熒光染色表明敲低MALAT1顯著抑制N-鈣黏蛋白和波形蛋白表達(dá)而誘導(dǎo)了E-鈣黏蛋白的表達(dá)。此外,不同研究者們還發(fā)現(xiàn)了lncRNA UCA1、TUG1在口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌中都有高表達(dá),并與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和TNM分期相關(guān)[52-53]。
3.7lncRNA與其他腫瘤除了上述腫瘤外,還有涉及其他一些腫瘤類型的研究。例如,Xu等[8]的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明在U118-MG和U87-MG人膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞系中過表達(dá)HOTTIP促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡并抑制細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng),通過下調(diào)BRE(Brain and Reproductive organ-Expressed)表達(dá)來(lái)增加p53蛋白而抑制Cyclin A與CDK2蛋白的表達(dá)。另有研究實(shí)驗(yàn)用蛋白質(zhì)印跡法證實(shí)了在膀胱癌中l(wèi)ncRNA loc572558的靶向上調(diào)導(dǎo)致AKT、MDM2的磷酸化作用下降和p53的磷酸化作用增加,而這些都是p53信號(hào)通路中重要的蛋白質(zhì)[54]??傊絹?lái)越多的研究都證實(shí)lncRNA在不同腫瘤的p53途徑中起到了功能性成分的作用。
轉(zhuǎn)錄因子p53是最知名的抑癌基因。幾十年來(lái)不少研究都表明lncRNA參與了癌變的增殖、凋亡和細(xì)胞控制,轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生的具體過程。另外,我們還發(fā)現(xiàn),一種類型的腫瘤中可能同時(shí)有不同的lncRNA發(fā)生上調(diào)或下調(diào);而一種lncRNA的異常也可能與多種腫瘤類型都相關(guān),例如,在肺癌、乳腺癌、胰腺癌、膀胱癌、肝癌、結(jié)腸癌均有l(wèi)ncRNA MALAT1的異常表達(dá)。
近年來(lái),總體上對(duì)lncRNA的研究仍然處于起步階段。未來(lái)我們需要更深入地了解p53相關(guān)lncRNA在腫瘤中發(fā)生異常的具體機(jī)制,以及如何將功能性lncRNA應(yīng)用于臨床,以及評(píng)估其作為生物標(biāo)志或治療靶向的效用。
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