李 雄

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當(dāng)前，在中國社會(huì)主義進(jìn)入新時(shí)代的重要?dú)v史時(shí)期，我國城市生態(tài)和人居環(huán)境面臨著新的形勢(shì)和全新挑戰(zhàn)。2018年春節(jié)前夕，習(xí)近平總書記在成都市天府新區(qū)視察時(shí)做出了“突出公園城市特點(diǎn)，把生態(tài)價(jià)值考慮進(jìn)去”的重要指示。公園城市是一個(gè)新的城市發(fā)展理念，這既是新發(fā)展理念下城市發(fā)展的新目標(biāo)，也對(duì)我國城市的生態(tài)和人居環(huán)境建設(shè)提出了更高要求。如何更好地適應(yīng)新時(shí)代的發(fā)展，為我國公園城市建設(shè)提供正確的價(jià)值導(dǎo)向和科學(xué)引導(dǎo)，是風(fēng)景園林、城鄉(xiāng)規(guī)劃等相關(guān)學(xué)科需要思考的重要議題。

1 新時(shí)代我國城市發(fā)展的新形勢(shì)

1.1 以綠色發(fā)展理念引領(lǐng)生態(tài)文明新時(shí)代

黨的十八大以來，以習(xí)近平同志為核心的黨中央將生態(tài)文明建設(shè)納入中國特色社會(huì)主義“五位一體”總體布局和“四個(gè)全面”戰(zhàn)略布局，提出了一系列新思想、新理念、新戰(zhàn)略。習(xí)近平總書記多次強(qiáng)調(diào)“綠水青山就是金山銀山”“保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境就是保護(hù)生產(chǎn)力，改善生態(tài)環(huán)境就是發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力”?！笆濉币?guī)劃中明確了創(chuàng)新、協(xié)調(diào)、綠色、開放、共享的新發(fā)展理念，“綠色”成為我國“十三五”乃至更長時(shí)期的發(fā)展方向和著力點(diǎn)。

1.2 滿足人民日益增長的美好生活需求是新時(shí)代城市發(fā)展的新目標(biāo)

黨的十九大報(bào)告提到，我國社會(huì)的主要矛盾已轉(zhuǎn)化為人民日益增長的美好生活需要和不平衡、不充分的發(fā)展之間的矛盾。從生態(tài)文明建設(shè)和城市綠色發(fā)展角度如何理解這個(gè)矛盾？我國社會(huì)總體已進(jìn)入小康，人民對(duì)生活質(zhì)量的追求不斷提升，這其中就包括生態(tài)環(huán)境良好和生命健康。人們開始從“求生存”“盼溫飽”，過渡到“求生態(tài)”“盼健康”，希望天更藍(lán)、山更綠、水更清、環(huán)境更優(yōu)美。綠色宜居的城市生活環(huán)境是人們的迫切期望，滿足人民日益增長的美好生活需求的城市綠色發(fā)展已經(jīng)成為新時(shí)代生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的“重頭戲”和“風(fēng)向標(biāo)”。

1.3 快速城市化所帶來的問題亟待進(jìn)行城市發(fā)展模式的新思考

隨著工業(yè)化和城市化進(jìn)程的不斷加快，城市人口膨脹和城市盲目擴(kuò)延導(dǎo)致了城市生態(tài)系統(tǒng)破壞、環(huán)境嚴(yán)重惡化、水土資源短缺、交通擁堵，以及就業(yè)困難等一系列社會(huì)問題，嚴(yán)重影響了我國城市經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展[1]。當(dāng)前我國正處在新的城市發(fā)展時(shí)期，如何化解城市發(fā)展與環(huán)境改善的矛盾？如何貫徹落實(shí)新的發(fā)展理念？如何在城市發(fā)展建設(shè)中強(qiáng)調(diào)堅(jiān)持人與自然和諧共生，走生產(chǎn)發(fā)展、生活富裕、生態(tài)良好的文明發(fā)展道路？諸多亟待解決的問題，需要風(fēng)景園林領(lǐng)域的研究者、建設(shè)者和管理者積極探索我國城市綠色發(fā)展的新模式。

2 新時(shí)代推動(dòng)公園城市建設(shè)的戰(zhàn)略意義

1992年，建設(shè)部在全國范圍內(nèi)開展了“園林城市”的創(chuàng)建工作。在此基礎(chǔ)上，2004年，首次向全國發(fā)出創(chuàng)建生態(tài)園林城市的號(hào)召。住房和城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)部(以下簡稱“住建部”)于2015年，正式對(duì)外公布7個(gè)城市為首批“國家生態(tài)園林城市”。通過園林城市和生態(tài)園林城市的創(chuàng)建，大大提高了城市園林綠化建設(shè)的規(guī)模和水平，增強(qiáng)了園林綠化建設(shè)的管控能力，促進(jìn)了風(fēng)景園林的地位提升[2]，使我國城市園林建設(shè)取得了歷史性成就。

公園城市在管理、經(jīng)營城市的思想理念方面做出了重要革新。公園城市的提出反映了我國城市生態(tài)和人居環(huán)境建設(shè)的最新認(rèn)知水平，是我國城市建設(shè)理念的歷史性飛躍，也是解決當(dāng)前我國城市發(fā)展問題的最佳答案。公園城市在園林城市、生態(tài)園林城市等發(fā)展模式的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步提升了生態(tài)文明建設(shè)和綠色發(fā)展的內(nèi)涵和目標(biāo)。其戰(zhàn)略意義主要體現(xiàn)在以下4個(gè)方面。

2.1 公園城市建設(shè)是中央五大發(fā)展理念的生動(dòng)實(shí)踐

建設(shè)公園城市不單單是建設(shè)城市公園，而是以建設(shè)和諧、宜居城市為目標(biāo)的經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、環(huán)境協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。公園城市首先是綠色的，也是孕育和服務(wù)創(chuàng)新的，同時(shí)更應(yīng)是共享和開放的，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)生態(tài)保護(hù)與城市發(fā)展的相互協(xié)調(diào)。公園城市建設(shè)作為統(tǒng)攬城市生態(tài)文明建設(shè)和綠色發(fā)展的核心工作，將中央的五大發(fā)展新理念變?yōu)槌鞘薪ㄔO(shè)的實(shí)踐，以指導(dǎo)提升宜居品質(zhì)，緩解城市病，推動(dòng)城市的全面可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

2.2 公園城市建設(shè)是“以人民為中心”思想的積極落實(shí)

公園城市建設(shè)的核心在于“公”，面向公眾，公平共享。公園城市建設(shè)積極落實(shí)“以人民為中心”的發(fā)展思路，通過打造人人可享受的高品質(zhì)生活環(huán)境以滿足人民日益增長的美好生活需求，打造開放性、可達(dá)性、親民性的公園體系，用公園體系這一最具吸引力的公共產(chǎn)品打造人人向往的人居環(huán)境，提升城市綜合競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。2018年4月2日，習(xí)近平總書記在參加首都義務(wù)植樹活動(dòng)時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)，綠化祖國要堅(jiān)持以人民為中心的發(fā)展思想，科學(xué)綠化、規(guī)劃引領(lǐng)、因地制宜，走科學(xué)、生態(tài)、節(jié)儉的綠化發(fā)展之路。著力美化環(huán)境，又要讓人民群眾舒適地生活在其中，與美好環(huán)境融為一體。

2.3 公園城市建設(shè)是構(gòu)建人與自然和諧共生的理想藍(lán)圖

公園城市建設(shè)以創(chuàng)造優(yōu)良的生態(tài)人居環(huán)境作為中心目標(biāo)，將城市建設(shè)成為人與自然和諧共生的美麗家園。將公園城市建設(shè)與城市生態(tài)環(huán)境相結(jié)合，充分利用山、水、城、林自然生態(tài)格局，打造優(yōu)美的生態(tài)環(huán)境，像對(duì)待生命一樣對(duì)待生態(tài)環(huán)境。把城市生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)得像公園一樣美好，實(shí)現(xiàn)城市與自然的交融和對(duì)話。

2.4 公園城市建設(shè)是山水城市理念和中國園林文化的繼承發(fā)展

中國山水城市理念強(qiáng)調(diào)天人合一，提倡人工環(huán)境、自然環(huán)境和文化底蘊(yùn)的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。中國園林文化更是強(qiáng)調(diào)“生境、畫境、意境”的高度統(tǒng)一[3]。公園城市建設(shè)模式是中國傳統(tǒng)造園思想的現(xiàn)代傳承，通過構(gòu)建融入山水自然、彰顯文化特色的城市綠色格局，實(shí)現(xiàn)“望山見水記鄉(xiāng)愁”，最終構(gòu)建詩意棲居的城市理想境界，在人類社會(huì)發(fā)展中塑造具有中華文化基因的城市典范。

3 公園城市建設(shè)的核心目標(biāo)與發(fā)展內(nèi)涵

3.1 環(huán)境與民生的統(tǒng)一協(xié)調(diào)

公園城市建設(shè)載體在園，核心在人，既是城市環(huán)境工程，更是民生幸福工程。公園城市就是人民綠色共享的城市，也是擁有高品質(zhì)和諧宜居生活環(huán)境的城市。堅(jiān)持“人民城市為人民”的城市建設(shè)邏輯，公園城市的建設(shè)就不僅僅是優(yōu)化城市環(huán)境，更是要讓公眾共享美好的環(huán)境。從為城市居民服務(wù)的角度推進(jìn)公園城市建設(shè)的開放性、可達(dá)性和親民性，統(tǒng)籌園林城市建設(shè)的各個(gè)方面，使生態(tài)園林城市、園林城市的關(guān)注方向更傾向于以人民為中心，為人民服務(wù)。讓園林建設(shè)從單一功能向復(fù)合功能轉(zhuǎn)變，實(shí)現(xiàn)生態(tài)、景觀、游憩、文化、科教、防災(zāi)等多種功能的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展，切實(shí)提高人民的幸福感和獲得感。

3.2 景觀與生態(tài)的高度融合

公園城市建設(shè)既要景觀的“高顏值”，又要生態(tài)的高品質(zhì)。建設(shè)公園城市的過程關(guān)鍵是引導(dǎo)城市發(fā)展順應(yīng)自然、保護(hù)自然，在城市建設(shè)中更加注重保護(hù)山、水、林、田、湖、草的生態(tài)價(jià)值。要以自然為美，要重視和強(qiáng)化城市內(nèi)自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的保護(hù)，把好山好水好風(fēng)光通過優(yōu)美的公園融入城市。大力開展生態(tài)修復(fù)，恢復(fù)和重建城市自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的自組織、自調(diào)控和自修復(fù)能力[4]，以優(yōu)美品質(zhì)全面彰顯城市公園的生態(tài)功能。

3.3 城市與自然的和諧共生

公園城市建設(shè)不應(yīng)拘泥于城市建成區(qū)內(nèi)公園的建設(shè)，而應(yīng)該是城市與周邊自然、鄉(xiāng)村的美麗同行。公園城市作為新的城市發(fā)展模式，在空間上進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)城市綠地建設(shè)與自然環(huán)境、鄉(xiāng)村人居環(huán)境的融合，構(gòu)筑城市園林與城郊綠色資源、鄉(xiāng)村綠色資源相融合的大地園林系統(tǒng)，努力讓美麗城市與美麗鄉(xiāng)村交相輝映，實(shí)現(xiàn)新時(shí)代城鄉(xiāng)融合、自然和城市高度和諧統(tǒng)一的空間體系，同時(shí)引導(dǎo)其成為優(yōu)美舒適、健康安全的城鄉(xiāng)人居環(huán)境綠色發(fā)展基底。

3.4 國際化與地域化的融會(huì)貫通

公園城市建設(shè)既需國際視野，更要地方情懷。公園城市是我國城市發(fā)展的新模式，一方面學(xué)習(xí)借鑒國際現(xiàn)代城市的生態(tài)綠色發(fā)展經(jīng)驗(yàn)，引入新理念、新技術(shù)。另一方面，更應(yīng)該在城市綠色發(fā)展中體現(xiàn)文化特色、承載文化內(nèi)涵，以地域情懷來建設(shè)城市公園，以人文理念打造公園城市，促使每一座城市都能體現(xiàn)出其獨(dú)特的文化特征。隨著城市化建設(shè)的深入開展，在提高居民生活水平的同時(shí)，傳播城市文化，傳承城市文脈，使城市國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建設(shè)與傳統(tǒng)地域文化相互融合。

4 公園城市建設(shè)的路徑與策略

4.1 用規(guī)劃公園的格局優(yōu)化城市空間

公園城市的建設(shè)要求以公園體系規(guī)劃的格局來構(gòu)建城市發(fā)展空間結(jié)構(gòu)。突破以往“建設(shè)優(yōu)先、綠地填空”的傳統(tǒng)模式，將城市綠色空間優(yōu)先考慮，把城市融入綠色環(huán)境之中，實(shí)現(xiàn)從“城市里建公園”向“公園里建城市”的轉(zhuǎn)變。在城市規(guī)劃過程中，通過綠色網(wǎng)絡(luò)、綠色廊道、立體綠化等不同空間類型的公園綠色開放空間形態(tài)，構(gòu)建城市發(fā)展的綠色基底和綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。通過劃定城市增長邊界和生態(tài)紅線，遏制城市“攤大餅”式發(fā)展，控制城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)用地規(guī)模和開發(fā)強(qiáng)度。最終優(yōu)化城市空間布局，完善城市生態(tài)體系，提升環(huán)境品質(zhì)，突出綠地與城市功能的協(xié)同互補(bǔ)發(fā)展。

4.2 用管理公園的要求保護(hù)生態(tài)資源

公園城市的建設(shè)需要保護(hù)城市內(nèi)外的生態(tài)資源，實(shí)現(xiàn)城市與自然的連通與融合。高強(qiáng)度的城市建設(shè)讓大城市與外部自然環(huán)境彼此分隔。建設(shè)公園城市需充分利用城市內(nèi)部現(xiàn)有的綠地資源，通過水系廊道、綠地廊道、道路綠帶等與城市外部自然有機(jī)相連，形成“城在綠中、城綠交融”的城市綠地格局，既保證了內(nèi)外生態(tài)能量和物質(zhì)的流通與交換，也可改善城市生態(tài)環(huán)境，提高市民生活質(zhì)量。同時(shí)應(yīng)該將維系城市生態(tài)安全底線、支撐經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的具有重要生態(tài)價(jià)值的山區(qū)、森林、河流湖泊、基本農(nóng)田等現(xiàn)狀生態(tài)資源和自然保護(hù)區(qū)、風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)、水源保護(hù)區(qū)、重點(diǎn)公益林等法定保護(hù)空間劃入生態(tài)紅線區(qū)，強(qiáng)化其保護(hù)力度，并加以合理利用。

4.3 用建設(shè)公園的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提升人居環(huán)境

公園城市建設(shè)不應(yīng)單純追求數(shù)量大、形象美。綠地面積總量和綠地率固然重要，但更應(yīng)該體現(xiàn)綠地的綜合效益。以人民為中心的本質(zhì)內(nèi)涵應(yīng)是公園城市建設(shè)的“靈魂”，城市空間要以為城市居民提供方便、安全、舒適、優(yōu)美的綠色空間為目標(biāo)進(jìn)行建設(shè)。把市民公共空間使用的公平性、可達(dá)性和參與性作為評(píng)價(jià)城市建設(shè)發(fā)展水平的一項(xiàng)重要依據(jù)，把市民群眾的滿意度作為評(píng)價(jià)城市工作的根本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并需要從滿足市民需要的角度來謀劃安排城市管理工作。充分尊重市民的主體地位，不斷健全溝通群眾的民意聯(lián)系機(jī)制、服務(wù)群眾的科學(xué)決策機(jī)制，以及惠及群眾的政策保障機(jī)制。不斷擴(kuò)大市民在城市規(guī)劃、建設(shè)和管理中的參與度，讓人民共享綠色福利，共建綠色家園。

4.4 用經(jīng)營公園的方式引導(dǎo)綠色生活

通過推動(dòng)公園城市建設(shè)形成全社會(huì)的綠色發(fā)展方式和生活方式是貫徹新發(fā)展理念的必然要求，也是建設(shè)公園城市工作的根本目標(biāo)。通過公園城市的建設(shè)和經(jīng)營，倡導(dǎo)居民開展綠色生活行動(dòng)，推動(dòng)全民向綠色低碳、文明健康的生活方式轉(zhuǎn)變。大力推廣綠色低碳出行，倡導(dǎo)綠色生活和休閑模式。通過經(jīng)營公園的方式向廣大社會(huì)居民普及生態(tài)理念及綠色科普知識(shí)，培養(yǎng)全社會(huì)的綠色文化自覺，就是要全社會(huì)形成生態(tài)文明意識(shí)，確立全新的尊重自然、順應(yīng)自然和保護(hù)自然的生態(tài)價(jià)值觀，培養(yǎng)人民對(duì)綠色文化的自信力[5]。

5 公園城市建設(shè)目標(biāo)下的風(fēng)景園林新作為

在公園城市建設(shè)新的思路與要求下，我國風(fēng)景園林發(fā)展將迎來新的契機(jī)。作為創(chuàng)建和發(fā)展公園城市的基本保障，風(fēng)景園林行業(yè)更應(yīng)積極響應(yīng)公園城市建設(shè)的新目標(biāo)和新需求。

5.1 做好頂層設(shè)計(jì)，打造公共服務(wù)載體和支撐平臺(tái)

公園城市建設(shè)不僅是構(gòu)建一個(gè)綠色空間復(fù)合體系，更是構(gòu)建服務(wù)城市和市民的一項(xiàng)綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。風(fēng)景園林行業(yè)應(yīng)主動(dòng)介入城市未來的發(fā)展，積極響應(yīng)人民的需求，解決城市的問題，充分實(shí)現(xiàn)公園城市的綜合效能。在新形勢(shì)和新問題的導(dǎo)向下，城市風(fēng)景園林工作應(yīng)做好頂層設(shè)計(jì)，打破單純服從城市總體規(guī)劃“用地填空”的被動(dòng)局面，合理引導(dǎo)空間布局，控制人工建設(shè)用地的無序蔓延和肆意擴(kuò)張。同時(shí)跳開城市建設(shè)用地的限制，積極整合城市周邊自然環(huán)境和鄉(xiāng)村綠色空間，最終構(gòu)建一個(gè)既能實(shí)現(xiàn)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)價(jià)值和功能，也能為市民提供多樣服務(wù)功能的公共服務(wù)載體和綠色發(fā)展支撐平臺(tái)。

5.2 建立從公眾參與到公眾評(píng)估的工作新機(jī)制

公園城市建設(shè)的核心本質(zhì)是“以人民為中心”，其建設(shè)目標(biāo)也是滿足人民對(duì)美好生活的需求。風(fēng)景園林的各項(xiàng)工作應(yīng)緊密圍繞這個(gè)核心，關(guān)注市民對(duì)環(huán)境的需求和感受。瞄準(zhǔn)人人可享受的高品質(zhì)生活環(huán)境，在開放性、可達(dá)性、親民性以及文化內(nèi)涵上推進(jìn)城市風(fēng)景園林的工作。從大力要求城市綠地空間布局合理性和均好性，提高綠地服務(wù)功能與質(zhì)量，到園林規(guī)劃和建設(shè)程序公開、透明地向廣大城鄉(xiāng)居民公示，再到將公眾對(duì)城市園林綠化的滿意度和獲得感等內(nèi)容作為城市風(fēng)景園林建設(shè)考核的重要指標(biāo)，建立從公眾參與到公眾評(píng)估的新機(jī)制才能保證公園城市的建設(shè)更加貼合實(shí)際，反映民意。

5.3 彈性機(jī)制適應(yīng)城市快速發(fā)展變化對(duì)綠地的要求

城市園林工作的彈性響應(yīng)反應(yīng)在對(duì)環(huán)境彈性適應(yīng)的基礎(chǔ)上，包括對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)不同階段的適應(yīng)，不同對(duì)象需求的適應(yīng)，以及不同尺度范圍、不同目標(biāo)任務(wù)的適應(yīng)等。城市處于不斷變化的發(fā)展過程中，尤其在我國當(dāng)今快速發(fā)展的時(shí)期，這種動(dòng)態(tài)性更加明顯。公園城市應(yīng)該建構(gòu)一個(gè)應(yīng)對(duì)這種日益加劇的動(dòng)態(tài)變化的綜合發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略框架，強(qiáng)化城市園林建設(shè)與城市社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的協(xié)調(diào)，增強(qiáng)城市綠地的彈性適應(yīng)力，以此來化解建設(shè)與保護(hù)、近期與遠(yuǎn)期之間的矛盾，滿足城市良性持續(xù)發(fā)展的需求。

5.4 建立風(fēng)景園林工作的多尺度應(yīng)對(duì)策略

公園城市構(gòu)建的是一個(gè)包含城市、自然、鄉(xiāng)村和社區(qū)的大系統(tǒng)。風(fēng)景園林應(yīng)該充分考慮公園體系的多尺度和多層級(jí)的特點(diǎn)，針對(duì)公園城市建設(shè)提出適應(yīng)尺度多樣性的規(guī)劃引導(dǎo)，為城市總體規(guī)劃中區(qū)域、城市和社區(qū)等不同尺度的綠地建設(shè)規(guī)模提供指導(dǎo)，并按照不同空間尺度有針對(duì)性地提出布局策略，讓公園城市建設(shè)更具有尺度上的協(xié)調(diào)性和適應(yīng)性。

5.5 催化不同行業(yè)和部門合作，創(chuàng)造協(xié)同平臺(tái)

公園城市的有序建設(shè)離不開園林、規(guī)劃、林業(yè)、水利、經(jīng)濟(jì)、交通等眾多專業(yè)層面的緊密配合，也需要從政府、企業(yè)到普通民眾的多方力量的協(xié)作。城市園林管理部門應(yīng)該主動(dòng)搭建協(xié)同平臺(tái)，構(gòu)建一個(gè)多部門協(xié)調(diào)合作體系，打破各部門的職能權(quán)限隔離[6]。讓不同的部門和專業(yè)從不同角度為公園城市建設(shè)提供科技支撐和技術(shù)支持，從而推進(jìn)公園城市的科學(xué)發(fā)展和建設(shè)實(shí)施。

6 結(jié)語

我國城市生態(tài)和人居環(huán)境建設(shè)是實(shí)現(xiàn)生態(tài)文明和貫徹綠色發(fā)展理念的重要環(huán)節(jié)。公園城市的發(fā)展模式代表著我國城市永續(xù)發(fā)展的新階段和新定位，也是落實(shí)“以人民為中心”的發(fā)展思想，堅(jiān)持人民城市為人民的具體實(shí)踐。公園城市不僅實(shí)現(xiàn)了由過去的“在城市里建公園”到現(xiàn)在的“在公園里建城市”的戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)變，也是在國家生態(tài)園林城市和園林城市內(nèi)涵深化和拓展基礎(chǔ)上引領(lǐng)新時(shí)代我國城市生態(tài)和人居環(huán)境建設(shè)的關(guān)鍵引擎。

風(fēng)景園林作為我國生態(tài)和人居環(huán)境建設(shè)中的核心內(nèi)容，也必然是引領(lǐng)我國公園城市發(fā)展新模式的重要支撐。在新時(shí)代的指引下，風(fēng)景園林應(yīng)該主動(dòng)作為、積極響應(yīng)，豐富理論基礎(chǔ)、培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新思維、提高綜合能力，為我國公園城市的建設(shè)不斷提供理論、方法與技術(shù)支撐，開啟新時(shí)代風(fēng)景園林的新篇章。

A New Approach in Urban Green Development for the New Era—Strategies for Building Park Cities

Li Xiong, Zhang Yunlu

President Xi Jinping, on his inspection tour to the Tianfu New District in Chengdu shortly before 2018 Chinese Spring Festival, urged that "urban landscape architects should in their work highlight the unique features of park cities by taking the ecological values of cities into consideration". A fairly new notion in urban development, the concept of park cities reflects not just the goal set out by the country's brand-new philosophy on growth for all our urban development efforts, but also the higher expectations the people have over the ecoand inhabiting-environment of cities. Under this overall background, it has become a top priority on the agenda for landscape architects and city planners, both theorists and practitioners, to come up with a comprehensive set of science-based strategies that cater to the needs of both social progress and urban development in the new era.

1 The Strategic Significance of Park Cities

1.1 Park cities are vivid examples that showcase the 5 defining features identified by the Chinese Central Government for its development campaign, namely,the development should be innovative, coordinated,green, open and shared

Contrary to merely set up urban parks, the overriding goal of building park cities is to bring into existence harmonious and livable urban ambience that are conducive to balanced development in economic growth, social progress and environment improvement.Park cities, as implied by the name, should first of all be green, but at the same time should also be inclusive,innovation-friendly, and conveniently available for all to share, hence laying down a solid foundation for both ecological conservation and urban growth efforts.They demonstrate convincingly that the 5 fundamental development concepts raised by the Chinese Central Government can be put into urban building practices for sound results, making urban settings more livable,more sustainable, as well as alleviating problems that are often associated with cities. To put in short, building park cities should be taken as the central task in the country's endeavor to push its ecological progress and green growth further forward.

1.2 Park cities are the crystallization of peoplecentered principle for development

An innate feature of park cities is that they are"public" in nature, open to the whole community on equal basis. In line with the people-centered principle for development, all park city development initiatives should take it as their explicit goal to put in place an open, easily accessible and people-friendly park chain that cater to the urban dwellers' ever-increasing aspirations for better life and better environment. The presence of an appealing park chain in a city will not only contribute to its reputation as a much-crazed place for living, but also greatly boost its overall competitive edge against its rivaling peers.

1.3 Park cities are ideal settings where human beings and nature co-exist in harmony

The creation of eco- and people-friendly living environment, where human beings and nature co-exist peacefully and in mutually-complimentary manner, is regarded as the priority among priorities in park city development efforts. Through taking the fullest advantage of various natural landscapes, including but not limited to such examples as hills, waterbodies, cityscape, forests and etc., park cities typically recognize the crucial role that a sound ecological system plays in sustaining the longterm viability and health of a city. A park-like city makes up an ideal setting where city blends harmoniously,seamlessly into nature and enters dialogues with the latter.

1.4 Park cities symbolize the new fruits borne by the traditional Chinese wisdom concerning garden-making and city building

Traditional Chinese views concerning city building stressed on the needs for "perfect integration between the heaven and the people" and called for balanced attentions to the roles played respectively by man-made,natural and cultural elements in the process. Similarly,a golden rule in traditional Chinese gardening culture highlighted the needs for maintaining "a high conformity among the natural scene, the created scene and the conceived scene". The idea of park cities can be traced back to traditional Chinese approaches for gardenmaking and can be understood as new fruits yielded by this time-honored Chinese wisdom. Tapping into the functions of both natural and cultural elements in creating green urban settings that appeal powerfully to people's nostalgically longing for the nature and home, the ultimate goal is to bring into existence idyllic, exemplary urban environments that showcase the unique Chinese view of poetic living.

2 The Central Goals and Tasks Involved in Building Park Cities

2.1 Balance between the demands of both the environment and people's livelihood

Park cities, as represented by parks that serve the people, are welfare projects that aim to enhance people's sense of happiness as much as to improve urban ambience. They provide not only green spaces that people can share on equal basis, but also pleasant arenas where the people can live decent and dignified lives.

2.2 Seamless blending between the aesthetical and ecological values

Park cities take into consideration both the aesthetical values of urban landscapes and ecological services they provide. A fundamental guideline that must be consistently observed to in the process of building park cities is to respect nature and follow its innate laws,particularly through making full use of the ecological services that come with various landscape-composing elements, i.e., hills, waterbodies, woodlands, grasslands,croplands and etc.

2.3 Harmonious co-existence between nature and cities

Rather than focusing merely on setting up more parks within the limit of city scopes, we should in our park city development initiatives pay more attention to making sure that they blend harmoniously into the natural beauty of surrounding suburban settings. As a new model of urban expansion, park cities should adopt a holistic approach that views the green spaces in downtown,suburban areas as well as those in the surrounding villages as an integrated system.

2.4 Balance between global and local perspectives

（2）午餐或下午茶吃多了的人。比如午餐吃了自助餐，下午又沒有很大的運(yùn)動(dòng)量，到晚餐時(shí)間一點(diǎn)都不餓。對(duì)于這種情況，可以考慮不吃晚餐。還有下午加餐的朋友，點(diǎn)心、水果、酸奶、堅(jiān)果、薯片、餅干……樣樣都不少，吃得飽飽的，也可以考慮省去晚餐。

Both global and local perspectives shall be needed in park city development projects. On the one hand,given the fact that park city is still a relatively new concept to us, it is especially necessary for us to draw on the international expertise and techniques in this field. On the other hand, the indigenous cultural and historic endowments of local places should be tapped into in our drive for green urban growth so as to create a special sense of place for each city.

3 Routes and Tactics for Building Park Cities

3.1 Optimizing urban layout through applying parkplanning principles to urban planning

Principles traditionally reserved for park-planning should be adopted in building park cities. Open green spaces commonly seen in parks, for instance, green grids, green corridors and vertical planting, should be widely used to lay down a green foundation, or green infrastructure, for the long-term development of cities.Measures should be taken to optimize the spatial layout and ecological system of urban areas, hence making it possible for cities to witness coordinated, mutuallycomplimentary progresses in both ecological and other services.

3.2 Conserving urban ecological resources by sticking to park-management standards

Efforts should be made in the process of building park cities to conserve eco-resources existing inside and out of the urban areas, making sure that cities merge smoothly into the natural scenery surrounding them.Greenland resources that are currently available in urban areas should be fully tapped into and connected, through water corridors, green corridors, roadside green belts and etc., to the natural landscape on their outskirts. This will not only facilitate the bio-energy/material circulation and exchanges between cities and nature, but also contribute greatly to improved urban eco-ambience and better lives for urban residents.

3.3 Upgrading people's living environment by following the same engineering standards for building parks

The core task in building park cities is to bring into existence settings favorable for quality living. Instead of focusing merely on the size or visual impacts of a given urban view, we should, in designing urban green space layouts, take into consideration whether they are convenient, safe, comfortable and pleasant to look at.Equity, accessibility and degrees of participation in the use of urban green spaces should be adopted as critical indicators in assessing the performance of a city in its development. It is the people, by whom and for whom,that eco-friendly urban settings are built and shared.

3.4 Encouraging green lifestyle through promoting park-management expertise

A green model of growth and living should be encouraged among all citizens through earnest efforts in building park cities. This is a prerequisite as well as the ultimate goal of implementing the new philosophy on social progresses. Initiatives should be taken to urge the entire society to transfer to a greener, healthier and more civilized low-carbon lifestyle.

Better urban ecological services and better urban biosphere are crucial composing elements in China's drive to secure its goals in ecological progresses and green growth. Park cities, a new model of urban growth that symbolizes our brand-new interpretation of sustainability in the new era, shall turn out to be the litmus test of our commitment to the philosophy of people-centered growth and to the belief that cities must serve the interests of the people. They mark a strategic transition from the previous creating-parks-incities approach to the present building-cities-in-parks approach, which in turn reflects our elevated aspiration for better urban eco- and living-environments. More importantly, they mark a major breakthrough in our understanding about the essence of national eco-friendly cities and garden cities.

As a creative endeavor, landscape designing makes up a critical component in China's on-going campaign to upgrade its ecological and living environment. As an academic discipline, landscape architecture is the trendsetter as well as test ground for new ideas/approaches and cutting-edge technologies that will shape the future of park cities across the country. Under this historic background, all those engaged in this field,theorists or practitioners, are expected to take initiatives and respond swiftly by putting forward a rich stock of innovative, forward-looking, capacity-building-oriented theories, methods and technological solutions, paving the way for China to enter a grand new stage in park city development.

(Editor / Liu Xinya)