陳春芳 趙雪姣 張琳 姚圣典 林玉良 劉樂(lè)平 吳楚
摘 要: ?為綜合評(píng)判湖北省十堰市核桃堅(jiān)果品質(zhì)的優(yōu)劣,為十堰核桃育種篩選打下基礎(chǔ)。在野外調(diào)查的基礎(chǔ)上,收集了12個(gè)十堰核桃品種,對(duì)其堅(jiān)果外形特征(縱徑、橫徑和側(cè)徑)、單果重以及主要營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分進(jìn)行了分析。結(jié)果表明,十堰3號(hào)外形一致性程度較差,十堰1號(hào)的給人們感覺(jué)良好。十堰10號(hào)的平均單果重最大,達(dá)到11.82 g;十堰7號(hào)出仁率最高,高達(dá)58.01%,與其它十堰核桃的出仁率差異顯著;十堰5號(hào)可溶性糖含量最高達(dá)到4.04%;十堰3號(hào)的可溶性蛋白含量最高達(dá)到97.05 mg/g;十堰13號(hào)總蛋白含量最高達(dá)到232.67 g/kg;十堰3號(hào)粗脂肪含量最高達(dá)到77.76%。根據(jù)這些分析結(jié)果,可以得出初步結(jié)論:十堰3號(hào)可以用于核桃油的加工;十堰7號(hào)可以用于核仁加工;十堰10號(hào)可以用于干果生產(chǎn)。
關(guān)鍵詞: ?核桃;品質(zhì)分析;優(yōu)株選擇;十堰市
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào): S794.9?? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼: A?? ?文章編號(hào): 1004-3020(2018)05-0015-06
Analyses on Morphological Traits and Main Nutrients of Walnut Fruits in Shiyan, Hubei
Chen Chunfang ?(1) Zhao Xuejiao ?(2) Zhang lin ?(3) Yao Sendian ?(4) Lin Yuliang ?(5) Liu Leping ?(6) Wu Chu ?(2)
(1.Hubei Academy of Forestry Wuhan 430075;
2.Yangtze University Jingzhou 434023;
[JP3]3.Institute of Forestry Research of Shiyan Shiyan 442000;
4.Institute of Forestry Research of Xingsan Yichang 443700;
5.Forestry Bureau of Danjiangkou Shiyan 442700 ; 6. Pengchang Forest Farm Jingmen 434000)
Abstract: ???In order to select the best local walnut varieties in Shiyan, Hubei province andincreasing the incomes of local walnut producers and improving market completion ability, twelve walnut varieties were collected based on the field investigation in Shiyan and their morphological traits and main nutrients were analyzed. These results showed that the single fruit weight of Shiyan No. 10 was the greatest (11.82 g), and Shiyan No. 7 had the highest kernel ratio of 58.01%, and Shiyan No. 5 had the highest level of soluble sugars (4.04%). Shiyan No.3 had the highest content of soluble proteins (97.05 mg/g), and the highest level of total proteins occurred in Shiyan No. 13 (232.67 g/kg), and Shiyan No. 3 had the greatest content of crude lipids ?(77.76%). It was concluded that the fruits of Shiyan No. 3 could be used for walnut oil production, and the fruits of Shiyan No. 7 could be used for kernel production, and the fruits of Shiyan No. 10 could be sold as nuts.
Key words: ??Juglans regia ; quality analysis;optimal plant; selection; Shiyan
1 前言
核桃 (Juglans regia)為胡桃科 (Juglandaceae)胡桃屬 (Juglans) 落葉喬木。因其種仁營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富、風(fēng)味獨(dú)特和用途多樣,為世界四大干果(核桃、扁桃、腰果、榛子)之首。核桃種仁營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值高,含大量脂肪、蛋白質(zhì)、多種維生素和微量元素,可生食,可榨油,其核仁含油量65.1%~ 68.4%、油味清香,是高級(jí)食用油和高級(jí)工業(yè)用油,能有效防治人體膽固醇過(guò)高、高血壓、糖尿病、肥胖癥等疾病,具有很強(qiáng)的保健功能。正因?yàn)槿绱?,世界各地大力發(fā)展核桃產(chǎn)業(yè),同時(shí)對(duì)核桃的生理生態(tài) ?[1-2]、品質(zhì) ?[3]、遺傳 ?[4-7]以及核桃消費(fèi)對(duì)人體健康狀況的影響 ?[8-11]等方面進(jìn)行深入的 研究。
自?xún)汕Ф嗄昵昂颂冶灰胫袊?guó),核桃受到人們的極大歡迎,亞熱帶和溫帶地區(qū)均有栽培。各地的氣候和地理?xiàng)l件的差異使得中國(guó)核桃的種群結(jié)構(gòu)和遺傳特性發(fā)生了很大的變化 ?[12]。正基于此,在各種氣候和土壤條件下,選擇品質(zhì)最優(yōu)且抗性最強(qiáng)的核桃品種對(duì)于一個(gè)地區(qū)的核桃產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展具有至關(guān)重要的意義。
近十年來(lái),湖北十堰市大力發(fā)展核桃產(chǎn)業(yè)。該地區(qū)所栽培的核桃品種均來(lái)自外地,因而出現(xiàn)了一些問(wèn)題,如抗病性和授粉差。鑒于此,選擇當(dāng)?shù)貎?yōu)良品種進(jìn)行推廣栽培,對(duì)于當(dāng)?shù)氐暮颂耶a(chǎn)業(yè)的良性發(fā)展具有重要意義。在走訪調(diào)查的基礎(chǔ)上,選擇了12個(gè)核桃品種,對(duì)其果實(shí)的外在形態(tài)和核仁品質(zhì)進(jìn)行了分析,以期篩選出最優(yōu)良的品種在當(dāng)?shù)剡M(jìn)行推廣栽培。
2 試驗(yàn)材料與方法
2.1 試驗(yàn)材料
經(jīng)過(guò)數(shù)年的野外調(diào)查,在十堰市初步確定了12個(gè)核桃優(yōu)株。于2015年9月獲得各個(gè)優(yōu)株的果實(shí),取其中2 kg作為實(shí)驗(yàn)樣品。
2.2 堅(jiān)果外形特征及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
堅(jiān)果形狀:橢圓形、闊橢圓形、圓形、異形。核仁皮色:黃白色、黃、白色。種仁飽滿(mǎn)度:飽滿(mǎn)、較飽滿(mǎn)、不飽滿(mǎn)。果頂形狀:尖、稍尖、平。果尖形狀:溜、圓、平、聳。果底形狀:凸、稍凸、平、凹??p合線特征:隆起、平、凹。核殼厚度:露仁、紙皮(0.1~ 0.9 mm)、薄殼(1.0~1.5 mm)、中殼 (1.6~2.0 mm)、厚殼(>2.0 mm)。內(nèi)褶壁:退化、革質(zhì)、骨質(zhì)。隔膜:膜質(zhì)、革質(zhì)、骨質(zhì)。種仁味感:香、甜、澀。
2.3 堅(jiān)果主要物理指標(biāo)及測(cè)定方法
單果重測(cè)定:隨機(jī)抽取30個(gè)樣果,用感量為1/1000的電子天平單個(gè)稱(chēng)重,取平均值。果徑:隨機(jī)抽取30個(gè)樣果,用數(shù)顯游標(biāo)卡尺(廣陸,GLA13S)測(cè)定其縱徑、橫徑、側(cè)徑。出仁率:隨機(jī)取40個(gè)樣果進(jìn)行編號(hào),分別取仁,稱(chēng)重,計(jì)算出仁率,取平均值。取仁難易度:隨機(jī)抽取30個(gè)樣果,將核桃砸開(kāi)取仁,若內(nèi)褶壁退化,能取整仁的為取仁極易;若內(nèi)褶壁不發(fā)達(dá),能取半仁的為取仁容易;若內(nèi)褶壁發(fā)達(dá)、能取1/4的為取仁較難。
2.4 核仁主要成分的測(cè)定
核仁脂肪含量測(cè)定:用索氏抽提法測(cè)定,采用國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(GB/T 14772-2008)。核仁蛋白質(zhì)含量測(cè)定:用凱氏定氮法測(cè)定,采用國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (GB 5009.5-2010)。核仁可溶性糖的測(cè)定:采用蒽酮法比色法,核仁可溶性蛋白質(zhì)含量測(cè)定 ?[13]。
2.5 數(shù)據(jù)處理
采用賦值法,將核仁充實(shí)度等感官指標(biāo)數(shù)量化(見(jiàn)表2),采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件,對(duì)堅(jiān)果橫徑、縱徑等9個(gè)數(shù)量指標(biāo)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,分析各核桃品種之間各個(gè)參數(shù)的差異顯著性( P <0.05)。
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