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間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞對巨噬細(xì)胞免疫調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)的研究進(jìn)展

2018-02-13 03:44郝好杰母義明
關(guān)鍵詞:充質(zhì)極化表型

薛 婧,程 愈,郝好杰,母義明

解放軍總醫(yī)院 內(nèi)分泌科,北京 100853

間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(mesenchymal stem cell,MSC)是低免疫原性的成體干細(xì)胞,在特定的條件下可分化為脂肪細(xì)胞、成骨細(xì)胞以及軟骨細(xì)胞等多種組織細(xì)胞。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)除了多向分化潛能,MSC還具有強(qiáng)大免疫調(diào)控能力,包括誘導(dǎo)Treg細(xì)胞的分化,抑制CD4+T細(xì)胞和CD8+T細(xì)胞的增殖,調(diào)節(jié)B細(xì)胞的增殖、分化和抗體分泌能力等[1]。近年來MSC對固有免疫細(xì)胞的調(diào)節(jié)作用受到了越來越多的關(guān)注。巨噬細(xì)胞是固有免疫的重要組成部分,在抗擊病原微生物、損傷修復(fù)等方面具有重要作用,并能隨著微環(huán)境變化而調(diào)整分泌譜和功能狀態(tài)[2]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)MSC對巨噬細(xì)胞表型具有調(diào)節(jié)作用,促進(jìn)其從促炎表型向抗炎表型極化,從而發(fā)揮抑制炎癥反應(yīng),維持微環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)的效應(yīng),這一效應(yīng)在糖尿病、心肌梗死、難愈性創(chuàng)傷等多種疾病的治療中發(fā)揮著重要作用[3-6]。本文將MSC對巨噬細(xì)胞表型和功能調(diào)節(jié)的相關(guān)研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行了分析和總結(jié),以期對MSC的免疫調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)有更深層次的理解。

1 巨噬細(xì)胞分型

巨噬細(xì)胞根據(jù)其表面標(biāo)記物、細(xì)胞因子分泌譜、功能等可基本分為兩種類型:經(jīng)典活化的M1型巨噬細(xì)胞和選擇性活化的M2型巨噬細(xì)胞。M1型巨噬細(xì)胞主要分泌促炎因子,如腫瘤壞死因子α(tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素1β(interleukin 1β,IL-1β)、IL-12、IL-23等,在炎癥的起始和發(fā)展中有著重要作用。常見M1型巨噬細(xì)胞分子標(biāo)志有CD11c、HLA-DR、CD197等;M2型巨噬細(xì)胞主要分泌高濃度的抑炎因子和營養(yǎng)因子,如IL-10、轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β、血管內(nèi)皮生長因子等,能緩解炎癥反應(yīng),促進(jìn)組織修復(fù),常見M2型巨噬細(xì)胞分子標(biāo)志有CD206、CD163、CD301等[2]。機(jī)體內(nèi)多種因素能調(diào)節(jié)巨噬細(xì)胞的表型,并且巨噬細(xì)胞表型變化與機(jī)體生理及病理過程密切相關(guān)。如人體正常脂肪組織中,固有巨噬細(xì)胞大多為CD11b、CD301和CD206陽性的M2型巨噬細(xì)胞,它們通過分泌IL-10等抗炎型細(xì)胞因子促進(jìn)脂肪細(xì)胞的胰島素敏感性。隨著肥胖進(jìn)程,脂肪細(xì)胞釋放的高飽和脂肪酸、白三烯B4,干擾素-γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)等炎性介質(zhì)促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞的招募和向M1方向極化,增多的M1型巨噬細(xì)胞分泌TNF-α、IL-1β等促炎因子,進(jìn)一步加重了脂肪組織的胰島素抵抗[7]。

2 MSC對巨噬細(xì)胞的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制

2.1 MSC通過分泌效應(yīng)促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞極化 研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MSC能分泌多種細(xì)胞因子和營養(yǎng)性因子,如前列腺素E2(prostaglandin E2,PGE2)、IL10、TSG-6、NO、(TGF-β)-1、IL6、犬尿氨酸、乳酸鹽等,這些因子在緩解炎癥和修復(fù)受損組織過程中發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用。MSC對巨噬細(xì)胞的調(diào)節(jié)作用與MSC的分泌效應(yīng)密切相關(guān),研究發(fā)現(xiàn)MSC分泌的多種因子具有調(diào)節(jié)巨噬細(xì)胞表型和功能的作用。

PGE2是一種重要的細(xì)胞生長因子,具有抗炎和免疫抑制作用。Nemeth等[8]最早報道小鼠骨髓來源MSC能通過分泌PGE2促使巨噬細(xì)胞向M2表型分化,巨噬細(xì)胞分泌IL10增加,從而緩解小鼠敗血癥。Ylostalo等[9]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)人源性MSC同樣能通過PGE2促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞向M2表型極化。Chiossone等[3]發(fā)現(xiàn),人骨髓來源MSC通過分泌PGE2促進(jìn)單核細(xì)胞在巨噬細(xì)胞集落刺激因子作用下極化為一種特殊類型的抑炎型巨噬細(xì)胞。這些巨噬細(xì)胞能夠抑制NK細(xì)胞的激活和CD8+T細(xì)胞復(fù)制、促進(jìn)調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞的增殖,從而同時減輕固有免疫和獲得性免疫反應(yīng)。以上研究表明PGE2是MSC促進(jìn)巨噬極化的重要細(xì)胞因子之一。

腫瘤壞死因子誘導(dǎo)蛋白6(tumor necrosis factor-αstimulated protein-6,TSG-6)是一種30 kU的糖蛋白,與炎癥調(diào)節(jié)和細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的穩(wěn)定性相關(guān)。Ko等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn),輸注人源MSC后,通過分泌TSG-6使小鼠肺部B220及CD11b呈陽性并伴有IL-10、F4/80、Ly6C高表達(dá)的單核/巨噬細(xì)胞增多,提示單核/巨噬細(xì)胞向M2極化。Liu等[11]在小鼠骨髓來源MSC治療小鼠結(jié)腸炎的研究中,同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)MSC通過分泌TSG-6抑制巨噬細(xì)胞炎性因子分泌,從而有效緩解結(jié)腸炎。

白細(xì)胞介素1受體拮抗劑(interleukin-1-receptor antagonist,IL-1RA)屬于IL-1家族,可與IL-1競爭結(jié)合位點,從而拮抗IL-1的促炎作用。在非特異性有絲分裂原導(dǎo)致的肝損傷模型中,Lee等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn)MSC輸注后肺部M2型巨噬細(xì)胞增多,敲除MSC的IL-1RA基因后,肺部巨噬細(xì)胞IL-10、Arg1的表達(dá)下降,MSC緩解肝損傷作用減弱。Luz-Crawford等[13]在小鼠關(guān)節(jié)炎模型中用IL1RA基因敲除MSC進(jìn)一步驗證了IL1RA在MSC促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞極化中的作用。

除了以上細(xì)胞因子,近年來也有報道MSC可通過分泌IL-6、吲哚胺2,3-二加氧酶(indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase,IDO)、乳酸鹽等因子以及外泌體促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞向抑炎表型極化[5,14-16]。如Tang等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)MSC分泌的小囊泡中Ang-1 mRNA能調(diào)節(jié)巨噬細(xì)胞表型向M2極化。Fran?ois等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)過IFN-γ和TNF-α預(yù)處理的人源MSC分泌IDO增加,促使人單核細(xì)胞向CD14(+)/CD206(+)的M2型巨噬細(xì)的分化。該型巨噬細(xì)胞能通過IL-10抑制T細(xì)胞分化。以上研究提示,MSC在不同疾病模型中,分泌的主要效應(yīng)因子有所差異,但是這些細(xì)胞因子大多能調(diào)節(jié)巨噬細(xì)胞表型,從而達(dá)到放大MSC免疫抑制效應(yīng)的效果。

2.2 其他調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制 MSC的分泌效應(yīng)被認(rèn)為是MSC調(diào)節(jié)巨噬細(xì)胞表型和功能的主要方式,但近期有研究團(tuán)隊另辟蹊徑,發(fā)現(xiàn)MSC和巨噬細(xì)胞的直接接觸同樣參與了巨噬細(xì)胞的表型轉(zhuǎn)變。Braza等發(fā)現(xiàn)肺部巨噬細(xì)胞吞噬了外源輸注的MSC后會轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)镸2表型,有效緩解了小鼠哮喘[18]。同樣,有研究報道熱失活的人源MSC仍有免疫調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)。Luk等[19]通過熱失活使MSC在保留細(xì)胞完整性和免疫表型的同時,失去分泌效應(yīng)和對炎癥信號主動回應(yīng)的能力。熱失活MSC失去對T細(xì)胞和B細(xì)胞的調(diào)節(jié)能力,但仍能抑制單核/巨噬細(xì)胞TNF-α的合成。Gon?alves等[20]將MSC破裂后細(xì)胞膜形成的顆粒(membrane particles,MP)輸入體內(nèi),發(fā)現(xiàn)MP能被單核細(xì)胞識別并捕獲,誘導(dǎo)促炎單核細(xì)胞凋亡,并增加抗炎單核細(xì)胞比例。這些研究提示我們,除了MSC主動分泌細(xì)胞因子,單核/巨噬細(xì)胞對MSC的主動識別、吞噬也參與了巨噬細(xì)胞表型的改變。

此外最近研究報道,MSC還能夠通過向巨噬細(xì)胞傳遞線粒體調(diào)節(jié)巨噬細(xì)胞功能[21-24]。Phinney等[22]發(fā)現(xiàn),MSC可分泌外泌體調(diào)低巨噬細(xì)胞Toll樣受體的表達(dá),使巨噬細(xì)胞更易吞噬MSC釋放的線粒體。進(jìn)一步的,Jackson等[23]報道了MSC線粒體可以通過細(xì)胞間隧道納米管直接傳遞給巨噬細(xì)胞。通過吞噬MSC來源線粒體,巨噬細(xì)胞的能量代謝和噬菌作用均有所增強(qiáng),從而增加了清除病原微生物的能力。

MSC能通過多種機(jī)制調(diào)節(jié)巨噬細(xì)胞表型和功能,但是值得注意的是,MSC對巨噬細(xì)胞功能的調(diào)節(jié)不是單向的,巨噬細(xì)胞同樣能夠影響MSC的分泌功能。如巨噬細(xì)胞能分泌IL-1β刺激MSC的IL-1RA和PGE2合成,MSC分泌的IL-1RA和PGE2進(jìn)一步改變了巨噬細(xì)胞表型[8,25]。

3 MSC對巨噬細(xì)胞的調(diào)節(jié)與疾病治療的關(guān)系

巨噬細(xì)胞分布廣泛,是機(jī)體內(nèi)重要的抗原提呈細(xì)胞和吞噬細(xì)胞,在應(yīng)對外源性病原微生物和維持機(jī)體穩(wěn)態(tài)上發(fā)揮著重要作用,參與了許多免疫和炎癥性疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展和修復(fù)過程。在體內(nèi)和體外研究中均發(fā)現(xiàn)MSC可促進(jìn)單核細(xì)胞/M1型巨噬細(xì)胞向M2型巨噬細(xì)胞極化[3,8,14,26-27]。Kim和Hematti[26]最早報道人骨髓來源的MSC能促進(jìn)M2型巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)人源性巨噬細(xì)胞與人骨髓來源的MSC共培養(yǎng)后,巨噬細(xì)胞CD206表達(dá)上調(diào),抗炎因子如IL-10分泌增加,并伴隨著吞噬功能增強(qiáng)。張澤宇等[28]也發(fā)現(xiàn)脂肪間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞能促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞極化,并增強(qiáng)巨噬細(xì)胞清除凋亡中性粒細(xì)胞的能力。體內(nèi)研究方面,多種疾病的動物模型中均發(fā)現(xiàn)MSC輸注后受損組織內(nèi)的巨噬細(xì)胞表型和功能發(fā)生改變,從而緩解疾病進(jìn)展,促進(jìn)組織修復(fù)。Wang等[29]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)急性心肌梗死模型小鼠輸注小鼠骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞后,受損心肌組織M2型巨噬細(xì)胞增多,促進(jìn)了心肌組織血管再生和形態(tài)、功能的修復(fù)。用氯膦酸鹽去除巨噬細(xì)胞后,MSC治療作用被削弱。在輸注MSC治療急性腎損傷、STZ誘導(dǎo)的急性胰島損傷、難愈型創(chuàng)傷、敗血癥、脊髓挫傷等以急性炎癥為特征的疾病過程中也有類似現(xiàn)象報道[16,30-32]。對于慢性炎癥性疾病,如類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎、2型糖尿病等,MSC也能夠通過調(diào)節(jié)組織巨噬細(xì)胞表型向M2型分化,延緩了疾病進(jìn)展[5,32]。此外,MSC對巨噬細(xì)胞的調(diào)節(jié)也參與了自身免疫性疾病的治療[33]。You等[33]發(fā)現(xiàn)MSC輸注后誘導(dǎo)肝Kupffer細(xì)胞向抑炎表型極化,從而減輕大鼠肝移植后的急性免疫排異反應(yīng)。Ko等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)MSC輸注后,通過調(diào)節(jié)肺部單核/巨噬細(xì)胞向免疫抑制表型分化,減輕了小鼠角膜異體移植術(shù)后的排異反應(yīng)和自身免疫性葡萄膜炎。MSC對巨噬細(xì)胞的調(diào)節(jié)作用同樣參與了MSC在生物工程學(xué)中的應(yīng)用。Ding等[34]報道以骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞為基礎(chǔ)的工程軟骨可以通過增加巨噬細(xì)胞向M2極化抑制炎癥,從而使工程軟骨更好地在體內(nèi)發(fā)揮作用。需要注意的是,間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞調(diào)節(jié)巨噬細(xì)胞向M2表型極化也參與了腫瘤的發(fā)展[35-36],這提示我們揭示間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞對巨噬細(xì)胞的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制,將有助于腫瘤性疾病的治療。

4 結(jié)語

近年來研究揭示了MSC和巨噬細(xì)胞之間存在著復(fù)雜的調(diào)控關(guān)系。MSC能通過分泌PGE2、TSG-6、ILRA、IL6、IDO等多種因子,傳遞線粒體等調(diào)節(jié)巨噬細(xì)胞的表型和功能,此外巨噬細(xì)胞對MSC的主動識別、吞噬也參與了巨噬細(xì)胞表型的改變。MSC通過調(diào)節(jié)巨噬細(xì)胞顯著放大自身的抗炎效應(yīng)和免疫抑制效應(yīng),這是MSC治療2型糖尿病、急性腎損傷、類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎、移植后排斥反應(yīng)等多種炎癥性疾病和自身免疫性疾病的重要機(jī)制之一。目前MSC調(diào)節(jié)巨噬細(xì)胞的具體分子機(jī)制仍有許多不明確之處,進(jìn)一步研究MSC對巨噬細(xì)胞表型和功能的影響將能更好地闡明MSC對各種自身免疫性及炎癥性疾病的治療機(jī)制,幫助我們優(yōu)化干細(xì)胞臨床運用方式,對于MSC治療的發(fā)展具有重要意義。

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6 謝敏, 郝好杰, 劉杰杰, 等. 間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞治療代謝綜合征的機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展[J]. 解放軍醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報, 2017(7): 700-702.

7 McNelis JC, Olefsky JM. Macrophages, immunity, and metabolic disease[J]. Immunity, 2014, 41(1): 36-48.

8 Nemeth K, Leelahavanichkul A, Yuen PS, et al. Bone marrow stromal cells attenuate sepsis via prostaglandin E(2)-dependent reprogramming of host macrophages to increase their interleukin-10 production[J]. Nat Med, 2009, 15(1): 42-49.

9 Ylostalo JH, Bartosh TJ, Coble K, et al. Human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells cultured as spheroids are self-activated to produce prostaglandin E2 that directs stimulated macrophages into an antiinflammatory phenotype[J]. Stem Cells, 2012, 30(10): 2283-2296.

10 Ko JH, Lee HJ, Jeong HJ, et al. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells precondition lung monocytes/macrophages to produce tolerance against allo- and autoimmunity in the eye[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2016, 113(1): 158-163.

11 Liu Y, Zhang R, Yan K, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses of BV2 microglial cells through TSG-6[J]. J Neuroinflammation, 2014, 11 : 135.

12 Lee KC, Lin HC, Huang YH, et al. Allo-transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells attenuates hepatic injury through IL1Ra dependent macrophage switch in a mouse model of liver disease[J].J Hepatol, 2015, 63(6): 1405-1412.

13 Luz-Crawford P, Djouad F, Toupet K, et al. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Promotes Macrophage Polarization and Inhibits B Cell Differentiation[J]. Stem Cells,2016, 34(2): 483-492.

14 Fran?ois M, Romieu-Mourez R, Li M, et al. Human MSC suppression correlates with cytokine induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and bystander M2 macrophage differentiation[J].Mol Ther, 2012, 20(1): 187-195.

15 Selleri S, Bifsha P, Civini S, et al. Human mesenchymal stromal cell-secreted lactate induces M2-macrophage differentiation by metabolic reprogramming[J]. Oncotarget, 2016, 7(21):30193.

16 Lankford KL, Arroyo EJ, Nazimek K, et al. Intravenously delivered mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes target M2-type macrophages in the injured spinal cord[J]. PLoS ONE, 2018, 13(1):e0190358.

17 Tang XD, Shi L, Monsel A, et al. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Microvesicles Attenuate Acute Lung Injury in Mice Partly Mediated by Ang-1 mRNA[J]. Stem Cells, 2017, 35(7): 1849-1859.

18 Lu W, Fu C, Song L, et al. Exposure to supernatants of macrophages that phagocytized dead mesenchymal stem cells improves hypoxic cardiomyocytes survival[J]. Int J Cardiol, 2013, 165(2): 333-340.

19 Luk F, de Witte SF, Korevaar SS, et al. Inactivated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Maintain Immunomodulatory Capacity[J]. Stem Cells Dev, 2016, 25(18): 1342-1354.

20 Gon?alves FDC, Luk F, Korevaar SS, et al. Membrane particles generated from mesenchymal stromal cells modulate immune responses by selective targeting of pro-inflammatory monocytes[J].Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1): 12100.

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24 Jackson MV, Krasnodembskaya AD. Analysis of Mitochondrial Transfer in Direct Co-cultures of Human Monocyte-derived Macrophages (MDM) and Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC)[J]. Bio Protoc, 2017, 7(9): e2255.

25 Bustos ML, Huleihel L, Meyer EM, et al. Activation of human mesenchymal stem cells impacts their therapeutic abilities in lung injury by increasing interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-1RN levels[J].Stem Cells Transl Med, 2013, 2(11): 884-895.

26 Kim J, Hematti P. Mesenchymal stem cell-educated macrophages: a novel type of alternatively activated macrophages[J]. Exp Hematol,2009, 37(12): 1445-1453.

27 Zhang QZ, Su WR, Shi SH, et al. Human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells elicit polarization of m2 macrophages and enhance cutaneous wound healing[J]. Stem Cells, 2010, 28(10):1856-1868.

28 張澤宇, 易軍, 陳光輝. 脂肪間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞對巨噬細(xì)胞清除凋亡中性粒細(xì)胞的影響[J]. 解放軍醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報, 2016(3): 256-260.

29 Wang M, Zhang G, Wang Y, et al. Crosstalk of mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages promotes cardiac muscle repair[J]. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 2015, 58 : 53-61.

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