李筱蟠,劉有才,李 碩
206例重癥手足口病的臨床分析
*李筱蟠,劉有才,李 碩
(吉安市中心人民醫(yī)院,江西,吉安343000)
探討小兒重癥手足口病的臨床特征和預(yù)后,為客觀評估病情提供依據(jù)。對我醫(yī)院 2015年1月2017年12月共收治206例重癥手足口病患兒的臨床資料進(jìn)行回顧分析。本組 206病例中,1~3歲138例(67%),EV71感染129例(62.6%)。1~2部位有皮疹114例(55.3%),3個部位及3個以上部位92例(44.7%)。持續(xù)高熱大于3天136例(66%),精神萎靡、煩躁、易驚、驚跳、抖動、嘔吐、面色蒼白等癥狀,3個或3個以上癥狀128(62.1%);白細(xì)胞總數(shù)大于15×109/L 85例(41.3%)小于4×109/L21例(10.2%);血糖大于8.3 mmol/L60例(29.1%),CK-MB大于48 mmol/L56例(27.2%),痊愈194例(94.2%),神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)后遺癥10例(4.9%),肺出血死亡2例(0.9%)。重癥手足口病中EV71型多見,以1~3歲兒童好發(fā),皮疹典型或不典型,早期有持續(xù)高熱、精神萎靡、煩躁、易驚、驚跳、抖動、嘔吐、面色蒼白等癥狀,部分白細(xì)胞、血糖、CK-Mb等明顯異常,該病預(yù)后較好,少數(shù)病情危重死亡。
重癥;手足口??;EV71
手足口病是由腸道病毒引起的急性傳染病,多發(fā)生于學(xué)齡前兒童,主要通過消化道、呼吸道和密切接觸等途徑傳播,主要癥狀表現(xiàn)為發(fā)熱、皮疹(手、足、口腔、臀部)等部位的斑丘疹、皰疹。大多預(yù)后良好,少數(shù)病情發(fā)展迅速,嚴(yán)重危及患者生命。手足口病易感,而疫苗目前尚未普及,故每年發(fā)病率仍高,早期識別其重癥特點(diǎn),積極治療阻斷病情發(fā)展尤為關(guān)鍵?,F(xiàn)分析吉安市中心人民醫(yī)院重癥患兒的臨床特點(diǎn),為臨床醫(yī)師評估病情提供參考依據(jù)。
選取吉安市中心人民醫(yī)院兒科2015年1月2017年12月收治206例重癥手足口病患兒,男129例(62.6%),女77例(37.4%),年齡4個月~6歲,平均年齡(2.5 ± 0.5歲)。所有病例均符合《手足口病診療指南 (2010年版 )》中手足口病的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)重型:出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)受累表現(xiàn)。如:精神差、嗜睡、易驚、譫妄;頭痛、嘔吐;肢體抖動,肌陣攣、眼球震顫、共濟(jì)失調(diào)、眼球運(yùn)動障礙;無力或急性弛緩性麻痹;驚厥。體征可見腦膜刺激征,腱反射減弱或消失。(2)危重型:出現(xiàn)下列情況之一者:①頻繁抽搐、昏迷、腦疝。②呼吸困難、紫紺、血性泡沫痰、肺部羅音等。③休克等循環(huán)功能不全表現(xiàn)。參照《腸道病毒71型( EV71)感染重癥病例臨床救治專家共識(2011年版)》[1]實(shí)施治療。
整理總結(jié)206例重癥手足口病患兒的發(fā)病年齡、皮疹特點(diǎn)、臨床表現(xiàn)、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查,治療后轉(zhuǎn)歸情況等,進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析得出結(jié)果。
206例重癥患兒中1歲以下 31例(15%),1~3歲138例(67%),大于3歲37例(18%)。
206例患兒入院時均有典型或不典型皮疹,其中1~2部位有皮疹114例(55.3%),3個部位及3個以上部位92例(44.7%)。常規(guī)退熱效果不佳,持續(xù)高熱大于3天136例(66%),入院時伴隨精神萎靡、煩躁、易驚、驚跳、抖動、嘔吐、面色蒼白等癥狀,1個癥狀24例(11.7%),2個癥狀54(26.2%),3個或3個以上癥狀128(62.1%)。
206例重癥手足口病中EV71-IgM陽性129例(62.6%),CA16-IgM陽性63例(30.6%),其他腸道病毒抗體陽性14例(6.8%);白細(xì)胞總數(shù)大于15×109/L 85例(41.3%),10~15×109/L 60例(29.1%),4~10×109/L 40例(19.4%),小于4×109/L 21例(10.2%);血糖大于8.3 mmol/L 60例(29.1%),CK-Mb大于48 mmol/L 56例(27.2%)。
經(jīng)治療后206例重癥患兒中痊愈194例(94.2%);神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)后遺癥10例(4.9%),表現(xiàn)為肢體活動障礙如步態(tài)不穩(wěn),上肢持物不穩(wěn),精細(xì)動作緩慢等,出院后6個月隨訪,癥狀均消失;肺出血死亡2例(0.9%),均為EV71感染,入院時已有面色蒼白,呼吸心率增快等癥狀。
本報(bào)告中手足口病好發(fā)于1~3歲兒童,男女比例1.6:7,與相關(guān)報(bào)道一致[2],這可能與兒童的免疫力的低下有關(guān)系。小于1歲時由于有母體抗體保護(hù),而戶外接觸人群的幾率少,故患病率低。1~3歲兒童母體抗體減少或消失,同時戶外活動增多,接觸患病人群或病毒攜帶者幾率增大,故發(fā)病人數(shù)較多。兒童年齡越大其免疫系統(tǒng)越完善,所以臨床上年長患兒較少。手足口病患兒大多數(shù)癥狀較為輕,部分患兒發(fā)展迅速,可有神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、心肺功能受累表現(xiàn),少數(shù)患者可有肺水腫、肺出血、心肺功能衰竭甚至死亡。
206例重癥患兒EV71感染多見,而該病毒目前被認(rèn)為是除脊髓灰質(zhì)炎病毒外最重要的嗜神經(jīng)病毒[3]。本報(bào)道中大部分患兒有神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的癥狀,部分患兒神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀在數(shù)個月后才消失。2例重癥患兒死于肺水腫、肺出血,入院時僅足底1~2枚皮疹,病程進(jìn)展迅速。這可能在疾病的早期病毒還沒有進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)的情況下直接累及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),故導(dǎo)致病情危重而無典型皮疹[4]。大量尸檢和組織病理學(xué)研究也證明,EV71引起的肺水腫是神經(jīng)源性的[5],而這種病理生理啟動后,機(jī)體將出現(xiàn)瀑布式病變[6],數(shù)小時內(nèi)可危及患者生命,死亡率極高。
206例重癥患兒部分血糖升高、白細(xì)胞升高等,有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道高血糖、白細(xì)胞升高共同構(gòu)成了神經(jīng)源性肺水腫的高危因素[7],但其機(jī)制尚不清楚。本報(bào)告中,1~2部位有皮疹114例(55.3%),3個部位及3個以上部位92例(44.7%),這也說明不能依據(jù)皮疹的多少判斷病情輕重,而對起病隱匿、皮疹不典型的患兒應(yīng)更加警惕重癥發(fā)生,故在臨床工作中,對于手足口病患兒除了對生命體征的觀察外,早期還應(yīng)重點(diǎn)觀察其伴隨癥狀及實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo),如伴隨持續(xù)高熱、精神萎靡、煩躁、易驚、驚跳、抖動、嘔吐、面色蒼白等癥狀,白細(xì)胞、血糖、CK-MB升高等明顯異常的預(yù)警信息,醫(yī)生需提高警惕,客觀評估病情及預(yù)后,積極對癥治療。而對于就診時已有呼吸節(jié)律改變、循環(huán)衰竭等患兒,應(yīng)盡早予以高級生命支持治療,降低患者的死亡率。
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CLINICAL ANALYSIS OF 206 CASES OF SEVERE HAND FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
*LI Xiao-pan, LIU You-cai, LI Shuo
(Ji’an Central People’s Hospital, Ji’an, Jiangxi 343000, China)
To investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of severe hand foot and mouth disease in children, and provide basis for objective evaluation.The clinical data of 206 children with severe hand foot and mouth disease in our hospital from January 2015 to December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed.Among 206 cases, there were 138 cases (67%) of 1-3 years old, 129 cases (62.6%) with EV71 infection; there were 136 cases ( 66 % ) having persistent high fever for more than 3 days with the symptoms such as listlessness, dysphoria, startle, jitter, vomiting, etc., and 128 cases ( 62.1 % ) had three symptoms or over. There were 85 cases (41.3%) with the total white cell number greater than 15 x 109/L, 21 cases (10.2%) less than 4 x 109/L, 60 cases (29.1%) with the blood glucose greater than 8.3mmol/L, and 56 cases (27.2%) with CK- Mb greater than 48mmol/L.194 cases ( 94.2 % ) recovered, 10 cases ( 4.9 % ) suffered from neurological sequelae and 2 cases ( 0.9 % ) died of pulmonary hemorrhage.EV71 type was the most common in severe hand foot and mouth disease, which was easy infected among 1 to 3 years old children with typical or atypical rashes, there were the symptoms such as persistent high fever, depression, irritability, startle, jitter, vomiting, pale face at early stage, the white blood cells, blood sugar, CK-Mb of some cases were apparently unusual, the disease prognosis was good, and a few died in critical conditions.
severe case; hand foot and mouth disease; EV71
1674-8085(2018)05-0091-03
R725.1
A
10.3969/j.issn.1674-8085.2018.05.020
2018-03-07;
2018-05-06
*李筱蟠(1984-),女,江西吉安人,主治醫(yī)師,碩士,主要從事兒科臨床醫(yī)療(E-mail:272118431@qq.com);
劉有才(1970-),男,江西吉安人,副主任醫(yī)師,主要從事兒科臨床醫(yī)療(E-mail:978686180@qq.com);
李 碩(1992-),男,江西撫州人,住院醫(yī)師,主要從事全科臨床醫(yī)療(E-mail:1164355344@qq.com).