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北祁連扎柯山寒武紀(jì)高鎂安山巖地球化學(xué)及構(gòu)造動(dòng)力學(xué)特征

2018-05-07 08:59:41王曉偉楊春霞王玉璽于漫
西北地質(zhì) 2018年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:洋殼安山巖祁連

王曉偉,楊春霞,王玉璽,于漫

(1.甘肅省地質(zhì)調(diào)查院,甘肅 蘭州 730000;2.甘肅省地礦局第三地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)勘查院,甘肅 蘭州 730050;3.甘肅省國(guó)土資源規(guī)劃研究院,甘肅 蘭州 730000)

北祁連造山帶夾持于阿拉善地塊和中祁連地塊間,是一條多旋回造山帶(左國(guó)朝等,1999),其完整保存了大陸裂解、洋脊擴(kuò)張、洋殼俯沖、島弧巖漿作用、碰撞造山過程等新元古代—古生代地質(zhì)活動(dòng)記錄(肖序常等,1978;FENG Yiming et al.,1996;XIA Liqi et al.,1998,1999,2001;孟繁聰?shù)龋?010;李兆等,2016;MAO Jingwen et al.,2016)。北祁連海相火山巖系是新元古代末—寒武紀(jì)在華北大陸板塊南緣裂谷拉張、大洋化的基礎(chǔ)上,洋盆擴(kuò)張并向北俯沖消減、碰撞拼合過程中所形成的大陸邊緣溝弧盆系火山活動(dòng)的產(chǎn)物。寒武紀(jì)末,北祁連已經(jīng)完成了從大陸斷陷向洋盆轉(zhuǎn)化的過程(張招崇等,1998;夏林折等,1995;馮備戰(zhàn)等,2005),在奧陶紀(jì)形成了一系列的裂谷、島弧帶、俯沖帶等,代表了不同構(gòu)造背景下的產(chǎn)物(左國(guó)朝等,1999)。相對(duì)典型島弧安山巖,高鎂安山巖具有高M(jìn)gO(>5%)、高SiO2(>52%),高M(jìn)g#值(>60)、低FeOT/MgO(<1.5)、低Al2O3(<16%)和低CaO(<10%)為特征的安山巖(TATSUMI,2001;LE Bas,2000;KELEMEN,1995)。高鎂安山巖的研究歷來備受國(guó)內(nèi)外地質(zhì)專家的關(guān)注,其成因?qū)沂镜厍蚍之愌莼卣鳌⒀髿づc洋脊的俯沖、洋殼與陸殼的俯沖、地殼生長(zhǎng)、地殼拆沉以及流體或熔體與地幔間的相互作用等方面均具有非常重要的意義(KAY,1978;CAMERON et al.,1979;BENOIT et al.,2002;GUIVEL et al.,2006;PALLARES et al.,2007;李承東等,2007;唐功建等,2010)。筆者擬對(duì)扎科山寒武紀(jì)黑茨溝組中發(fā)現(xiàn)的高鎂安山巖類從巖石學(xué)、地球化學(xué)及同位素地球化學(xué)等方面進(jìn)行綜合研究,試圖揭示其構(gòu)造巖漿作用及其形成構(gòu)造動(dòng)力學(xué)過程,為構(gòu)建北祁連地層格架及板塊構(gòu)造演化過程提供可靠的依據(jù)。

1 地質(zhì)背景及巖石學(xué)特征

研究區(qū)位于北祁連走廊南山地塊(張新虎等,2005,2008),處于扎柯山-雪水大坂一帶,在區(qū)域上構(gòu)成呈北西向帶狀展布的向斜構(gòu)造,巖性組合主要為一套海相中基性火山巖夾海相沉積碎屑巖建造,火山噴發(fā)多以裂隙-中心式噴發(fā)為主,可劃分為噴發(fā)相(噴溢亞相、爆發(fā)亞相、溢流亞相)、噴發(fā)-沉積相和次火山巖相。寒武紀(jì)火山巖一部分主要表現(xiàn)為硅鎂質(zhì)成分的火山巖組合,另一部分則表現(xiàn)為硅鋁質(zhì)成分為主的大陸邊緣酸性火山巖組合,后期造山也把一些不同類型、不同成因的火山巖堆擠疊置在一起形成了現(xiàn)今的有層無序的火山巖巖石組合(張新虎,2008)。巖性主要以玄武安山巖、安山巖及火山碎屑巖為主要特征,玄武巖次之,局部夾灰紫色英安巖、流紋巖及其火山碎屑巖,偶見安山玢巖、英安斑巖等次火山巖零星出露(圖1)。

高鎂安山巖普遍具有斑狀結(jié)構(gòu),基質(zhì)主要為交織結(jié)構(gòu)。斑晶在巖石中均勻分布,大小約在1mm±,約為10%±,主要為具聚片雙晶的自形長(zhǎng)板狀斜長(zhǎng)石?;|(zhì)含量約為90%±,大小一般為0.05~0.2mm,成分主要為斜長(zhǎng)石(約60%±)、角閃石(約15%±)、石英(約5%±)、綠簾石(約5%±)、綠泥石(約5%±)等,斜長(zhǎng)石在巖石中雜亂或半定向分布,主要呈微晶板條狀,晶體之間主要被角閃石、石英、綠泥石、簾石等礦物所充填,構(gòu)成交織結(jié)構(gòu)。部分蝕變英安巖具霏細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu),塊狀構(gòu)造,無斑晶,屬快速冷凝的產(chǎn)物。主體組分為霏細(xì)狀長(zhǎng)英質(zhì)(98%±),另有微量石英顆粒(2%±),石英顆粒粒徑僅0.02~0.04mm,可見平直的棱邊和規(guī)則的晶形,霏細(xì)狀長(zhǎng)英質(zhì)強(qiáng)綠簾石化,微粒狀和黏土狀綠簾石集合體交代產(chǎn)物在巖石中均一分布,巖石中綠簾石和石英脈發(fā)育,寬0.1~2.0mm,脈體沿巖石裂隙縱橫交錯(cuò)。

1.寒武紀(jì)黑茨溝組;2.奧陶紀(jì)陰溝群;3.志留紀(jì);4.泥盆紀(jì)老君山組;5.石炭系;6.三疊系;7.白堊紀(jì)下溝組;8.斷層;9.整合接觸;10.不整合接觸;11.省界;12.采樣位置;13.年齡樣位置;14.研究區(qū);Ⅰ3.塔里木板塊;Ⅰ4.華北板塊;Ⅰ5.柴達(dá)木—祁連板塊;Ⅱ9.北祁連早古生代褶皺帶;Ⅱ10.中祁連中間地塊;Ⅱ11.南祁連早古生代褶皺帶;Ⅲ51.玉門—酒泉地塊;Ⅲ52.走廊南山地塊;Ⅲ53.托萊山地塊;Ⅲ54.中祁連地塊;Ⅲ55.南祁連地塊圖1 研究區(qū)區(qū)域地質(zhì)略圖Fig.1 Regional geological sketch of study area

2 樣品采集與測(cè)試

樣品采集選擇新鮮無蝕變的安山巖經(jīng)鏡下薄片鑒定和巖石化學(xué)分析。主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素由甘肅省中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室測(cè)定,主量元素主要利用XRF(帕拉科AXIOS型)熒光光譜儀分析測(cè)定;微量元素和稀土元素主要利用XII Series型ICP-MS(美國(guó)ThermoFisher)進(jìn)行分析測(cè)試,數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量采用國(guó)家一級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)進(jìn)行質(zhì)量監(jiān)控(GB/T 14506-1993),結(jié)果采用DZ130-1991進(jìn)行檢查,精度介于5%~10%。安山巖測(cè)年采用Rb-Sr等時(shí)線測(cè)年法,測(cè)年的樣品主要為石英,樣品粉碎、過篩至40~60目,通過雙目鏡下挑選出純凈的石英,純度達(dá)到了99%以上。測(cè)試儀器為VG354多接收質(zhì)譜計(jì)(英國(guó))。實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)定的NBS987Sr同位素標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:87Sr/86Sr=0.710 236±0.000 007,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化值采用86Sr/88Sr=0.119 4,Sr全流程本底為5×10-9~7×10-9g,(87Sr/86Sr)UR=0.704 5,(87Rb/86Sr)UR=0.082 7,年齡計(jì)算采用國(guó)際通用ISOPLOT程序,等時(shí)線年齡計(jì)算中87Rb/86Sr值誤差為1%±,87Sr/86Sr值誤差為0.05%±,置信度為95%,λRb=1.42×10-11a-1。

3 地球化學(xué)特征

3.1 主元素地球化學(xué)特征

研究區(qū)高鎂安山巖類SiO2=51.45%~59.62%,均值為56.33%,具低Al、低Ca(Al2O3=13.22%~17.37%,均值為15.69%<16%,CaO=2.01%~10.33%,均值5.64%<10%),富Na貧K(Na2O=1.57%~5.2%,K2O=1.04%~2.79%,Na2O/K2O均值=2.36),高M(jìn)gO(4.85%~9.64%,均值6.2%>5%),高M(jìn)g#(Mg#=66.68~74.15,均值71.44)特征(表1),Mg#遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于正常安山巖(Mg#=46),和HMA(Mg#>60,CRAWFORD,1989;Mg#>70,CAMERON,1983)相近,TFeO/MgO=0.84~1.5,均值1.08<1.5,具有典型高鎂安山巖特征(KELEMEN et al.,1995;TATSUMi et al.,2001;李承東等,2007;LE Bas et al.,2000;鄧晉福等,2010),與Oto-zan和East Setouehi高鎂安山巖比較相近(KAWABATA et al.,2005;TATSUMI et al.,2006)。在火山巖TAS圖解(圖2)上基本上落入安山巖區(qū)域,在K2O-SiO2圖解(圖3)上樣品明顯具有鈣堿性系列特征。

B.玄武巖(含CIPW霞石標(biāo)準(zhǔn)礦物分子為堿性玄武巖);O1.玄武安山巖;O2.安山巖;O3.英安巖;R.流紋巖;S1.粗面玄武巖;S2.玄武粗安巖;S3.粗面安山巖;T.粗面巖和粗面英安巖;Pc.苦橄巖;U1.碧玄巖和堿玄巖;U2.響巖質(zhì)堿玄巖;U3.堿玄質(zhì)響巖;Ph.響巖;F.似長(zhǎng)石巖,虛線將堿性和鈣堿性巖石區(qū)分開來圖2 火山巖TAS圖解(據(jù)M.J.Le Bas等,1986)Fig.2 TAS diagrams(After M.J.Le Bas et al.,1986)

3.2 稀土元素和微量元素地球化學(xué)特征

扎柯山高鎂安山巖類微量元素(表1)中相容元素Cr、Ni含量較高,Cr介于21.6×10-6~476×10-6,平均為196.26×10-6;Ni介于14×10-6~102×10-6,平均為56.14×10-6,微量元素原始地幔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化蛛網(wǎng)圖(圖4)上曲線明顯向右中等傾斜,具有高場(chǎng)強(qiáng)元素(HFSE)Sr、Nb、Ta、P、Ti等虧損,大離子不相容元素(LILE)Rb、Th、K等富集的趨勢(shì),說明巖漿演化過程中可能存在強(qiáng)烈的分離結(jié)晶作用,也可能使得金紅石、榍石、磷灰石、鈦鐵礦、鈣鈦礦等穩(wěn)定礦物殘留在源區(qū)。

扎柯山高鎂安山巖類稀土元素(表1)在稀土元素球粒隕石標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化配分圖(圖5)上明顯富集LREE(LREE=65.57×10-6~213.12×10-6),虧損HREE(HREE=8.8×10-6~17.14×10-6),LREE/HREE=7.19~13.58。稀土元素總量(∑REE)變化也較大(∑REE=74.67×10-6~228.81×10-6,平均為112.52×10-6),(La/Yb)N=6.34~16.94,(Gd/Yb)N=1.14~2.06,說明HREE在巖漿作用過程中分餾作用不明顯,弱負(fù)Eu異常,δEu介于0.48~0.83,指示在巖漿作用過程中經(jīng)歷過斜長(zhǎng)石分離結(jié)晶作用,或源巖在部分熔融過程中有斜長(zhǎng)石殘留。δCe介于0.89~0.94,暗示巖漿演化過程中可能有沉積物的參與。

圖3 火山巖SiO2-K2O圖解(據(jù)PECEERLLO et al.,1976)Fig.3 SiO2-K2O diagrams (After PECEERLLO et al.,1976)

圖4 原始地幔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的蛛網(wǎng)圖(據(jù)SUN et al.,1989)Fig.4 Preliminary mantle-normalized trace element Patterns for the granite (After SUN et al.,1989)

圖5 稀土元素球粒隕石標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化配分圖(據(jù)BOYNTON,1984)Fig.5 Plots of chondrite-normalized REE patterns for the granite(After BOYNTON,1984)

樣號(hào)PM21?1PM21?2PM21?3PM21?4PM21?5PM21?6PM21?7SiO2576592659625245552257445271Al2O3155516371631318165316671322Fe2O313924088204325201414FeO50928842470233432418CaO3795672016416634641033MgO717537599964531485505K2O267179104154151119242Na2O0572715224335511332TiO2037037037043043043028P2O50080070110060100501MnO008008016015008008015H2O+3562226937525124147H2O-021025014032055021021CO2185058124059122059242Mg#7152768771577099741566686829TFeO634504503886622613791Ba320310250400290320260Rb130525104342133188257Cs31335444526161124226Th12494116355172777Nb1227116195116653U05050505050505Ta18110921209409205V25014420350270420330Li661521430183287264Zr185574915228164495427Hf36735234513732Be168196399561264169238Ga22121141941051516Sr190210229157278168119Ni184414681028364Cr726166214203958339476Co31222918821157358297La16419853628817115919

續(xù)表1

樣號(hào)PM21?1PM21?2PM21?3PM21?4PM21?5PM21?6PM21?7Ce314363101562331289359Pr389443118732419371456Nd139153392268154137165Sm29231655512313276334Eu0760809708206606074Gd257276564458261236286Tb042043074074041039047Dy24238362418213222269Ho0505069086045048057Er145148204255126139168Tm027028035048023026031Yb175185227326147172207Lu028029034049024028033Y132138193225116121154

注:樣品測(cè)試單位:甘肅省中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室。

3.3 同位素地球化學(xué)特征

巖石銣鍶同位素地球化學(xué)分析結(jié)果(表2)顯示,w(Rb)為0.5627×10-6~25.82×10-6,ω(Sr)為90.08×10-6~282×10-6,87Sr/86Sr為0.709 39~0.715 76。λ87Rb=1.42×10-11a-1,87Sr/86Sr值圖(圖6)顯示,測(cè)試年齡為(516±7)Ma(1σ),為早—中寒武世。

表2 安山巖銣鍶同位素年齡測(cè)定表Tab.2 Testing Rubidium and Strontium isotope age of andesite

注:同位素測(cè)年單位:國(guó)土資源部中南礦產(chǎn)資源監(jiān)督檢測(cè)中心測(cè)試。

圖6 火山巖87Rb/86Sr-87Sr/86Sr等時(shí)線圖Fig.6 87Rb/86Sr-87Sr/86Sr diagrams

4 討論

4.1 巖石成因

高鎂安山巖在現(xiàn)代地球上出露較少,多形成于島弧環(huán)境(ELLIOTT et al.,1997),當(dāng)洋殼俯沖時(shí),元素將通過硅質(zhì)熔體、含水流體等多種形式選擇性的流動(dòng)(TATSUMI,2005),之后地幔在上述熔體或流體的助熔下發(fā)生部分熔融,形成島弧巖漿。故地幔橄欖巖、俯沖洋殼(蝕變洋殼和沉積物)的熔體和流體等均有可能在高鎂安山巖的成因中發(fā)揮重要的作用(唐功建等,2010;KELEMEN P B et al.,2003;KAMEI A et al.,2004;TATSUMI Y et al.,2003;WOOD B J et al., 2009 ;TATSUMI Y et al.,1981)。一般將類似Setouchi火山帶的高鎂安山巖中的太古宙粗面安山巖和二長(zhǎng)閃長(zhǎng)巖稱為HMA(high-Mg andesitic rocks),將西阿留申的低FeO/MgO安山巖稱為MA(Mg andesitic rocks),普遍認(rèn)為HMA是俯沖帶上面的楔形地幔在俯沖洋殼和沉積物放出H2O的條件下發(fā)生局部熔融的產(chǎn)物,MA則是俯沖洋殼脫水熔融產(chǎn)生的巖漿與上覆楔形地幔發(fā)生相互作用后形成的巖漿(KAMEI et al.,2004;鄧晉福,2010)。扎柯山高鎂安山巖類具有比典型島弧安山巖更高的MgO和Mg#,低Al貧Ca,富Na貧K,弱負(fù)Eu異常以及富集大離子不相容元素(LILE),虧損高場(chǎng)強(qiáng)元素(HFSE),普遍具有高的Cr、Ni含量特征,Ba介于250×10-6~400×10-6,平均為307×10-6;Sr介于119×10-6~278×10-6,平均為193×10-6,說明地殼混染作用很??;Yb介于1.47×10-6~3.26×10-6,平均為2.06×10-6;Y介于11.6×10-6~22.5×10-6,平均為15.14×10-6;Sr/Y=13.43,La/Yb=11.8,類似于日本西南新生代Set Sonchi弧火山巖帶中的贊岐巖類(鄧晉福,2010),與Oto-zan和East Setouehi高鎂安山巖相近(KAWABATA et al.,2005;TATSUMI et al.,2006)。普遍認(rèn)為由板片熔體交代地幔橄欖巖形成的高鎂安山巖一般具有埃達(dá)克巖的地球化學(xué)特征,但研究區(qū)扎柯山寒武紀(jì)高鎂安山巖類在YbN-(La/Yb)N圖解(圖7)中具有經(jīng)典島弧火山巖的特征,地球化學(xué)特征則明顯也不具備埃達(dá)克巖的地球化學(xué)特征,說明其不可能由板片熔體(埃達(dá)克巖)交代地幔橄欖巖而直接形成。另外,扎柯山高鎂安山巖類具有高M(jìn)g#值以及相對(duì)較高的Cr、Ni含量,暗示巖漿源區(qū)可能為地幔橄欖巖,地球化學(xué)特征顯示最有可能的成因是來源于俯沖沉積物或者蝕變洋殼由于溫度、壓力升高發(fā)生脫水加入上覆地幔楔,促使其發(fā)生部分熔融的產(chǎn)物。

圖7 火山巖YbN-(La/Yb)N圖解Fig.7 YbN-(La/Yb)N diagrams

4.2 構(gòu)造動(dòng)力學(xué)特征

高鎂安山巖由于其特殊的地球化學(xué)特征(俯沖帶重要的巖石類型),包含了俯沖帶元素運(yùn)移的重要信息(鄧晉福,2010)。也可能與地球的分異演化、地殼生長(zhǎng)、洋殼與洋脊的俯沖、洋殼與陸殼的俯沖以及下地殼拆沉等過程相關(guān),故對(duì)了解俯沖沉積物或俯沖洋殼以及拆沉下地殼的熔融過程所產(chǎn)生的熔體,與地幔橄欖巖的相互作用等深部地幔動(dòng)力學(xué)過程具有非常重要的動(dòng)力學(xué)意義(唐功建等,2010;GAO et al.,2004)。北祁連在早—中寒武世,受托來運(yùn)動(dòng)的影響形成北祁連洋,主要形成中基性火山巖系,以玉石溝-野牛溝-清水溝蛇綠巖結(jié)合帶為代表的北祁連洋形成時(shí)代為早古生代,發(fā)育于洋盆擴(kuò)張的構(gòu)造壞境(夏林圻,1998;左國(guó)朝,1999;張招崇,1998),同時(shí)北祁連洋殼在早寒武—早奧陶世沿托萊山—黑河上游河谷一線向南俯沖,在早奧陶世末結(jié)束,并在中祁連北緣殘留一些弧后盆地(張新虎,2008)。扎柯山高鎂安山巖類形成于早—中寒武世(516±7Ma),具有更高M(jìn)g#和Cr、Ni含量使得其不可能由玄武質(zhì)巖漿的分離結(jié)晶形成,可能是由俯沖的沉積物和蝕變洋殼部分熔融誘發(fā)地幔楔橄欖巖發(fā)生部分熔融的產(chǎn)物,其形成于島弧環(huán)境,暗示扎柯山高鎂安山巖和黑茨溝組中酸性火山巖在早—中寒武世北祁連洋仍然進(jìn)行俯沖消減作用的構(gòu)造格局。

5 結(jié)論

北祁連扎柯山早中寒武世黑茨溝組中發(fā)育高鎂安山巖類,形成于(516±7)Ma(1σ),相對(duì)典型島弧安山巖具有更高的MgO、Mg#和Cr、Ni含量,低Al貧Ca,富Na貧K,弱負(fù)Eu異常以及富集輕稀土元素(LREE)和大離子親石元素(Rb、K、Th),虧損重稀土元素(HREE)和高場(chǎng)強(qiáng)元素(Sr、Nb、Ta、Ti、P),可能是俯沖的沉積物和蝕變洋殼放出H2O的條件下誘發(fā)地幔楔形區(qū)的橄欖巖部分熔融的產(chǎn)物,形成于島弧環(huán)境,暗示扎柯山高鎂安山巖類和黑茨溝組中酸性火山巖形成環(huán)境處于早—中寒武世北祁連洋仍然進(jìn)行俯沖消減作用的構(gòu)造格局。

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