湖北省武漢市 胡楊 編譯

The Pulitzer Prie

The Pulitzer Prize is an award for achievements in newspaper,magazine and online journalism, literature,and musical composition in the United States.It was established in 1917 by provisions1in the will of American(Hungarian-born)Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher,and is administered2by Columbia University in New York City.Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories.In twenty of the categories,each winner receives a certificate and a US$15,000 cash award.The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal.

普利策獎(jiǎng)是美國(guó)的一項(xiàng)成就獎(jiǎng)，獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)那些在報(bào)紙、雜志與網(wǎng)絡(luò)新聞、文學(xué)和音樂(lè)創(chuàng)作方面取得的成就。1917年該獎(jiǎng)根據(jù)美國(guó)（匈牙利出生的）約瑟夫·普利策的遺囑設(shè)立。約瑟夫把他在報(bào)刊經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商時(shí)期所積累的財(cái)富捐贈(zèng)，并交由紐約的哥倫比亞大學(xué)管理。普利策獎(jiǎng)每年頒發(fā)的分類(lèi)共包括21個(gè)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)。在20個(gè)類(lèi)別中，每位獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)邔@得一份證書(shū)和1.5萬(wàn)美元的現(xiàn)金獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。新聞競(jìng)賽公共服務(wù)類(lèi)的優(yōu)勝者則被授予金質(zhì)獎(jiǎng)?wù)隆?/p>

The Pulitzer Prize does not automatically consider all applicable3works in the media.Entries must fit in at least one of the specific prize categories,and cannot simply gain entrance for being literary or musical.Works can also only be entered in a maximum4of two categories.

普利策獎(jiǎng)不會(huì)自發(fā)考慮所有在新聞媒體上適用于評(píng)選的作品。參賽作品必須至少符合其中一個(gè)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)類(lèi)別，不會(huì)僅因?yàn)槭俏膶W(xué)或音樂(lè)作品就獲得評(píng)選資格。作品最多只能參加兩個(gè)類(lèi)別的評(píng)選。

Each year,102 jurors5are selected by the Pulitzer Prize Board to serve on 20 separate juries for the 21 award categories.Most juries consist of five members,except for those for Public Service, Investigative Reporting,Explanatory6Reporting,Feature7writing and Commentary8categories, which have seven members;all book juries have three members.For each award category,a jury makes three nominations.The board selects the winner by majority vote from the nominations9and selects a different entry following a 75%majority vote.The board can also vote to issue no award. The board and journalism jurors are not paid for their work;however,the jurors in letters,music, and drama receive a$2,000 honorarium10for the year,and each chair receives$2,500.

每年，普利策獎(jiǎng)評(píng)委會(huì)委派102名評(píng)審員分成20個(gè)評(píng)審團(tuán)，對(duì)21個(gè)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)類(lèi)別的作品進(jìn)行評(píng)審。大多數(shù)評(píng)審團(tuán)由五名成員組成，而公共服務(wù)獎(jiǎng)、調(diào)查性報(bào)道獎(jiǎng)、解釋性報(bào)道獎(jiǎng)、特寫(xiě)報(bào)道獎(jiǎng)和評(píng)論獎(jiǎng)這幾個(gè)類(lèi)別的評(píng)審團(tuán)由七名成員組成；所有的圖書(shū)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)評(píng)審團(tuán)有三名成員。在對(duì)每一類(lèi)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)評(píng)選的過(guò)程中，每個(gè)評(píng)審團(tuán)都可以進(jìn)行三次提名。評(píng)委會(huì)從提名作品中的多數(shù)票獲得者中選出獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)?，并?5%多數(shù)票選擇不同的候選作品。評(píng)委會(huì)也可以投票不授予任何獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)。評(píng)委會(huì)和新聞?lì)愒u(píng)審員無(wú)薪工作；然而，文學(xué)、音樂(lè)和戲劇類(lèi)別的評(píng)審員每年會(huì)獲得2000美元的酬金，每位評(píng)委會(huì)主席獲得2500美元的酬金。

Anyone whose work has been submitted is called an entrant11.The jury selects a group of nominated12finalists and announces them,together with the winner for each category.

Beginning in 2007,online elements will be permitted in all journalism categories except for the competition’s two photography categories.

從2007年開(kāi)始，除了比賽的兩項(xiàng)攝影類(lèi)別獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)（攝影類(lèi)的兩項(xiàng)大獎(jiǎng)是突發(fā)新聞攝影獎(jiǎng)和專(zhuān)題攝影獎(jiǎng)）之外，所有的新聞?lì)悇e獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)，將允許網(wǎng)絡(luò)媒體參評(píng)。

The Pulitzer Prize Board historically resisted13the admission of magazines into the competition, resulting in the formation of the National Magazine Awards at the Columbia Journalism School in 1966.In 2015,magazines were allowed to enter for the first time in two categories(Investigative Reporting and Feature Writing).In October 2016,magazine was extended to all journalism cate gories.

由于普利策獎(jiǎng)委員會(huì)歷來(lái)抵制雜志參與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，這促使了1966年哥倫比亞大學(xué)新聞學(xué)院美國(guó)國(guó)家雜志獎(jiǎng)的形成。2015年，雜志首次被允許進(jìn)入兩類(lèi)（調(diào)查性報(bào)道獎(jiǎng)和特寫(xiě)報(bào)道獎(jiǎng)）獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)的評(píng)選。2016年10月，雜志類(lèi)參評(píng)資格擴(kuò)展到所有新聞?lì)悇e。

Some critics of the Pulitzer Prize have accused14the organization of favoring those who support liberal causes or oppose conservative15causes.And a 2012 aca demic study found that only 27% of Pulitzer winners since 1991 were females.

有些批評(píng)普利策獎(jiǎng)的人指責(zé)該評(píng)獎(jiǎng)組織傾向于那些支持自由主義事業(yè)或反對(duì)保守主義事業(yè)的人。而且2012年的一項(xiàng)學(xué)術(shù)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，自1991年以來(lái)，只有27%的普利策獎(jiǎng)得主是女性。

Notes:

我們從另外一個(gè)角度，從刑事法律規(guī)范的位階方面進(jìn)行入手，容錯(cuò)糾錯(cuò)機(jī)制在本質(zhì)上是一種行政性規(guī)范或規(guī)定，它無(wú)法和更高位階的刑事法律規(guī)范進(jìn)行對(duì)抗。因此，我們認(rèn)為刑事錯(cuò)誤理應(yīng)不能容忍，當(dāng)然排除在容錯(cuò)糾錯(cuò)機(jī)制的錯(cuò)誤范圍之外。這實(shí)際上也解釋了失職行為到達(dá)一定程度就屬于瀆職侵權(quán)犯罪規(guī)范的刑事法律范疇，超出了傳統(tǒng)的行政法律規(guī)范的范疇。

14.accusev.控告；譴責(zé)