Wang Xiangchun

改革開放40年來，中國城市經(jīng)歷了歷史上最大規(guī)模、最快速度的城鎮(zhèn)化進程，城市建設(shè)取得了巨大成就。但伴隨而來的是越來越嚴(yán)重的生態(tài)環(huán)境問題、越來越突出的“城市病”。因此，轉(zhuǎn)變城市發(fā)展方式、轉(zhuǎn)變市民生活方式，走綠色發(fā)展、綠色生活的健康、可持續(xù)發(fā)展之路已成為城市建設(shè)發(fā)展的內(nèi)在需求。

“十八大”以來，黨中央明確提出城市建設(shè)要以人為本、以自然為美，把好山好水好風(fēng)光融入城市，大力開展生態(tài)修復(fù)，營造自然生態(tài)，讓城市再現(xiàn)綠水青山；要加強城市設(shè)計，提倡城市修補，突出城市風(fēng)貌的整體性、歷史文脈的延續(xù)性，彰顯地域特色。2017年3月，住房和城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)部印發(fā)《關(guān)于加強生態(tài)修復(fù)城市修補工作的指導(dǎo)意見》明確：開展生態(tài)修復(fù)、城市修補(簡稱“城市雙修”)是治理“城市病”、改善人居環(huán)境的重要行動，是推動供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革、補足城市短板的客觀需要，是城市轉(zhuǎn)變發(fā)展方式的重要標(biāo)志。

2013年習(xí)總書記指出：“要保護自然山水格局，促進城市與自然融合……讓居民望得見山、看得見水、記得住鄉(xiāng)愁”“城市建筑貪大、媚洋、求怪等亂象由來已久，且有愈演愈烈之勢，是典型的缺乏文化自信的表現(xiàn)，要下決心進行治理，讓我們的城市發(fā)展成為有歷史記憶、地域特色、民族特點的美麗城鎮(zhèn)，不能千城一面、萬樓一貌?！边@就是“城市雙修”的宗旨目標(biāo)。

生態(tài)修復(fù)要始終堅持保護優(yōu)先。嚴(yán)格保護現(xiàn)存的生態(tài)資源，加強源頭控制，以自然恢復(fù)為主，與人工修復(fù)相結(jié)合，避免過分干預(yù)和再度破壞。通過保護與修復(fù)，提高城市生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的自組織、自調(diào)控和自修復(fù)能力，保障城市生態(tài)安全和可持續(xù)發(fā)展，既滿足當(dāng)代人的需要，又不損害后代人滿足其需要的發(fā)展。

生態(tài)修復(fù)要堅持以人民為中心。在保護的基礎(chǔ)上，構(gòu)建聯(lián)通城市內(nèi)外的生態(tài)網(wǎng)絡(luò)體系，推進綠地系統(tǒng)擴容提質(zhì)，布局優(yōu)化和內(nèi)涵升級，構(gòu)建城鄉(xiāng)林蔭網(wǎng)絡(luò)與公園體系，完善提升自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能，豐富生態(tài)產(chǎn)品供給，提升人們的歸屬感、獲得感和幸福感。

生態(tài)修復(fù)要堅持統(tǒng)籌兼顧、系統(tǒng)修復(fù)。要多專業(yè)學(xué)科融合、多行業(yè)領(lǐng)域協(xié)調(diào)、多部門協(xié)同合作；要秉承“山水林田湖草”生命共同體理念，以完善綠地系統(tǒng)和山體、水體、廢棄地等重點修復(fù)工程系統(tǒng)推進，實現(xiàn)標(biāo)本兼治。

生態(tài)修復(fù)要關(guān)注生態(tài)演替的全過程。要對城市生態(tài)空間、生態(tài)要素開展全面摸底評估，識別城市生態(tài)安全格局，確定城市生態(tài)修復(fù)的重點區(qū)域，列出實施城市生態(tài)修復(fù)的項目清單及其優(yōu)先等級；要以生態(tài)修復(fù)專項規(guī)劃為統(tǒng)領(lǐng)，明確城市生態(tài)修復(fù)的目標(biāo)、原則、修復(fù)重點，制定城市生態(tài)修復(fù)實施計劃；要對修復(fù)項目實施過程監(jiān)管和效果監(jiān)測評估，及時修正糾偏。

城市修補就是要加強對城市的空間立體性、平面協(xié)調(diào)性、風(fēng)貌整體性、文脈延續(xù)性等方面的規(guī)劃和管控。其核心在于修補城市功能，提升城市品質(zhì)和宜居性、包容性，激發(fā)城市活力和吸引力。

城市修補首先要關(guān)注和滿足人的物質(zhì)、心理和精神需求，同時因地制宜、有序推進，不可用力過猛?！靶蕖辈皇呛唵蔚牟鹋f建新、拆低建高、大拆大建等以經(jīng)濟利益為中心的“舊貌換新顏”，而是著力解決老城區(qū)環(huán)境品質(zhì)下降、空間秩序混亂、歷史文化遺產(chǎn)損毀等問題；“補”要切忌貪大求洋，拆東墻補西墻，要以民生為本，完善城市給排水、燃?xì)?、供熱、電力等基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，加強公園、綠地廣場、公廁等建設(shè)管理；規(guī)劃建設(shè)商業(yè)網(wǎng)點、醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生、文化教育、康養(yǎng)等公共服務(wù)設(shè)施，推進智慧城市建設(shè)，提高公共服務(wù)效能。

總之，城市雙修的初衷是改善城市環(huán)境、解決城市病癥，讓城市更自然、更生態(tài)、更有特色，滿足人民日益增長的美好生活和優(yōu)美生態(tài)環(huán)境需要，把城市建設(shè)成為“望者忘餐、行者忘倦、旅者忘歸、居者忘老”、宜居宜業(yè)宜游的美麗家園。

In the past 40 years of reform and opening up, China's cities have experienced the largest and fastest urbanization process in history, and the city construction has made great achievements.But it is accompanied by more and more serious ecological problems and more and more prominent "urban diseases".Therefore, transforming the urban development mode,transforming the lifestyle of the citizens, and taking the green development, the healthy and sustainable development of green living have become the inherent needs of urban construction and development.

Since the 18thNational Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee has clearly stated that urban construction must be people-oriented, with nature as the beauty, integrate good mountains and waters into the city, vigorously carry out ecological restoration, create a natural ecology, and let the city reproduce green mountains and green hills; it advocates urban remediation, highlights the integrity of the city's style, the continuity of historical context, and highlights regional characteristics.In March 2017, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development issued the "Guiding Opinions on Strengthening Urban Remediation Work for Ecological Restoration", clearly carrying out ecological restoration and urban repair [referred to as"double urban repair" (City Betterment and Ecological Restoration)]is an important factor in the management of "urban diseases" and improving the living environment.Action is an objective need to promote structural reforms on the supply side and complement the shortcomings of the city.It is an important indicator of the transformation of the city development pattern.

In 2013, General Secretary Xi pointed out: "We should protect the natural landscape and promote the integration of cities and nature...Let the residents see the mountains, see the water,and remember to live in the homesickness." "Greed for large scale, worship for things foreign,seeking odds and other chaos in urban building have a long history, and there is a growing trend.It is a typical lack of cultural self-confidence.We must make up our minds to carry out governance and let our city develop into a beautiful town with historical memory, regional characteristics and national characteristics.Cities and buildings should not look the same." This is the purpose and goal of "double urban repair".

Ecological restoration must always adhere to protection prioritized.We should strictly protect the existing ecological resources, strengthen source control, focus on natural restoration, and combine with artificial restoration to avoid excessive intervention and re-destruction.Through protection and restoration, the self-organization, self-regulation and self-repair ability of urban ecosystems can be improved to ensure urban ecological security and sustainable development,which not only meets the needs of the present, but also does not impair the development of future generations to meet their needs.

Ecological restoration must adhere to the people as the center.On the basis of protection,we should build an ecological network system connecting the inside and outside of city, promote the expansion and upgrading of green space system, optimize layout and connotation, build urban and rural tree shade network and park system, improve the function of natural ecosystem, enrich the supply of ecological products, and enhance people's sense of belonging, feeling of acquisition and happiness.

Ecological restoration should adhere to overall planning and system rehabilitation.It is necessary to integrate multiple professional disciplines, coordinate with multiple industries, and cooperate with multiple departments.It is necessary to adhere to the concept of "mountain, water,forest, lake and grass" life community, and improve the green space system and the key restoration engineering systems such as mountains, water bodies and abandoned land to achieve both resolving the current problems and eliminating the root causes.

Ecological restoration should pay attention to the whole process of ecological succession.It is necessary to carry out a comprehensive evaluation of the urban ecological space and ecological elements, identify the urban ecological security pattern, determine the key areas of urban ecological restoration, make a list of projects for implementing urban ecological restoration and their priority levels, define the objectives, principles, and restoration priorities of urban ecological restoration based on the ecological restoration specialized planning, formulate urban ecological restoration implementation plans, and monitor and evaluate the implementation process of restoration projects and make amendments and corrections in a timely manner.

Urban repair is to strengthen the planning and control of the tridimensional character, plane coordination, overall integrity, and continuity of context of city.The core is to repair urban functions,improve city quality, livability and inclusiveness, and stimulate urban vitality and attractiveness.

Urban repair must first pay attention to and meet the material, psychological and spiritual needs of people, and at the same time, adapt to local conditions, advance orderly, and do not use excessive force."Repair" is not the simple demolition of the old for the new, demolition of the low for the high, large-scale demolition and large-scale construction, and other "old appearance for a new face" with economic interests as the center, but to focus on solving the issues like the decline of the old city's environmental quality, spatial disorder, history and culture heritage destruction of the heritage; "repair" should avoid greed for the large scale and seeking for things foreign, or removing the east wall to fill the western wall; it should take the people's livelihood as the basis, improve the city's water supply and drainage, gas, heat, electricity and other infrastructure, strengthen the construction and management of park, green space square, and public toilet, conduct planning and construction of commercial, medical and health, cultural education, healthcare and other public service facilities, and promote the construction of smart cities and improve the efficiency of public services.

In short, the original intention of double urban repair is to improve the urban environment,solve urban diseases, make the city more natural, more ecological, more distinctive, meet the people's growing needs for good life and beautiful ecological environment, and build the city into a beautiful home suitable for living, work and travel.