国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

老年活體供腎風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及移植腎療效綜述

2018-02-14 18:53王昕凝
關(guān)鍵詞:供者受者活體

王昕凝,董 雋

解放軍總醫(yī)院 泌尿外科,北京 100853

腎移植作為終末期腎病的治療方法可有效提高患者的生活質(zhì)量和生存率[1]。但腎源短缺限制了腎移植的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用?;铙w供腎腎移植的開展有助于緩解腎源短缺,其應(yīng)用比例逐年上升[2]?;铙w供腎組織相容性高、缺血時(shí)間短,避免了供者腦死亡帶來的腎損傷,有排斥率低、器官存活時(shí)間長等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[3-5];而且受者透析時(shí)間短,術(shù)前有充分的治療時(shí)間,糾正血電解質(zhì)紊亂,改善貧血等全身狀況[6];因此活體供腎效果優(yōu)于尸體供腎[7]。我國活體供者為受者親屬,以父母為主[8-9]。但父母作為供者,年齡對(duì)供受者預(yù)后均是重要的影響因素。老年活體供腎切取術(shù)圍手術(shù)期及遠(yuǎn)期并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高[10];而受者出現(xiàn)移植腎功能延遲恢復(fù)(delayed graft function,DGF)、急性排斥反應(yīng)(acute rejection,AR)等并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也較高[11-12]。因此老年活體供腎的療效仍有爭議。本文就老年活體供腎腎移植的療效進(jìn)行綜述。

1 老年供者的選擇

腎功能隨年齡增長而逐漸下降,30歲以上的健康個(gè)體每年GFR下降大概1 ml/min[13],這同老年人腎小球硬化、功能腎單位減少及腎間質(zhì)纖維化等微觀結(jié)構(gòu)改變有關(guān)[14];腎動(dòng)脈硬化及心臟輸出量的降低減少了腎血流量,也促進(jìn)腎衰老[15-16]。除GFR下降外,腎小管重吸收及轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)功能均同年齡呈負(fù)相關(guān)[17]。老年人易并發(fā)糖尿病、高血壓、血脂異常等多種以腎為靶器官的全身疾病,加速腎功能衰退[18]。另外,腎的免疫原性隨年齡而增強(qiáng),可吸引更多的炎細(xì)胞聚集[19-21],老年器官移植早期免疫反應(yīng)更強(qiáng)烈[22],導(dǎo)致了老年腎抗損傷能力差,修復(fù)損傷能力弱,腎儲(chǔ)備能力減少[23]。

目前國內(nèi)外指南未規(guī)定活體供者的年齡上限[24-26],單純的高齡并非腎捐獻(xiàn)的絕對(duì)禁忌[25,27]。但應(yīng)對(duì)>65歲的供者充分告知相關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),完善包括腎功能、糖尿病、心血管系統(tǒng)等的術(shù)前評(píng)估[24]。盡管年齡并非影響移植腎預(yù)后的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,但與年齡相關(guān)的長期高血壓及GFR降低卻對(duì)移植腎預(yù)后有顯著影響[28]。因此對(duì)老年供者的篩選應(yīng)更關(guān)注其腎功能及合并癥情況而非供者年齡[29]。

目前多以GFR的測定評(píng)估腎功能。我國腎移植指南推薦活體供者GFR>80 ml/(min·1.73 m2)[24]。雖然供者GFR對(duì)移植腎功能有重要影響[30-32],但只要符合供腎要求,較低的術(shù)前GFR并不會(huì)對(duì)受者中遠(yuǎn)期腎功能有不利影響[33]。評(píng)估供者腎功能需考慮到年齡對(duì)GFR的影響,老年供者的低代謝水平會(huì)影響我們對(duì)老年腎代償能力的計(jì)算[34]。英國移植協(xié)會(huì)依據(jù)供者年齡分別制定了GFR的要求標(biāo)準(zhǔn),例如對(duì)于80歲的供者,GFR僅需>50 ml/(min·1.73 m2)即可[25]。因此,術(shù)前腎功能評(píng)估應(yīng)以GFR為主,綜合血肌酐、肌酐清除率、靜脈尿路造影等檢查綜合判斷,單一指標(biāo)異常不應(yīng)輕易否認(rèn)供者資格[35-36]。腎功能正常的老年供者對(duì)腎移植預(yù)后并無顯著影響[37]。目前對(duì)60歲以上的供者尚無合適可推薦的GFR截?cái)嘀礫38]。

高血壓會(huì)導(dǎo)致腎慢性損傷。我國一項(xiàng)流行病調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),高血壓發(fā)病率為29.6%,而>60歲的個(gè)體高血壓發(fā)病率為58.2%,其中僅有52.1%的患者知道自己患有高血壓,11.7%的患者得到了有效的控制[39]。因此,老年供者術(shù)前篩查高血壓十分必要。但得到控制的輕中度高血壓只是腎捐獻(xiàn)的相對(duì)禁忌[24]。

2 老年供者供腎切取術(shù)后并發(fā)癥

老年供腎切取術(shù)由Hsu等[40]于2002年首次報(bào)道并取得了較好的療效。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道供腎切除術(shù)后供者90天死亡率約為0.031%,老年供者略高(0.066%),但并無顯著差異[41]。羅用文等[42]報(bào)道了44例后腹腔鏡老年活體供腎切取術(shù),術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率及術(shù)后6個(gè)月血肌酐與同期中青年供者組相比差異不顯著,與其他學(xué)者報(bào)道相近[43-46]。符合供腎條件的供者圍手術(shù)期死亡率并不會(huì)因?yàn)槟挲g而改變。

供腎切取術(shù)后,余腎血流量及GFR迅速升高,可恢復(fù)至術(shù)前總GFR的70%[16],同時(shí)由于腎單位過度肥大使腎體積增大30%[47]。供者腎功能代償率與年齡有顯著關(guān)系[48]。有研究顯示<50歲和>50歲的供者術(shù)后1個(gè)月腎功能代償率分別為12.14%和26.82%,但血肌酐水平相近[49]。郭豐富等[50]對(duì)比了45例>50歲供者的活體供腎移植與同期<50歲供者的術(shù)后1年腎功能無顯著差異。Dols等[51]統(tǒng)計(jì)了569名活體供者術(shù)后腎功能,盡管老年供者術(shù)后eGFR低于年輕供者,但兩組eGFR下降比例均接近35%。然后老年供者術(shù)后易出現(xiàn)蛋白尿[36]。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道了573名平均年齡為61.5歲的活體供者14年后出現(xiàn)微量蛋白尿的比率約為21%[52]。GFR的下降及蛋白尿的出現(xiàn)使老年供者終末期腎病的發(fā)病率依然稍高于健康人群[53-54]。盡管如此,年輕供者預(yù)期壽命長,若術(shù)后并發(fā)糖尿病等相關(guān)疾病,有足夠的時(shí)間最終進(jìn)展為終末期腎病,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高于老年供者[55]。但老年供者預(yù)期壽命較短,即使術(shù)前因?yàn)樘悄土慨惓5仍蚰I受損,也常因?yàn)槠渌蛩劳龆催M(jìn)展到終末期腎病[38]。

腎功能下降會(huì)增加心血管疾病的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而老年供者術(shù)前合并糖耐量異常及高血壓可能性大,因此術(shù)后出現(xiàn)心血管并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也高于年輕供者[36,56]。供腎切取后,供者平均動(dòng)脈壓升高約5 mmHg/年[57]。但由于術(shù)前的嚴(yán)格篩查,腎移植供者身體往往較平均人群健康,預(yù)期壽命也接近甚至高于平均人群[3,41,58]。因此對(duì)符合供腎標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的供者,腎捐獻(xiàn)并不會(huì)增加心血管疾病的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),甚至有數(shù)據(jù)顯示,腎移植供者的心血管疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)低于平均人群(2.8% vs 4.1%)[41,59]。而一項(xiàng)對(duì)55歲以上活體供者的健康調(diào)查也沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)捐腎與心血管疾病發(fā)生率有關(guān)[60]。Toyoda等[61]對(duì)活體供者進(jìn)行了7年的隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn)老年供者及年輕供者間的心血管發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無顯著區(qū)別。

3 老年供腎移植腎療效

老年供腎移植腎預(yù)后良好,并不較年輕供者差[9,12,42,62-67]。郭豐富等[50]報(bào)道的老年供腎術(shù)后1、3年移植腎存活率分別為97.8%和77.8%,血肌酐為148.40μmol/L,與年輕供者對(duì)比均無顯著差異。李金鋒等[68]對(duì)比了66例邊緣供者與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)供者移植術(shù)后短期與長期療效,兩組受者術(shù)后1年血肌酐、DGF、AR、并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率及人/腎存活率均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,供者年齡并非腎移植預(yù)后的獨(dú)立影響因素。Gill等[69]研究表明,接受>55歲供腎后3、5年存活率分別為85%和76%,而接受<55歲供者分別為89%和82%,兩組差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。一篇對(duì)31篇文獻(xiàn)的系統(tǒng)回顧顯示,老年供腎移植腎5年生存率低于年輕供者(70% vs 87%,P=0.21),但差異并不顯著[70]。印度一項(xiàng)活體腎移植分析顯示,盡管老年供腎移植腎功能較年輕供腎差,但急性排異反應(yīng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異[71]。賈保祥等[8]報(bào)道父母為供者時(shí),父母供腎移植腎功能劣于子女供腎,但供者年齡并不影響術(shù)后移植腎功能及移植腎DGF或AR發(fā)生率。方佳麗等[72]發(fā)現(xiàn)老齡供腎在青年受者體內(nèi)6個(gè)月后病理學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)改善,間質(zhì)纖維化速度緩解,為老年供腎應(yīng)用的安全性提供了病理學(xué)的支持。

但相關(guān)報(bào)道不全支持類似結(jié)論。有研究顯示,使用>60歲供者供腎會(huì)加重DGF風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(6.8% vs 2.5%)[73]。陳國棟等[74]報(bào)道,老年供腎組術(shù)后移植腎血肌酐水平高于年輕供腎組,而且受者發(fā)生急慢性排斥反應(yīng)的幾率較高,但DGF發(fā)生率相近。Galeano等[75]分別調(diào)查了供者年齡<50歲、50 ~ 70歲及>70歲的移植腎5年生存率(81%、74%、70%),盡管老年活體供者可獲得良好的移植腎存活率,但術(shù)后肌酐水平顯著高于年輕供者。研究顯示供者年齡>50歲患者2、6周排斥反應(yīng)發(fā)生率分別為13.0%和19.5%,顯著高于<50歲供者組(2.8%和8.5%)[64]。AR后腎功能的降低程度與AR前的腎功能相關(guān),這取決于供者的年齡及供腎之前腎受到的損傷[76]。因此老年供腎對(duì)AR的承受能力弱于年輕供腎,AR導(dǎo)致的移植腎丟失率較高[19]。一項(xiàng)對(duì)1 063名活體腎移植受者的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),年齡對(duì)移植腎存活率有顯著影響,尤其是供者年齡>40歲時(shí);>70歲的供者移植腎丟失風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高于50 ~ 59歲的供者,但接近50 ~ 59歲的尸體供者[77]。盡管老年活體供腎效果無法媲美年輕供者,但仍優(yōu)于尸體供腎。Mirgam等[27]認(rèn)為60歲活體供者的移植腎存活率同20歲尸體供腎相近。

供者年齡對(duì)移植腎慢性排斥反應(yīng)的作用也存有爭議。嚴(yán)群等[63]的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)提示供鼠年齡越大,移植腎中淋巴細(xì)胞浸潤及間質(zhì)纖維化越嚴(yán)重。但Schwarz等[78]對(duì)比了70名發(fā)生慢性移植物腎病及120名未發(fā)生慢性移植物腎病的患者,兩組患者的供者年齡無明顯差異。近年來,對(duì)慢性排斥反應(yīng)的研究表明,其病理過程與腎衰老相似,或許對(duì)移植腎衰老進(jìn)程有加速作用[79-80]。

受者年齡對(duì)移植腎也有顯著影響[73],而這種影響可能比供者年齡因素影響更大。老年受者機(jī)體免疫力差,更容易接受免疫原性較強(qiáng)的老年供腎[81]。而年輕受者免疫系統(tǒng)較強(qiáng),更容易發(fā)生免疫應(yīng)答[82-83]。孝晨等[34]發(fā)現(xiàn)雖然移植腎術(shù)后eGFR水平與供者年齡負(fù)相關(guān),但移植腎代償能力僅受術(shù)前eGFR水平及受者年齡影響而非供者年齡。王振等[84]統(tǒng)計(jì)了327例活體腎移植受者AR發(fā)生情況,老年供者并不增加移植后排斥風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而供受者年齡組合是AR風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。Chang等[85]報(bào)道,決定腎移植半衰期(50%腎移植受者出現(xiàn)器官衰竭的時(shí)間)的是受者年齡而非供者年齡。Masayuki等[86]也發(fā)現(xiàn),使用>50歲的供腎,受者年齡是移植腎丟失風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(15年移植腎存活率75% vs 41%)。Shin等[87]也報(bào)道,對(duì)年輕受者而言,老年供者移植腎10年存活率低于年輕供者(83% vs 62%),但供者年齡對(duì)老年受者影響較小(5年移植腎存活率92% vs 90%)。Lee等[88]以供受者年齡相差20歲為分界,發(fā)現(xiàn)供受者年齡差過大對(duì)5年血肌酐水平及AR發(fā)生率有顯著影響,但移植腎存活率無顯著差異。因此,美國及歐洲的醫(yī)生提出可將老年活體供腎應(yīng)用于老年受者(old-for-old)[89]。如果1名年輕尿毒癥患者有數(shù)名潛在供者,那年輕供者是最好的選擇,應(yīng)用年齡匹配策略有助于獲得更好的移植腎預(yù)后[56],但如果患者沒有更好的選擇,老年活體供腎療效也非常好[77]。尤其是對(duì)于老年尿毒癥患者而言,使用1個(gè)老年供者的供腎遠(yuǎn)優(yōu)于等待1個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尸體供者[90]。老年活體供腎的應(yīng)用可有效緩解腎源短缺,減少透析時(shí)間,而減少尿毒癥患者腎移植等待時(shí)間已經(jīng)證實(shí)對(duì)患者生存和移植腎生存率有非常重要的正面影響[91]。

4 結(jié)語

活體腎移植中,保護(hù)供者是首要原則。老年個(gè)體容易并發(fā)多種疾病,對(duì)供者的篩查和選擇需要謹(jǐn)慎,盡最大可能避免對(duì)供者的額外損傷。但對(duì)符合條件的老年活體供者而言,腎捐獻(xiàn)一方面并不會(huì)顯著增加供者的遠(yuǎn)期風(fēng)險(xiǎn),另一方面也可以獲得良好的腎移植療效。如果能應(yīng)用年齡匹配策略,減少供受者之間的年齡差距,則可更好地利用現(xiàn)有腎源,為尿毒癥患者提供更好的治療效果。

1 Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Knoll G, et al. Systematic review : kidney transplantation compared with dialysis in clinically relevant outcomes[J]. Am J Transplant, 2011, 11(10): 2093-2109.

2 Ralph AF, Butow P, Hanson CS, et al. Donor and Recipient Views on Their Relationship in Living Kidney Donation: Thematic Synthesis of Qualitative Studies[J]. Am J Kidney Dis, 2017, 69(5): 602-616.

3 Reese PP, Boudville N, Garg AX. Living kidney donation :outcomes, ethics, and uncertainty[J]. Lancet, 2015, 385(9981):2003-2013.

4 Alnimri M, Laftavi MR, Kohli R, et al. African-American women and older patients are at risk for a greater decline in renal function following living kidney donation[J]. Transplant Proc, 2011, 43(2):512-515.

5 Matas AJ, Smith JM, Skeans MA, et al. OPTN/SRTR 2012 Annual Data Report: kidney[J]. Am J Transplant, 2014, 14(Suppl 1):11-44.

6 梁濤, 蔡明, 李州利, 等. 活體供腎與尸體供腎:1個(gè)器官移植中心2年65:169例腎移植效果比較[J]. 中國組織工程研究與臨床康復(fù), 2010, 14(31): 5717-5720.

7 Gill J, Bunnapradist S, Danovitch GM, et al. Outcomes of kidney transplantation from older living donors to older recipients[J]. Am J Kidney Dis, 2008, 52(3): 541-552.

8 賈保祥, 蘇建榮, 林俊, 等. 父母為供體的移植受者存活3年以上移植腎功能的研究[J]. 臨床輸血與檢驗(yàn), 2013, 15(4):305-309.

9 郭豐富, 張振, 付猛, 等. 供者年齡對(duì)親屬活體供腎移植效果影響研究[J]. 中國醫(yī)學(xué)工程, 2017, 25(11): 1-3.

10 O'Brien B, Mastoridis S, Sabharwal A, et al. Expanding the donor pool: living donor nephrectomy in the elderly and the overweight[J].Transplantation, 2012, 93(11): 1158-1165.

11 Baid-Agrawal S, Frei UA. Living donor renal transplantation : recent developments and perspectives[J]. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol, 2007,3(1): 31-41.

12 賈保祥, 康穎, 劉杰, 等. 親屬活體腎移植中父母供腎對(duì)移植腎長期存活的影響[J]. 中華移植雜志(電子版), 2015, 9(4):178-181.

13 Morrissey PE, Yango AF. Renal transplantation: older recipients and donors[J]. Clin Geriatr Med, 2006, 22(3): 687-707.

14 Lim WH, Chang SH, Coates PT, et al. Parental donors in live-donor kidney transplantation associated with increased rejection rates and reduced glomerular filtration rates[J]. Transplantation, 2007, 84(8): 972-980.

15 Leibowitz D, Maaravi Y, Stessman-Lande I, et al. Cardiac structure and function and renal insufficiency in the oldest old[J]. Clin Cardiol, 2012, 35(12): 764-769.

16 Lenihan CR, Myers BD, Tan JC. Glomerular Function and Structure in Living Donors: Lessons from Single Nephron Studies[J]. Curr Transplant Rep, 2016, 3 : 24-32.

17 葉朝陽, 崔琳琳. 老年人腎臟變化及功能評(píng)估[J]. 中華腎病研究電子雜志, 2015, 4(4): 182-186.

18 Nitta K, Okada K, Yanai M, et al. Aging and chronic kidney disease[J]. Kidney Blood Press Res, 2013, 38(1): 109-120.

19 de Fijter JW, Mallat MJ, Doxiadis, II, et al. Increased immunogenicity and cause of graft loss of old donor kidneys[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2001, 12(7): 1538-1546.

20 Babizhayev MA. New concept in nutrition for the maintenance of the aging eye redox regulation and therapeutic treatment of cataract disease; synergism of natural antioxidant imidazole-containing amino acid-based compounds, chaperone, and glutathione boosting agents:a systemic perspective on aging and longevity emerged from studies in humans[J]. Am J Ther, 2010, 17(4): 373-389.

21 Agrawal A, Agrawal S, Cao JN, et al. Altered innate immune functioning of dendritic cells in elderly humans: a role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase-signaling pathway[J]. J Immunol,2007, 178(11): 6912-6922.

22 Sidman CL, Luther EA, Marshall JD, et al. Increased expression of major histocompatibility complex antigens on lymphocytes from aged mice[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1987, 84(21): 7624-7628.

23 Epstein M. Aging and the kidney[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol, 1996, 7(8):1106-1122.

24 中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)器官移植學(xué)分會(huì), 中國醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)器官移植醫(yī)師分會(huì).中國活體供腎移植臨床指南(2016版)[J]. 器官移植, 2016,7(6): 417-426.

25 Andrews PA, Burnapp L, Manas D, et al. Summary of the British Transplantation Society/Renal Association U.K. guidelines for living donor kidney transplantation[J]. Transplantation, 2012, 93(7):666-673.

26 Abramowicz D, Cochat P, Claas FH, et al. European Renal Best Practice Guideline on kidney donor and recipient evaluation and perioperative care[J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2015, 30(11):1790-1797.

27 Laging M, Kal-van Gestel JA, van de Wetering J, et al. The relative importance of donor age in deceased and living donor kidney transplantation[J]. Transpl Int, 2012, 25(11): 1150-1157.

28 王凱, 曲青山, 苗書齋. 老齡供者親屬活體腎移植療效分析[J].中國組織工程研究與臨床康復(fù), 2011, 15(18): 3395-3397.

29 馬梟雄, 周江橋. 擴(kuò)大標(biāo)準(zhǔn)供體在腎移植中的研究進(jìn)展[J]. 醫(yī)學(xué)綜述, 2016, 22(24): 4859-4862.

30 Nordén G, Lennerling A, Nyberg G. Low absolute glomerular filtration rate in the living kidney donor: a risk factor for graft loss[J].Transplantation, 2000, 70(9): 1360-1362.

31 Hawley CM, Kearsley J, Campbell SB, et al. Estimated donor glomerular filtration rate is the most important donor characteristic predicting graft function in recipients of kidneys from live donors[J].Transpl Int, 2007, 20(1): 64-72.

32 趙杰, 宋文利, 莫春柏, 等. 活體腎移植供者腎小球?yàn)V過率與受者移植腎功能關(guān)系的研究[J]. 天津醫(yī)藥, 2012, 40(1): 31-33.

33 李兆明, 費(fèi)繼光, 王長希, 等. 活體供腎腎小球?yàn)V過率對(duì)受體中遠(yuǎn)期腎功能的影響[J]. 熱帶醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2014, 14(11): 1449-1452.

34 孝晨, 傅茜, 劉龍山, 等. 不同性別、年齡活體供腎代償能力的比較[J]. 腎臟病與透析腎移植雜志, 2012, 21(1): 14-18.

35 趙豫波, 石炳毅, 方佳麗, 等. 親屬活體供腎移植中供者腎功能的評(píng)估[J]. 中國組織工程研究與臨床康復(fù), 2011, 15(31):5781-5784.

36 Hourmant M, Lerat L, Karam G. Donation from old living donors:how safe is it?[J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2013, 28(8):2010-2014.

37 陳正, 潘光輝, 廖德懷, 等. 老年活體親屬供腎移植的安全性分析[J]. 中華泌尿外科雜志, 2008, 29(1): 21-25.

38 Akoh JA, Mathuram Thiyagarajan U. Renal transplantation from elderly living donors[J/OL]. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jtrans/2013/475964.

39 Wang J, Zhang L, Wang F, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment,and control of hypertension in China: results from a national survey[J]. Am J Hypertens, 2014, 27(11): 1355-1361.

40 Hsu TH, Su LM, Ratner LE, et al. Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy in the elderly patient[J]. Urology, 2002, 60(3): 398-401.

41 Segev DL, Muzaale AD, Caffo BS, et al. Perioperative mortality and long-term survival following live kidney donation[J]. Jama, 2010,303(10): 959-966.

42 羅用文, 李鋼, 王振, 等. 后腹腔鏡老齡活體供腎腎移植臨床分析[J]. 中華醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2016, 96(20): 1566-1569.

43 Jacobs SC, Ramey JR, Sklar GN, et al. Laparoscopic kidney donation from patients older than 60 years[J]. J Am Coll Surg, 2004, 198(6):892-897.

44 Tsuchiya N, Satoh S, Sato K, et al. Hand assisted retroperitoneoscopic living donor nephrectomy in elderly donors[J].J Urol, 2006, 175(1): 230-234.

45 王廣健, 郭豐富, 邵志強(qiáng), 等. 大于50歲親屬活體供腎移植效果分析[J]. 中國醫(yī)學(xué)工程, 2010, 18(1): 6-7.

46 Guo FF, Shao ZQ, Yang WY, et al. Clinical analysis of living related renal transplantation with donors older than 50 years in China[J].Transplant Proc, 2010, 42(7): 2471-2476.

47 Lenihan CR, Busque S, Derby G, et al. Longitudinal study of living kidney donor glomerular dynamics after nephrectomy[J]. J Clin Invest, 2015, 125(3): 1311-1318.

48 Bahous SA, Khairallah M, Al Danaf J, et al. Renal function decline in recipients and donors of kidney grafts: role of aortic stiffness[J].Am J Nephrol, 2015, 41(1): 57-65.

49 陳勁松, 文吉秋, 季曙明, 等. 親屬腎移植供者術(shù)后早期腎功能變化的影響因素[J]. 腎臟病與透析腎移植雜志, 2013, 22(2):106-111.

50 郭豐富, 邵志強(qiáng), 楊文彥, 等. 供者年齡〉50歲的親屬活體供腎移植[J]. 山東醫(yī)藥, 2010, 50(10): 20-21.

51 Dols LF, Kok NF, Roodnat JI, et al. Living kidney donors: impact of age on long-term safety[J]. Am J Transplant, 2011, 11(4):737-742.

52 Fehrman-Ekholm I, Kvarnstr?m N, S?fteland JM, et al. Postnephrectomy development of renal function in living kidney donors:a cross-sectional retrospective study[J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant,2011, 26(7): 2377-2381.

53 Mj?en G, Hallan S, Hartmann A, et al. Long-term risks for kidney donors[J]. Kidney Int, 2014, 86(1): 162-167.

54 Muzaale AD, Massie AB, Wang MC, et al. Risk of end-stage renal disease following live kidney donation[J]. Jama, 2014, 311(6):579-586.

55 Kiberd BA. Estimating the long term impact of kidney donation on life expectancy and end stage renal disease[J]. Transplant Res, 2013,2(1): 2.

56 Lam NN, Garg AX. Acceptability of older adults as living kidney donors[J]. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 2016, 25(3): 245-256.

57 Boudville N, Prasad GV, Knoll G, et al. Meta-analysis: risk for hypertension in living kidney donors[J]. Ann Intern Med, 2006,145(3): 185-196.

58 Fehrman-Ekholm I, Elinder CG, Stenbeck M, et al. Kidney donors live longer[J]. Transplantation, 1997, 64(7): 976-978.

59 Lentine KL, Segev DL. Understanding and Communicating Medical Risks for Living Kidney Donors: A Matter of Perspective. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2017, 28(1): 12-24.

60 Reese PP, Bloom RD, Feldman HI, et al. Mortality and cardiovascular disease among older live kidney donors[J]. Am J Transplant, 2014, 14(8): 1853-1861.

61 Toyoda M, Yamanaga S, Kawabata C, et al. Long-term safety of living kidney donors aged 60 and older[J]. Transplant Proc, 2014,46(2): 318-320.

62 趙紀(jì)強(qiáng), 陳立中, 費(fèi)繼光, 等. 邊緣供者供腎對(duì)腎移植受者早期預(yù)后的影響[J]. 中華泌尿外科雜志, 2008, 29(s1): 57-60.

63 嚴(yán)群, 張鵬, 袁曉奕, 等. 供者年齡與腎移植慢性排斥反應(yīng)關(guān)系的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[J]. 中華器官移植雜志, 2001, 22(3): 170-171.

64 張磊, 馬麟麟, 馬斌榮, 等. 活體腎臟移植供者年齡和性別對(duì)術(shù)后早期發(fā)生急性排斥反應(yīng)的影響[J]. 中華醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2008, 88(48): 3407-3410.

65 陳立中, 張磊, 費(fèi)繼光, 等. 50歲以上活體親屬供腎移植的中期療效分析[J]. 器官移植, 2010, 1(1): 45-49.

66 Lionaki S, Kapsia H, Makropoulos I, et al. Kidney transplantation outcomes from expanded criteria donors, standard criteria donors or living donors older than 60 years[J]. Ren Fail, 2014, 36(4):526-533.

67 Young A, Kim SJ, Speechley MR, et al. Accepting kidneys from older living donors: impact on transplant recipient outcomes[J].Am J Transplant, 2011, 11(4): 743-750.

68 李金鋒, 宋東奎, 豐貴文, 等. 擴(kuò)大供腎標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的親屬腎移植臨床效果分析[J]. 中華泌尿外科雜志, 2012, 33(6): 421-425.

69 Gill JS, Gill J, Rose C, et al. The older living kidney donor: Part of the solution to the organ shortage[J]. Transplantation, 2006, 82(12):1662-1666.

70 Iordanous Y, Seymour N, Young A, et al. Recipient outcomes for expanded criteria living kidney donors: the disconnect between current evidence and practice[J]. Am J Transplant, 2009, 9(7):1558-1573.

71 Pahwa M, Chawla A, Dar TI, et al. Live donor kidney transplantation in India : effects of donor and recipient age on graft survival[J].Ren Fail, 2014, 36(2): 222-224.

72 方佳麗, 陳正, 馬俊杰, 等. 老齡供腎在青年受者體內(nèi)的病理學(xué)改變[J]. 器官移植, 2015, 6(5): 335-339.

73 Noppakun K, Cosio FG, Dean PG, et al. Living donor age and kidney transplant outcomes[J]. Am J Transplant, 2011, 11(6): 1279-1286.

74 陳國棟, 張霄旦, 史磊, 等. 供體年齡對(duì)活體腎移植預(yù)后的影響[J]. 中華腎臟病雜志, 2012, 28(6): 455-459.

75 Galeano C, Marcén R, Jimenez S, et al. Utilization of elderly kidney donors (>70 years) does not affect graft survival in the medium term[J]. Transplant Proc, 2010, 42(10): 3935-3937.

76 Gjertson DW. A multi-factor analysis of kidney graft outcomes at one and five years posttransplantation : 1996 UNOS Update[J]. Clin Transpl, 1996, : 343-360.

77 Berger JC, Muzaale AD, James N, et al. Living kidney donors ages 70 and older: recipient and donor outcomes[J]. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2011, 6(12): 2887-2893.

78 Schwarz A, Mengel M, Gwinner W, et al. Risk factors for chronic allograft nephropathy after renal transplantation: a protocol biopsy study[J]. Kidney Int, 2005, 67(1): 341-348.

79 Joosten SA, van Kooten C, Sijpkens YW, et al. The pathobiology of chronic allograft nephropathy: immune-mediated damage and accelerated aging[J]. Kidney Int, 2004, 65(5): 1556-1559.

80 Ferlicot S, Durrbach A, Ba N, et al. The role of replicative senescence in chronic allograft nephropathy[J]. Hum Pathol,2003, 34(9): 924-928.

81 Slegtenhorst BR, Dor FJ, Elkhal A, et al. Mechanisms and consequences of injury and repair in older organ transplants[J].Transplantation, 2014, 97(11): 1091-1099.

82 Gheith O, Al-Otaibi T, Halim MA, et al. Early Versus Late Acute Antibody-Mediated Rejection Among Renal Transplant Recipients in Terms of Response to Rituximab Therapy: A Single Center Experience[J]. Exp Clin Transplant, 2017, 15(Suppl 1): 150-155.

83 Wang Z, Yang H, Si S, et al. Polymorphisms of nucleotide factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 2 and 4 and the risk of acute rejection following kidney transplantation[J]. World J Urol, 2018, 36(1):111-116.

84 王振, 錢葉勇, 李昆, 等. 活體供腎移植急性排斥反應(yīng)發(fā)生與供受者年齡的關(guān)系[J]. 解放軍醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào), 2015, 36(10):1025-1028.

85 Chang P, Gill J, Dong J, et al. Living donor age and kidney allograft half-life: implications for living donor paired exchange programs[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2012, 7(5): 835-841.

86 Tasaki M, Saito K, Nakagawa Y, et al. Effect of donor-recipient age difference on long-term graft survival in living kidney transplantation[J]. Int Urol Nephrol, 2014, 46(7): 1441-1446.

87 Shin M, Park JB, Kwon CH, et al. Enhanced significance of donorrecipient age gradient as a prognostic factor of graft outcome in living donor kidney transplantation[J]. World J Surg, 2013, 37(7):1718-1726.

88 Lee YJ, Chang JH, Choi HN, et al. Donor-recipient age difference and graft survival in living donor kidney transplantation[J].Transplant Proc, 2012, 44(1): 270-272.

89 Bozkurt B, K?l?? M. Marginal Donors in Renal Transplantation[J].Transplant Proc, 2015, 47(5): 1273-1281.

90 Knoll GA. Kidney transplantation in the older adult[J]. Am J Kidney Dis, 2013, 61(5): 790-797.

91 劉凌霄, 余少杰, 彭龍開, 等. 嬰幼兒腦死亡后供者器官捐獻(xiàn)供腎成人雙腎移植23例[J]. 中華器官移植雜志, 2015, 36(11):646-651.

猜你喜歡
供者受者活體
心理護(hù)理干預(yù)對(duì)首次干細(xì)胞捐獻(xiàn)者不良反應(yīng)預(yù)防作用的效果分析
讓活體肝移植研究走上世界前沿
影響移植受者生存質(zhì)量的相關(guān)護(hù)理因素及對(duì)策
活體器官移植,你怎么看?
肝移植受者術(shù)后生存質(zhì)量影響因素分析
基于安全加密的人臉活體檢測技術(shù)
實(shí)體器官移植供者來源感染
親屬活體腎移植供者心理問題分析與干預(yù)
“汪星人”要打“飛的”——話說活體空運(yùn)
造血干細(xì)胞移植親緣供者及家屬心理干預(yù)對(duì)捐獻(xiàn)成功實(shí)施的影響