陶倩逸 許尤琪
(1.南京中醫(yī)藥大學,江蘇南京210023; 2.南京中醫(yī)藥大學第二附屬醫(yī)院腫瘤科,江蘇南京210017)
胃癌是消化系統(tǒng)常見惡性腫瘤,在全球范圍內(nèi),其發(fā)病率和死亡率一直居高不下[1]。2015年中國胃癌發(fā)病率為15.8%,死亡率為17.6%,在所有癌癥中位居第二[2]。中醫(yī)藥在胃癌術(shù)后康復治療階段發(fā)揮著不可替代的作用,其不僅在改善術(shù)后生存狀態(tài)、提高生活質(zhì)量方面療效顯著,在抗腫瘤、防復發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移領(lǐng)域也取得了諸多成果,現(xiàn)將中醫(yī)藥防治胃癌術(shù)后復發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移機制的實驗研究進展概述如下。
胃癌形成與細胞增殖失控、凋亡異常息息相關(guān)。許多單味中藥及中藥復方對胃癌細胞具有抗增殖、促凋亡的作用。研究證實麥冬皂苷對SGC-7901細胞有較強的抗增殖作用,且呈劑量依賴[3]。研究者通過對小鼠人胃癌移植瘤的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)三棱提取物通過影響胃癌細胞周期、誘導細胞凋亡抑制腫瘤生長[4]。Gui等[5]經(jīng)實驗證實消痰散結(jié)方可以抑制MKN-45細胞的增殖并誘導細胞凋亡。Zhou等[6]發(fā)現(xiàn)益氣消積方含藥血清可抑制胃癌nkn-28細胞生長,且抑制強度取決于藥物濃度和作用時間。研究表明烏梅丸能夠抑制人胃癌SGC-7910細胞的生長增殖[7]58。Huang等[8]經(jīng)實驗證實蛇床子素可以抑制多種人類惡性腫瘤細胞系,包括胃癌細胞株MKN-45和BGC-823。
細胞黏附分子在腫瘤侵襲與轉(zhuǎn)移中起重要作用,其中跨膜糖蛋白CD44v6與胃癌的復發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移關(guān)系密切,是胃癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的有力預測指標[9]。有研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)苦參堿注射能抑制SGC-7901細胞增殖及遷移、抑制細胞黏附能力,其機制可能與下調(diào)CD44v6蛋白的表達有關(guān)[10]。徐葉峰[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)益氣補腎方可通過下調(diào)CD44的表達抗胃癌細胞增殖。張元清[12]經(jīng)實驗證實健脾養(yǎng)胃方可下調(diào)胃癌細胞中CD44v6mRNA的表達,從而降低細胞黏附力,抑制胃癌細胞侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移。顏延鳳等[13]通過研究證實胃安寧顆粒能抑制胃癌原位癌的生長,減少轉(zhuǎn)移灶,其作用與下調(diào)CD44表達水平有關(guān)。
腫瘤的侵襲能力是腫瘤局部侵襲和遠處轉(zhuǎn)移的基礎(chǔ),而細胞外基質(zhì)的重塑是腫瘤細胞侵襲的基礎(chǔ)[14]。MMPs能降解各種蛋白成分,破壞組織學屏障,重塑細胞外基質(zhì),為腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移創(chuàng)造條件。其中MMP-2、MMP-9的表達與胃癌浸潤程度及淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移關(guān)系密切[15]。葉冰等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn)參術(shù)膠囊能顯著抑制模型動物MMP-2、MMP-9的表達,證實參術(shù)膠囊抗胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移的作用可能與抑制細胞外基質(zhì)降解有關(guān)。潘傳芳等[17]經(jīng)實驗證實胃腸安方可通過下調(diào)MMP-9蛋白表達抑制胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移。李晶等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn)啟膈方可降低MMP-2的表達,從而起到抑制腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的作用。Xu等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)四君子湯加肉豆蔻和木通果實提取物能調(diào)控MMP-2、MMP-9的蛋白表達以發(fā)揮其抗癌作用。
腫瘤血管為腫瘤的遠處轉(zhuǎn)移提供條件,許多中藥可通過抑制腫瘤血管生成發(fā)揮抗癌作用。Shi等[20]經(jīng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)消痰散結(jié)方可抑制VEGF-A、VEGFR-1及VEGFR-2mRNA的表達從而抑制胃癌血管生成。研究者通過實驗證實健脾解毒方含藥血清可下調(diào)VEGF表達以抗血管生成,這可能是健脾解毒方的抗癌作用機制之一[21]。Zhang等[22]檢測去甲斑鶩素對靜脈內(nèi)皮細胞血管結(jié)構(gòu)形成的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)去甲斑鶩素可通過抑制腫瘤血管生成發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用。
原癌基因如Bcl-2、HER-2、c-myc的激活及抑癌基因如P53、BAX的失活是腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展及復發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移的根本原因。研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)復方斑蝥膠囊含藥血清可致c-myc基因表達下調(diào)、p53基因表達上調(diào),從而降低c-myc mRNA的表達水平并增加p53 mRNA的表達水平[23]。Dong等[24]發(fā)現(xiàn)白鶴沖劑具有抑制胃癌生長和轉(zhuǎn)移的作用,其機制與下調(diào)p53蛋白表達有關(guān)。李勇等[7]59經(jīng)研究證明烏梅丸可抑制人胃癌SGC-7901細胞增殖,其機制可能與下調(diào)凋亡抑制基因Survivin表達有關(guān)。
機體的免疫狀態(tài)很大程度影響著腫瘤的復發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移。胃癌患者往往T淋巴細胞免疫低下,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)參芪扶正注射液可通過影響胃癌患者外周血T淋巴細胞,提高患者的細胞免疫功能,從而預防胃癌復發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移[25]。Guo等[26]經(jīng)實驗證實紫草素在一定濃度范圍內(nèi)能夠促進人共刺激細胞增殖并且增強其對NCI-N87、BCC-823、HGC-27細胞的殺傷活性。唐學敏等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn)靈芝合劑能提高小鼠脾臟、胸腺指數(shù),促進IL-6和TNF-α的分泌,從而發(fā)揮抗腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移免疫機制作用。Chen等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn)蟾酥提取物可增加移植瘤和鄰近組織中CD3、CD4、CD8淋巴細胞數(shù),增加免疫細胞的增殖,增強免疫細胞在腫瘤遷移中的作用。
信號通路傳導在腫瘤領(lǐng)域方興未艾,中醫(yī)藥實驗研究在這方面取得了一定進展。研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)苦參素可誘導胃癌細胞株SGC7901的凋亡,其機制與抑制STAT3信號通路有關(guān)[29]。Jing等[30]經(jīng)研究證實虎杖提取物白藜蘆醇能降低細胞周期蛋白D1,抑制人胃癌MGC803細胞周期進展,且這一作用通過調(diào)節(jié)PTEN/PI3K/Akt信號通路實現(xiàn)。魏征等[31]發(fā)現(xiàn)化瘀解毒方可抑制體外人胃癌SGC-7901細胞增殖、黏附,其機制與抑制PI3K/Akt通路有關(guān)。黃芪可用于胃癌的輔助治療,Tian等[32]發(fā)現(xiàn)黃芪抗癌的機制與調(diào)節(jié)NF-KB信號轉(zhuǎn)導通路有關(guān)。
腫瘤微環(huán)境包括缺氧、酸性、炎癥因子聚集、血管生成因子優(yōu)勢等,其在腫瘤生長和預后中起著不可或缺的作用[33]。中藥通過改善缺氧、血管生成異常的微環(huán)境對抗腫瘤復發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移[34]。研究表明,中藥提取物薯蕷皂苷對缺氧微環(huán)境中的胃癌細胞BGC-823的生存和侵襲能力有明顯抑制作用[35]。崔澂等[36]經(jīng)實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)豬苓多糖能夠作用于Colon26腫瘤細胞,并且調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤炎性微環(huán)境。許多活血化瘀中藥(如三棱、莪術(shù)、紅花等)通過促進腫瘤微環(huán)境中血管正?;_到抗腫瘤目的,其機制可能與抑制血小板聚集,提高纖溶系統(tǒng)活性,抑制癌栓著床等有關(guān)[37]。
PD-1表達于活化的T細胞和B細胞、自然殺傷細胞以及髓細胞,是體內(nèi)的免疫檢查點[38]。PD-L1在胃惡性腫瘤患者體內(nèi)會出現(xiàn)過表達[39],研究顯示其在晚期胃腺癌中表達陽性率為40%[40]。Wang等[41]經(jīng)實驗證實黃芪提取物黃芪多糖可明顯抑制腫瘤細胞的生長,降低PD-L1mRNA和蛋白在腫瘤中的表達,其機制可能與調(diào)節(jié)PD-1/PD-L1通路有關(guān)。
隨著中醫(yī)藥實驗研究水平的不斷提升及實驗經(jīng)驗的不斷累積,越來越多的中藥被證實有不同程度的抗腫瘤復發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移作用。為了進一步推動中醫(yī)藥抗癌研究進展,今后可在以下方面進行改進:(1)在對單味中藥進行研究的同時,應加大中藥復方研究比重,利用好現(xiàn)代實驗技術(shù),建立更客觀更有效的實驗研究體系;(2)許多實驗表明某味中藥具有抗癌防復發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移作用,但對藥物的優(yōu)勢效應研究甚少,應完善中藥對不同腫瘤細胞的對比作用研究,以發(fā)現(xiàn)中藥的某些特殊療效,更好地將其應用于臨床;(3)加強中藥結(jié)合靶向異位點的研究,提高中藥抗癌治療的特異性。筆者相信,伴隨科技水平的提高和實驗的不斷深入,中醫(yī)藥將在抗癌癥復發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮更大的作用。
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