孫天令

倒裝句是高中階段一個(gè)重要的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目，它在英語(yǔ)中使用較為廣泛，形式多樣，也是高考考查的熱點(diǎn)之一。但是，在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中，要想真正準(zhǔn)確的掌握倒裝句，使用時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)特別注意一些細(xì)節(jié)。本文就英語(yǔ)倒裝句常見的部分倒裝和全部倒裝兩種形式來(lái)分析，旨在能正確使用英語(yǔ)倒裝句，達(dá)到高中生活學(xué)活用的目的。

由于漢語(yǔ)與英語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)序和使用習(xí)慣上的差異，學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)時(shí)常常在倒裝句上出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤，常出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題有：

一、完全倒裝（或全部倒裝）

完全倒裝是英語(yǔ)倒裝句中常見的一種，其語(yǔ)序的變化是將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞完全放在主要之前，從而形成引起倒裝句加謂語(yǔ)加主語(yǔ)的變化。其目的是使句子強(qiáng)調(diào)句中某一成分，常見以下幾種情況。

（一）There be結(jié)構(gòu)

由引導(dǎo)詞there加動(dòng)詞be，lie，stand等構(gòu)成的表示存在的句型要用全部倒裝。

e.g. There are many students in the classroom.

There seems to be some misunderstanding about the matter.

There lies （stands） a tall beautiful building.

（二）以副詞here， there， now， then， out， in， up， down， away， off等開頭的句子

如果主語(yǔ)是名詞，就用完全倒裝語(yǔ)序。

e.g. Out rushed the children.

Off go the others.

Away went the boy .

The door opened， and in went Miss Jane .

Now comes your turn.（Here it is！給你/在這里）

注意：如果主語(yǔ)是代詞，就用正常語(yǔ)序。

Off they go .

Here you are ！（給你）

Out they went .

Here he comes ！

（三）表時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)的介詞短語(yǔ)置于句首，且主語(yǔ)是名詞，也采用全倒.

e.g. Under the tree lay a dog.

From the room came a shout for help .

Outside the classroom stood a student .

On the wall hangs a picture .

They arrived at a farmhouse， in front of which sat a small boy .

Now comes your turn 。

（四）表語(yǔ)提前， 且主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng). （表語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)）

Gone were those days when we had nothing to eat.

Present at the meeting were Professor White， Professor Smith and many other guests.

Among the goods are Christmas trees， flowers， candles and toys.

Red are the apples.

Lying on the floor was a boy aged 10.

（五）在直接引語(yǔ)中間或后面用作插入語(yǔ)的短語(yǔ)常常用完全倒裝語(yǔ)序，特別是謂語(yǔ)較短時(shí)。如果主語(yǔ)是代詞，常常用正常語(yǔ)序。

“I would like to go with you ， ” said the boy， “but I am going to take exams next week.”

“Is there anything I can do for you？” asked Mr Li.

“What do you mean？” she asked.

（六）以副詞so， neither， nor 放在句首表示前面一句話中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所說(shuō)的情況也適合另一個(gè)人或物，用完全倒裝其結(jié)構(gòu)為： so/ neither/ nor + 助/ 系/情v. + 主語(yǔ)

We cant go. Neither/ Nor can they .

Water can generate electricity and so can wind.

注意：由連詞so， nor， neither 開頭的句子，如果表示強(qiáng)調(diào)前面的主語(yǔ)，翻譯成“某人的確如此”，這時(shí)不用倒裝。例如：

He likes playing football . So he does.

A： She knows little English.

B： So she does.

A： Tom was late for school yesterday.

B： So he was.

二、部分倒裝

（一） 疑問(wèn)句，除對(duì)主語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)提問(wèn)外，都用倒裝語(yǔ)序，通常是部分倒裝。

e.g. Did you finish your work ？

Has he come ？

Why do you speak English ？endprint

You are ready， arent you ？

注：對(duì)主語(yǔ)提問(wèn)或主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)提問(wèn)不倒

e.g. Who/ Whose son is standing there？

Who received the invitation？

Which class won the game？

（二）由否定副詞引起的部分倒裝：not， never， seldom， hardly， rarely， barely ， little， scarcely（幾乎不，決不）， nowhere， at no time/ by no means，/on no account / in no case/ in no way （決不） ， no longer（不再）

eg. Never shall I forget it.

Not a single mistake did he make.

Hardly did he come to see us last year.

Little do we know about him.

Seldom does he come back on Sundays.

Nowhere else in the world can there be such a quiet beautiful place.

In no way will you give up.

No longer did he come.

（三）否定連詞引起的部分倒裝

not only 倒.. but also ..不倒..， neither .倒.. nor ..倒.，

hardly ... when ... /scarcely ... when .../

no sooner ... than ... （—— 就， 相當(dāng)于as soon as/on doing ） not until（直到——才）

eg. Not only does she study hard， but also she is polite.

區(qū)別： Not only I but also Tom is tired of Jack.

No sooner had he closed his eyes than he fell asleep.（如Hardly， No sooner， scarcely不放在句首，就不倒 ）

Hardly had we entered the classroom when the bell rang.=（He had hardly entered——when——）

Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework.（與only一樣，主倒從不倒）

Not until he began to study did he realize how much time he had wasted.

（四）由“only + 狀語(yǔ)”引起的部分倒裝

即： only + 副詞， 介詞短語(yǔ)， 從句用半倒裝。

Only then did I realize the importance of English.

Only in this way can you learn from your friends.

Only when a child grows up does he understand his parents' intentions.

區(qū)別：

Only the people present can prove it.

Only the man knows it.

（五）. 在省略了if 的虛擬條件句中，were， had， should必須放到句子開頭，構(gòu)成部分倒裝語(yǔ)序。

Had he worked harder ， he would have got through the exams.

=If he had worked harder， he would have got through the exams.

Were I you， I would refuse his offer.

= If I were you， I would refuse his offer.

Should it rain tomorrow， we would put off the sports meeting.

= If it should rain tomorrow， we would put off the sports meeting.

（六） 在so…that， such…that（如此……以致于）句型中，若把 so 或 such 放在句子開頭，要用部分倒裝語(yǔ)序。

So angry was he that he couldn't speak.

So loudly did he speak that the people in the next room could hear him.

Such a clever boy is Tom that all his teachers think highly of him.

（七）由連詞as 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句，表示重復(fù)前句部分內(nèi)容，用部分倒裝語(yǔ)序， 也可用陳述語(yǔ)序。

e.g. Our eating habits have changed， as has the way of our life.

（這時(shí)as相當(dāng)與 so）

He went there on foot， as his brother had done.endprint