左文 王海清 鐘武 胡迎春 陳睦虎
(西南醫(yī)科大學附屬醫(yī)院急診科,四川 瀘州 646000)
膿毒癥是機體對感染的過度免疫反應,大量的炎癥介質(zhì)釋放到外周血引起全身炎癥反應(systemic inflammatory response syndrome,SIRS)[1]。其發(fā)生率占住院患者的1%~2%,如果伴感染性休克和多器官功能障礙,其死亡率高達30%~60%[2]。膿毒癥的發(fā)生機制尚不明確,若能找到調(diào)控膿毒癥的關(guān)鍵信號通路及其關(guān)鍵基因,或許能為臨床治療膿毒癥提供新靶點。目前關(guān)于hippo信號通路在膿毒癥中的作用機制的報道較少。Yes相關(guān)蛋白(YAP)是hippo信號通路中重要的核心轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,參與細胞的增殖、分化及組織的穩(wěn)定[3]。本實驗擬通過檢測YAP和P-YAP在細胞膿毒癥模型中的表達情況,以探討YAP和P-YAP與膿毒癥發(fā)生的相關(guān)性。
1.1 試劑及儀器 高糖DMEM培養(yǎng)基(Hyclone),胎牛血清FBS(PAN),LPS(Sigma),YAP、P-YAP及IONS(abcom)一抗,β-actin一抗(碧云天),山羊抗兔IgG二抗(博奧森),綠色熒光山羊抗兔IgG(Protientech),DAPI(索萊寶),蛋白酶抑制劑和磷酸酶抑制劑(Roche),蛋白裂解液(碧云天)。低溫離心機(Thermo),生物安全柜(Telstar),熒光顯微鏡(olympus),共聚焦顯微鏡(feica),細胞培養(yǎng)箱(Thermo)。
1.2 細胞株 小鼠巨噬細胞RAW264.7,購自中國科學院上海細胞庫。
1.3 細胞培養(yǎng)及模型的建立 RAW264.7細胞用含10%FBS DMEM培養(yǎng)基在5%CO2,37℃條件下培養(yǎng)[4]。取對數(shù)期RAW264.7細胞,用100ng/ml的LPS刺激4小時,構(gòu)建膿毒癥模型[5]。取對數(shù)期raw264.7細胞在6孔板中培養(yǎng),每孔接種5.0×106個/ml,分為正常組和實驗組,實驗組接種24小時后(即對數(shù)期)用100ng/ml的LPS刺激4小時建立膿毒癥模型,對照組加入相同體積的完全培養(yǎng)基。
1.4 免疫熒光對YAP及P-YAP進行定位 取對數(shù)期的RAW264.7細胞在12孔板中爬片,每孔接種2.0×106個/ml,培養(yǎng)24小時后用LPS(100ng/ml)刺激RAW264.7細胞,培養(yǎng)4小時,PBS洗滌3次,每次3分鐘,4%多聚甲醛固定15分鐘,再用PBS洗滌3次,每次3分鐘,0.5%Triton-10打孔20分鐘,PBS洗滌3次,每次3分鐘,10%山羊血清封閉30分鐘,一抗過夜。第二天37℃復溫45分鐘,吸進一抗后,PBS洗滌3次,每次3分鐘,37℃孵育二抗1小時,PBS洗滌3次,每次3分鐘,DAPI復染核5分鐘,PBS洗滌3次,每次5分鐘,加入適量的抗熒光淬滅劑。然后在熒光顯微鏡或共聚焦顯微鏡下觀察。
1.5 Weston blot檢測YAP及P-YAP的表達情況 用含有1%磷酸酶抑制劑和1%蛋白酶抑制劑的細胞裂解液提取蛋白,BCA檢測蛋白濃度,用10%的分離膠電泳,先用60V電壓電泳30分鐘,再用120V電壓電泳60分鐘,然后轉(zhuǎn)移到PVDF膜,用0.02A恒流轉(zhuǎn)60分鐘。用5%脫脂牛奶封閉1小時,PBST洗滌5分鐘,YAP(1:4000),P-YAP(1:2000)一抗在4℃過夜。第二天,PBST洗滌3次,每次10分鐘,孵二抗(1:4000)一小時, PBST洗滌3次,每次10分鐘。用VisionCapt曝光。用Quantity One進行灰度值檢測。
1.6 統(tǒng)計學分析 運用SPSS16.0對YAP及P-YAP表達情況進行分析,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2.1 RAW264.7細胞鑒定及細胞膿毒癥模型的建立 INOS為M1型巨噬細胞特異性分子[6],用100ng/ml LSP刺激RAW264.7細胞4h,用免疫熒光檢測模型的建立,100%細胞均有INOS表達,見圖1。說明RAW264.7濃毒血癥模型建立成功。
圖1 LPS(100ng/ml)刺激RAW264.7細胞后檢測INOSFigure 1 LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells,INOS were used to evaluate the model of sepsis
2.2 免疫熒光對RAW264.7細胞濃度血癥模型中YAP及P-YAP進行表達定位 在RAW264.7細胞膿毒癥模型中,P-YAP表達于胞質(zhì)中,在實驗組中熒光亮度減弱,見圖2。YAP蛋白表達于胞核中,在實驗組中熒光強度增強,見圖3。
2.3 用Weston blot檢測正常組及模型組YAP蛋白及P-YAP蛋白的情況 實驗組YAP蛋白表達明顯高于正常組(P<0.5),見圖4;實驗組P-YAP蛋白表達明顯低于正常組(P<0.5),見圖5。
膿毒癥是嚴重的全身炎癥反應,嚴重威脅患者生命[7]。內(nèi)毒素是革蘭陰性桿菌的重要成分,是導致膿毒癥的主要原因[8]。當膿毒癥發(fā)生時,血液中微生物的引起了一種先天性免疫反應,其特征是單核細胞的刺激和促炎細胞因子的釋放以及各種免疫途徑的激活。目前,Toll樣受體(LPS-TLR4-MD-2)在最初的免疫激活中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用,作為天然免疫系統(tǒng)的傳感器通過高度保守的成分,參與各種微生物的識別[9]。 但是,阻斷TLR4通路并不能完全抑制炎癥介質(zhì)的釋放[10],推測有其他通路參與其中。
巨噬細胞在膿毒癥的發(fā)生中有著重要的作用。巨噬細胞可以分化成M1、M2型巨噬細胞。M1型巨噬細胞產(chǎn)生TNF-α,IL-1和一氧化氮合酶,促進細菌的去除和損壞的細胞,已被證明具有抗腫瘤性質(zhì),而M2巨噬細胞產(chǎn)生精氨酸酶,促進組織修復和腫瘤增殖[11-12]。在膿毒癥時,巨噬細胞可分化為M1型[13],大量釋放炎癥介質(zhì)進入外周血,引發(fā)廣泛炎癥,引起多器官功能障礙(MODS)的發(fā)生,引起嚴重感染和感染性休克[14]。故本實驗通過LPS刺激RAW264.7細胞構(gòu)建細胞膿毒癥模型。
圖2 P-YAP表達于細胞質(zhì)Figure 2 In the sepsis model of RAW264.7 cells, the YAP protein was expressed in the nucleus
圖3 YAP表達于細胞核Figure 3 In the sepsis model of RAW264.7 cells,,the P-YAP was expressed in the cytoplasm
圖4 YAP在膿毒血癥模型中高表達Figure 4 In the model of sepsis, the expression of YAP protein was significantly higher than that in the normal group
圖5 P-YAP在膿毒血癥模型中表達減少Figure 5 The expression of P-YAP protein in the sepsis model was lower than that in the normal group
Hippo信號通路下游的效應分子YAP/TAZ復合物在器官的大小的調(diào)節(jié),組織的穩(wěn)態(tài),腫瘤的發(fā)生中有著重要的影響,YAP/TAZ復合物的活性主要同過磷酸化來實現(xiàn)。去磷酸化的YAP/TAZ在細胞核中與TEAD結(jié)合,引發(fā)下游基因的表達[15]。YAP在心肌的增殖過程中有重要作用,缺乏YAP的小鼠在圍產(chǎn)期就發(fā)生死亡[16]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在結(jié)腸癌細胞中β-catenin能調(diào)節(jié)YAP的表達在炎癥性腸病和結(jié)腸癌中[17],通過YAP和NOTCH通路,腸上皮gp130激活能增強腸黏膜抵抗性[18]。腫瘤的發(fā)生與炎癥反應有著密切的關(guān)系,腫瘤組織中癌細胞的浸潤,炎癥因子的釋放[19],而YAP在腫瘤的發(fā)生中有重要影響。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)YAP與CD8+T細胞表達Blimp-1有關(guān)[20]。猜想YAP參與膿毒癥的發(fā)生;下一步深入研究YAP對膿毒癥時炎癥因子表達的情況,探討與其他通路的關(guān)系。
本研究通過構(gòu)建細胞膿毒癥模型檢測YAP的表達情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)YAP高表達于M1型巨噬細胞,而P-YAP低表達。因此推測去磷酸化的YAP參與膿毒癥的發(fā)生,可作為新的治療靶標。
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