王偉濱
2017年10月,瑞典學(xué)院(the Swedish Academy)傳來消息,日裔英籍作家石黑一雄(Kazuo Ishiguro)獲得諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)(the Nobel Prize in Literature),評(píng)委會(huì)對(duì)其評(píng)價(jià)是:“who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss(深淵)beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world.”(在充滿巨大情感力量的小說中,揭示出我們對(duì)于自己與世界聯(lián)系的虛幻感知之下的深淵)?!癐llusory sense of connection”這個(gè)說法可謂一語(yǔ)中的。我們?nèi)绾味x自己,除了這種種“聯(lián)系”,恐怕沒有別的了;石黑一雄正是在這些“聯(lián)系”上做足了文章。
在《浮世畫家》(An Artist of the Floating World)中,老畫家大野(Ono)正在被“世人如何評(píng)價(jià)自己”這件事困擾著——身為名畫家,他擁有一批追隨者,以“馬首是瞻”的態(tài)度圍繞左右,但他心里卻充滿惶惑。起因其實(shí)是二女兒的婚事:婚事若要成就,家庭背景必須經(jīng)得起“婚姻偵探”的調(diào)查——這不是個(gè)比喻用法——而面對(duì)調(diào)查,畫家開始“心虛”了。曾經(jīng)的老師、同事、鄰人,甚至學(xué)生,對(duì)自己究竟會(huì)是什么看法?平時(shí)的“一團(tuán)和氣”在關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻又會(huì)怎樣?小說所描述的這一年多時(shí)間里(1948年10月到1950年6月),畫家在“浮世”之上,奔走于各種與他曾經(jīng)產(chǎn)生“聯(lián)系”的人物之間,為加強(qiáng)可能的“正面聯(lián)系”和修補(bǔ)可能的“負(fù)面聯(lián)系”而疲于奔命。
其實(shí),畫家的“名聲”原本還經(jīng)得住考驗(yàn)——他的豪宅便是證明:“If on a sunny day you climb the steep path leading up from the little wooden bridge still referred to around here as ‘the Bridge of Hesitation, you will not have to walk far before the roof of my house becomes visible between the tops of two gingko(銀杏)trees. Even if it did not occupy such a commanding position on the hill, the house would still stand out from all others nearby, so that as you come up the path, you may find yourself wondering what sort of wealthy man owns it.”1(這兒,有座當(dāng)?shù)厝朔Q作“猶豫之橋”的小木橋,過了小橋就是一條陡峭的小路,晴天里,你要是爬上這小路,走不多遠(yuǎn),就會(huì)看到兩棵銀杏樹掩映著的我家房頂。即使宅子不是建在山上那么顯眼的位置,在一眾房屋中它仍然是鶴立雞群,你一踏上那小路,可能就會(huì)在心里問,什么樣的有錢人才能擁有這樣的宅子呢?)
在物質(zhì)方面,畫家不是個(gè)“富有”的人;他的“富有”在于品行和成就(“good character and achievement”),這棟豪宅正是他藉此得來。
前主人以“論德行賣”2 的方式,低價(jià)把宅子賣給畫家,這讓畫家對(duì)自己的“德行”頗為自信?!癟here was surely much to admire in the idea of‘a(chǎn)n auction(拍賣)of prestige... One wonders why things are not settled more often by such means. How so much more honourable is such a contest, in which ones moral conduct and achievement are brought as witnesses rather than the size of ones purse.”3(“論德行賣”的點(diǎn)子很值得贊賞……你不由會(huì)想,為什么不多用這種方式解決問題呢?如果以人們的品行和成就而不是錢包的大小來決定競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的輸贏,那不是道德得多嗎?)
不過,那聽起來有些抽象的“德行”也的確不易琢磨,說不定什么時(shí)候,“德行”就變成“污點(diǎn)”,“執(zhí)著”變成“執(zhí)拗”,“成就”變成“罪行”……就像那個(gè)在酒館門口唱歌的傻子似的:曾經(jīng),也許人們會(huì)受到他的鼓舞,或至少認(rèn)為他無益無害,但“世道”變了,他的“愚蠢”一下子凸顯出來,于是便難以擺脫被人打倒在地的命運(yùn):“Hell only get beaten up again if he goes around singing those old ones.”4(他要是還唱著那些老歌四處轉(zhuǎn),就只會(huì)挨打。)
世易時(shí)移,如今畫家的處境,像極了法國(guó)作家加繆的小說《局外人》(The Outsider)中那個(gè)在法庭上面對(duì)眾人審判的莫爾索(Meursault)。雖然莫爾索平時(shí)一貫玩世不恭,如今又犯下殺人罪,而老畫家卻足以稱得上“德高望重”,但是面對(duì)“審視”,特別是不同時(shí)間、不同場(chǎng)合的審視,二人幾乎是同樣的不堪一擊:“The Prosecutor(公訴人)was then asked if he had any questions to put, and he answered loudly: ‘Certainly not! I have all I want. His tone and the look of triumph on his face, as he glanced at me, were so marked that I felt as I hadnt felt for ages. I had a foolish desire to burst into tears. For the first time Id realized how all these people loathed(憎惡)me.”5(公訴人被問,是否還有其他問題,他大聲回答:“當(dāng)然沒有了!我想要的都有了?!彼恼Z(yǔ)調(diào),以及向我看過來時(shí)那滿臉的勝利表情,讓我感到好久都沒有過的感受。我傻傻地想要號(hào)啕大哭。人生第一次,我認(rèn)識(shí)到,這些人是多么討厭我。)endprint
老畫家因?yàn)榕c這個(gè)世界產(chǎn)生過那么復(fù)雜的“聯(lián)系”而應(yīng)接不暇,疲于奔命;這世上另有一種人,因?yàn)槿狈Α奥?lián)系”而痛苦掙扎。
《上海孤兒》(When We Were Orphans)中,班克斯是個(gè)孤兒,不過對(duì)于他來說,最重要的,不是別人要尊重他的“隱私”,不去觸碰他“無父無母”的痛處——他竭力要說服自己,其實(shí),自己與別的孩子并沒有什么兩樣,大家不都是遠(yuǎn)離自己的父母嗎——而是他能夠被看做是個(gè)“正常人”,而不是“怪物”?!癉uring even my earliest weeks at St. Dunstans, I do not believe I did anything to cause myself embarrassment. On my first day, for instance, I recall observing a mannerism(習(xí)慣,習(xí)氣)many of the boys adopted when standing and talking—of tucking the right hand into a waistcoat(馬甲)pocket and moving the left shoulder up and down in a kind of shrug to underline certain of their remarks. I distinctly remember reproducing this mannerism on that same first day with sufficient expertise that not a single of my fellows noticed anything odd or thought to make fun.”6(即使剛來圣鄧斯坦的那幾個(gè)星期里,我認(rèn)為,我也沒有做任何讓自己難堪的事。比如,上學(xué)第一天,我就注意到,這里的許多男孩子在站著說話時(shí),會(huì)有個(gè)特別的架勢(shì),右手插到馬甲口袋里,不時(shí)聳一聳左肩膀,來強(qiáng)調(diào)他們說的某些話。我清楚地記得,在當(dāng)天,我就學(xué)會(huì)相當(dāng)老練地?cái)[出這個(gè)架勢(shì),沒有一個(gè)同學(xué)覺得有什么奇怪之處,或者想要拿我這架勢(shì)開玩笑的。)
即使他人生的最大目標(biāo)——找到失蹤的父母——也并非全然出于“家庭之愛”,而是源自他對(duì)于“正?!钡目释0嗫怂挂恍南胍靼住皐ell-connectedness”(擁有各種聯(lián)系)究竟怎樣才能做到,而這在朋友看來,簡(jiǎn)直是不可思議,因?yàn)?,人們生來就有各種“聯(lián)系”:“Oh,do knock it off, Banks. Its all just nonsense, theres nothing to analyze. One simply knows people. One has parents, uncles, family friends. I dont know what there is to be so puzzled about.”7(別開玩笑,班克斯。那都是瞎扯,沒啥可分析的。人們就是認(rèn)識(shí)好些人唄。人們都有父母、叔伯、親戚朋友。我不知道這有什么可冥思苦想的。)
但班克斯并沒有這些看似“理所當(dāng)然”的“聯(lián)系”。二十幾年前,在上海,班克斯的父親莫名失蹤,母親也隨后消失,他與這個(gè)世界的“聯(lián)系”幾乎因此而終結(jié)。在他看來,重新找回“聯(lián)系”,必須修補(bǔ)歷史。二十幾年后,他終于成為一名偵探,他要解決的這最重要一案,便是“父母失蹤案”。班克斯認(rèn)為,自己生活中的所有問題,性格中的所有缺陷,都是童年時(shí)的那件不幸造成的,而挽救一切的鑰匙,就是找到被綁架的父母。他堅(jiān)信,在上海一條街道的盡頭,那棟神秘房子里,父母仍然被困,仍然在期盼他去解救——雖然二十多年已經(jīng)過去。于是,在槍林彈雨的上海,他開始了他的行程……
在故事的結(jié)尾,班克斯這樣寫道,“For those like us, our fate is to face the world as orphans, chasing through long years the shadows of vanished(消失的)parents. There is nothing for it but to try and see through our missions to the end, as best we can, for until we do so, we will be permitted no calm.”8(我們這些人,注定要像孤兒似地面對(duì)這個(gè)世界,在飛逝而去的歲月里,追尋消失的父母的影子。別無他法,我們只能盡力完成這使命,不如此,我們不得平靜。)
不過,大多數(shù)時(shí)候,我們也許是介于大野與班克斯之間——“聯(lián)系”不多,也并非少得可憐,有時(shí)候,也許因?yàn)槟承┨厥庠?,我們的“?lián)系”還能讓我們小小地“自豪”一下,就像《別讓我走》(Never Let Me Go)里的凱西·H.:“And Im a Hailsham student—which is enough by itself sometimes to get peoples backs up. Kathy H., they say, she gets to pick and choose, and she always chooses her own kind: people from Hailsham, or one of the other privileged estates. No wonder she has a great record.”9(我是孩兒山的學(xué)生,僅憑這一點(diǎn),有時(shí)候就可以讓人們肅然起敬。他們說,凱西·H.,她可以挑挑揀揀,她總是選自己人:孩兒山或者別的好地方的人。怪不得她業(yè)績(jī)這么出色呢。)
孩兒山,對(duì)于孩子們來說,是個(gè)美麗的夢(mèng),即便那里也曾經(jīng)發(fā)生過可怕的事情——像其他地方一樣——他們都已不記得了;他們只記得,那里,那時(shí),一切曾經(jīng)多么美好。endprint
“There have been times over the years when Ive tried to leave Hailsham behind, when Ive told myself I shouldnt look back so much. But then there came a point when I just stopped resisting. It had to do with this particular donor I had once, in my third year as a carer; it was his reaction when I mentioned I was from Hailsham. Hed just come through his third donation, it hadnt gone well, and he must have known he wasnt going to make it. He could hardly breathe, but he looked towards me and said: ‘Hailsham. I bet that was a beautiful place... And I realized then how desperately he didnt want reminded. Instead, he wanted to hear about Hailsham.”(這些年來,許多次,我想要去忘掉孩兒山,我告訴自己別總是向后看。但后來,我就不再抗拒了。那肯定是因?yàn)樵谖耶?dāng)看護(hù)的第三個(gè)年頭時(shí)遇到的一個(gè)捐獻(xiàn)者,因?yàn)槲姨峒拔襾碜院荷降臅r(shí)候他的反應(yīng)。那時(shí)他剛做了第三次器官捐獻(xiàn),情況很不好,他一定知道自己撐不過去了。他呼吸都困難了,但是他看著我,說:“孩兒山,那肯定是個(gè)美麗的地方……”我明白,他多么不想記起自己的童年;他只想聽我說孩兒山。)
回憶,從來就不是單獨(dú)存在于回憶者腦海之中,它們總因?yàn)樗说囊槐楸樘崞?,而一遍遍成為“現(xiàn)實(shí)”;最終,誰(shuí)也無法分清想象與真實(shí)的界限。不正是這樣嗎?在一遍遍講述中,就連講述者自己也被自己編織的那個(gè)美麗故事說服了;于是,真與假,虛幻與現(xiàn)實(shí),全然無法分別。正是在這重重的催眠與自我催眠之中,人們得以與這個(gè)世界和解?!癏e knew he was close to completing and so thats what he was doing: getting me to describe things to him, so theyd really sink in, so that maybe during those sleepless nights, with the drugs and the pain and the exhaustion, the line would blur between what were my memories and what were his. That was when I first understood, really understood, just how lucky wed been—Tommy, Ruth, me, and all the rest of us.”10(他知道自己快要完結(jié)了,所以,他就只做這件事:讓我給他描述孩兒山的事,讓這些事印入到他的腦海里,在那些無眠的夜晚,在藥物、疼痛、疲倦的夾攻之下,我的記憶與他的記憶之間的界限變得模糊。就在那時(shí),我第一次懂得,真正懂得,我們?cè)?jīng)多么幸運(yùn)——湯米、露絲、我,還有我們那兒別的孩子們。)
別人渴望著凱西的生活,而凱西又何嘗不是生活在別人為她編織的夢(mèng)境里呢?夢(mèng)醒時(shí),孩兒山不過是一家“器官牧場(chǎng)”,那里的孩子們與其他此類“牧場(chǎng)”的孩子們并沒有不同的意義——都是待宰的羔羊。那表面上看來的“選擇”、“優(yōu)待”,實(shí)際上是沒得選擇,不論是“看護(hù)”還是“捐獻(xiàn)者”,所做的其實(shí)都是同一件事——為“真正的人”提供備用器官……
不管怎樣,我們總會(huì)生活在這種種“聯(lián)系”之中,或快樂,或憂傷,或焦躁,或悠閑,或看破紅塵,或執(zhí)迷不悟……無論如何,這就是生活吧。
1. Kazuo Ishiguro, An Artist of the Floating World. Vintage International. 1989. P. 7.
2. 譯文“論德行賣”,套用成語(yǔ)“論功行賞”,讀作“論德,行賣”,與后文“德行”不同,特此說明。
3. Ibid. P. 10.
4. Ibid. P. 60.
5. Albert Camus, The Outsider. Penguin Books. 1961. P. 91.
6. Kazuo Ishiguro, When We Were Orphans. Faber and Faber, 2000. P. 7.
7. Ibid. P. 6.
8. Ibid. P. 313.
9. Kazuo Ishiguro, Never Let Me Go. Ch. 1. 引自kindle版,無頁(yè)碼,故只標(biāo)章節(jié)。
10. Ibid.endprint