安 琪,李 晶
(中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院超聲科,遼寧 沈陽 110004)
2012年WHO的數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示,乳腺癌居全球女性腫瘤的第2位。我國乳腺癌的發(fā)病率約22.1/10萬,居我國女性腫瘤首位[1],尤其55~59歲的城市居民是重點(diǎn)防控人群[2]。早發(fā)現(xiàn)、早診斷及早治療是腫瘤防治的原則。針對乳腺癌的篩查與診斷,乳腺X線攝影檢查可降低約30.0%患者的死亡率,是主要篩查手段[3],其診斷乳腺癌的總敏感度為79.0%,診斷非致密乳腺的乳腺癌敏感度為83.2%~100%,診斷致密乳腺的乳腺癌敏感度為50.0%~72.9%[4]。因此,對致密乳腺人群僅依靠乳腺X線攝影檢查的效果欠佳,常需其他輔助檢查,如超聲檢查。本文對超聲和數(shù)字乳腺斷層攝影(digital breast tomosynthesis, DBT)技術(shù)在致密乳腺檢查中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
美國放射協(xié)會2013年最新版本發(fā)布的乳腺影像報(bào)告和數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)(breast imaging-reporting and data system, BI-RADS)分型中摒棄了按照腺體整體密度所占百分比分型的方法,而將重點(diǎn)放于可隱藏病灶的腺體組織。最終將乳腺成分劃分為a、b、c、d 4型:a型,全部由脂肪組成,該背景下X線攝影檢查高度敏感;b型,乳腺腺體呈區(qū)域性分布,可使X線衰減但不影響檢出病灶;c型,乳腺腺體呈不均勻致密樣,即某些區(qū)域的腺體密度可隱藏小的病灶;d型,乳腺腺體呈極度致密樣,可降低乳腺X線攝影檢查敏感度;以上4型分別對應(yīng)脂肪型、散在分布少量腺體型、不均勻致密型及極度致密型。脂肪型和散在分布少量腺體型歸類為非致密型乳腺,不均勻致密型和極度致密型歸類為致密型乳腺[5]。致密腺體為乳腺癌的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素之一,該類女性患者罹患乳腺癌的概率是非致密乳腺女性的1.2~2.1倍[6]。2009年美國康涅狄格州通過一項(xiàng)法案,要求致密型乳腺女性需了解致密乳腺存在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素及輔助篩查手段對致密乳腺的局限,患者可自愿選擇是否接受進(jìn)一步檢查,但目前無統(tǒng)一的指南作為參照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
超聲為重要的乳腺輔助檢查手段,已廣泛用于乳腺活檢及術(shù)前定位[7]。圍繞數(shù)字化乳腺X線攝影檢查陰性、臨床觸診陰性的致密乳腺開展的多項(xiàng)研究[8-10]表明,超聲檢查對乳腺癌的檢出率為1.9‰~3.0‰,其敏感度為88%,數(shù)字化乳腺X線攝影的敏感度為56%,但數(shù)字化乳腺X線攝影檢查的陽性預(yù)測值高于超聲檢查(25.0% vs 11.8%),認(rèn)為超聲檢出乳腺癌的能力優(yōu)于數(shù)字化乳腺X線攝影。Okello等[11]對有臨床表現(xiàn)而數(shù)字化乳腺X線攝影漏診的致密乳腺病灶進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)超聲可檢出其中27%以上的乳腺惡性病灶,建議將超聲作為有臨床癥狀致密乳腺女性的常規(guī)檢查。將數(shù)字化乳腺X線攝影發(fā)現(xiàn)的致密乳腺病灶納入研究[12-13]后,結(jié)果表明乳腺癌的檢出率增加約3.2‰~3.25‰,陽性預(yù)測值為6.5%~6.7%。Weigert等[14]的后續(xù)研究獲得類似結(jié)果,并認(rèn)為盡管陽性預(yù)測值降低,但超聲可增加病灶較小且被數(shù)字化乳腺X線攝影未檢出的乳腺癌檢出率。Berg等[15-17]對數(shù)字化乳腺X線攝影陰性、有高危因素致密乳腺的人群進(jìn)行美國放射學(xué)院影像網(wǎng)(American College of Radiology Imaging Network, ACRIN)6666系列研究,結(jié)果表明數(shù)字化乳腺X線攝影檢查后再進(jìn)行超聲檢查者,乳腺癌的檢出率可增加3.7‰~4.2‰,但活檢率及假陽性率增高,陽性預(yù)測值降低是超聲檢查的主要不足;數(shù)字化乳腺X線攝影與超聲檢查對乳腺癌的檢出率并無差異。超聲檢查易發(fā)現(xiàn)致密乳腺中隱藏的淋巴結(jié)陰性的小浸潤癌。Corsetti等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn)對于致密和非致密乳腺間期癌患者,超聲掃查乳腺間期癌的效果相近(1.1‰ vs 1.0‰),但認(rèn)為乳腺越致密超聲檢查效果越好。Bae等[19]收集數(shù)字化乳腺X線攝影陰性而超聲顯示陽性的致密乳腺病灶,發(fā)現(xiàn)由超聲檢出的81%乳腺癌未在乳腺X線攝影檢查中顯現(xiàn),另外19%的乳腺癌被漏診,且多因致密腺體掩蓋影響??傊?,超聲可提高致密乳腺檢查的敏感度,但特異度與陽性預(yù)測值較低。
數(shù)字化乳腺X線攝影檢查易受組織重疊及致密腺體的影響,DBT[20]在2D數(shù)字化乳腺X線攝影系統(tǒng)基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展而來,其圖像包括大量3D信息,但DBT是有一定角度限定的斷層技術(shù),不能完全按照從180°~360°逐一采集信息,且其采集的信息在z軸上不確定,因此并非真正的3D技術(shù)[21]。DBT可降低乳腺組織重疊的影響,因此可發(fā)現(xiàn)漏診的病灶。但DBT有一定的局限性,如閱片時(shí)間長、費(fèi)用高及輻射劑量增加[22]。研究[23]發(fā)現(xiàn)DBT的輻射劑量與全視野數(shù)字化乳腺X線攝影相等或略高,二者聯(lián)合使用的輻射劑量較單獨(dú)使用時(shí)增加達(dá)2倍,但仍在美國食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局(Food and Drug Admistraton, FDA)所規(guī)定的安全輻射劑量以下。2011年,DBT由FDA批準(zhǔn)成為乳腺影像輔助檢查手段。Rafferty等[24]將DBT用以輔助數(shù)字化乳腺X線攝影檢查,發(fā)現(xiàn)無論患者乳腺致密與否,均可增加乳腺癌的檢出率并降低召回率(無法確認(rèn)病灶是否存在或無法分辨良惡性而需重復(fù)檢查或其他檢查及活檢病灶占所有病灶的比率),尤其對于不均勻分布腺體型患者;但對于乳腺極度致密型患者病灶檢出效果并不明顯。李弋等[25]通過分析影像學(xué)檢查對致密型乳腺疾病的診斷能力,發(fā)現(xiàn)相對于全視野數(shù)字化乳腺X線攝影,DBT在顯示病變的形態(tài)特征和微小鈣化方面具有一定的優(yōu)勢,尤其對于致密乳腺中毛刺狀的病灶顯示更清晰,但將兩者聯(lián)合對提高病變診斷的準(zhǔn)確率并不顯著。Nakashima等[26]對致密乳腺中邊界清楚的病灶進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)乳腺密度越高,DBT的優(yōu)勢越明顯,但邊界清楚并不能作為確定病灶為良性的指征。Bian等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn)DBT對致密乳腺病灶的檢出率、敏感度、特異度均優(yōu)于數(shù)字化乳腺X線攝影(84.3% vs 77.3%、 68.1% vs 58.8% 、 95.2% vs 86.7%,P均<0.01),DBT對致密乳腺內(nèi)腫塊的細(xì)節(jié)顯示更清晰,易發(fā)現(xiàn)BI-RADS分類較高的惡性病灶,診斷準(zhǔn)確率更高。楊蕾等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn)對于乳腺密度>50%、年齡≤50歲、未絕經(jīng)、非原位癌和癌灶長徑為10~20 mm的女性,適于行DBT檢查。DBT可優(yōu)化乳腺X線攝影分辨率,使病灶顯示更清晰,增加病灶檢出率并同時(shí)降低召回率,但DBT對良性病灶的檢出價(jià)值存在分歧,有待更深入的研究。
超聲與DBT技術(shù)作為致密乳腺的輔助檢查各具優(yōu)勢。Starikov等[29]對不同密度乳腺選取的最適宜輔助檢查進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果表明無論致密還是非致密乳腺輔以DBT檢查均可以降低召回率,而超聲檢查可降低該優(yōu)勢。楊蕾[30]分析DBT和超聲對致密乳腺癌的診斷效能,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)二者診斷致密乳腺癌的敏感度和特異度無顯著差別(86.4% vs 95.1%,81.8% vs 74.2%),而二者聯(lián)合檢查的敏感度高于DBT單獨(dú)檢查(96.3% vs 86.4%),但特異度較低(69.7% vs 81.8%)。2016年,Lee等[31]對致密乳腺中數(shù)字化乳腺X線攝影定義為BI-RADS 0類的病灶進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)DBT和超聲檢出致密乳腺癌的敏感度均為100%,超聲和DBT檢出致密乳腺癌的準(zhǔn)確率、特異度及陽性預(yù)測率分別為61.1%、53.9%、28.8%和84.3%、81.3%、50.0%,認(rèn)為DBT對此類病灶的診斷效能優(yōu)于超聲,且可降低良性病灶活檢率,減少短期隨訪檢查次數(shù)。2016年,Tagliafico等[32]進(jìn)行的前瞻性研究表明,對于數(shù)字化乳腺X線攝影陰性的致密乳腺,超聲可使乳腺癌的檢出率增加7.1‰,DBT可使乳腺癌的檢出率增加4.0‰,且二者的假陽性率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。因此在假陽性率相似的條件下,超聲對乳腺癌的檢出率較DBT檢查高,但DBT仍可檢出50%以上由超聲發(fā)現(xiàn)的乳腺癌,因而有望成為首要篩查手段。2017年,Kim等[33]的前瞻性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),DBT檢出致密乳腺病灶的敏感度低于超聲(91.4 vs 96.4%;P=0.039),而特異度(83.9 vs 70.4%;P<0.001)及陽性預(yù)測率(58.7 vs 45.0%;P<0.001)高于超聲;排除極度致密型的致密乳腺人群,DBT技術(shù)診斷乳腺癌的能力與超聲相當(dāng)。
超聲和DBT作為致密乳腺的影像學(xué)輔助檢查,均可增加病灶檢出率,提高診斷效能。目前,主要圍繞超聲與DBT檢查對致密乳腺的整體診斷效能進(jìn)行分析,今后需進(jìn)一步探討適宜二者檢查的病灶特征,以便更好地為致密乳腺患者選擇個(gè)性化的輔助檢查手段。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
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使用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字和漢字?jǐn)?shù)字的一般原則
根據(jù)GB/T 15835《出版物上數(shù)字用法的規(guī)定》
(1)在統(tǒng)計(jì)圖表、數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算、公式推導(dǎo)中所有數(shù)字包括正負(fù)整數(shù)、小數(shù)、分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)和比例等,都必須使用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字。
(2)在漢字中已經(jīng)定型的詞、詞組、成語、縮略語等都必須使用漢語數(shù)字,例如:一次方程、三維超聲、二尖瓣、法洛四聯(lián)癥、星期一、五六天、八九個(gè)月、四十七八歲等。
(3)除了上述情況以外,凡是使用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字而且又很得體的地方,都應(yīng)該使用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字。遇到特殊情況時(shí),可以靈活掌握,但應(yīng)該注意使全篇同一。
(4)如果數(shù)字的量級小于1時(shí),小數(shù)點(diǎn)前面的零(0)不能省去,如0.32不能寫成.32。