1. contain vt. 包含；包括；裝有；容納

The book contains twenty pictures.

這本書含有20幅圖。

The classroom can contain 60 people.

這個(gè)教室可容納60人。

比較：contain和include的區(qū)別

（1） contain側(cè)重所含的量與成分。

The basket contains a variety of fruits.

這籃子里裝有各種水果。

This drink doesnt contain any alcohol.

這種飲料不含任何酒精。

（2） include側(cè)重于對(duì)比整體與部分，指某整體包含或容納某部分。

The money I gave you included Xiao Zhangs.

我給你的錢里包括了給小張的錢。

This dictionary is 100 yuan， postage included.

這本詞典連郵費(fèi)共一百元。

（3） include常以including（名詞或代詞前）或included（名詞或代詞后）的形式出現(xiàn)在短語(yǔ)中，用來(lái)舉例、解釋或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。

There are ten of us here， including three girls.

= There are ten of us here， three girls included.

Everybody has something to say， me included.

= Everybody has something to say， including me.

2. design vt. & n. 設(shè)計(jì)

The experiment is designed to test the new medicine.

實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的是試驗(yàn)新藥。

Who designed the Water Cube？

誰(shuí)設(shè)計(jì)了水立方？

This building is a bad design.

這棟樓是一個(gè)失敗的設(shè)計(jì)。

design for 為……設(shè)計(jì)

be designed for/to do 專為……而做（設(shè)置）

by design 故意地；有意地

3. create vt. 創(chuàng)造；發(fā)明

An artist should create beautiful things.

一個(gè)藝術(shù)家應(yīng)該創(chuàng)造美麗的東西。

The government plans to create more jobs for young people.

政府計(jì)劃為年輕人創(chuàng)造更多的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。

比較：discover，create，invent，find的區(qū)別

discover指發(fā)現(xiàn)，發(fā)現(xiàn)的事物是本來(lái)存在但沒人知道的；create指創(chuàng)造，創(chuàng)造新的事物；invent指發(fā)明，通過(guò)研究制造出從前沒有的東西；find指找到，發(fā)現(xiàn)，強(qiáng)調(diào)找到某物的結(jié)果，不強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)程。

4. shorten vt. 縮短

The days shorten in November in this country.

在這個(gè)國(guó)家，白天在十一月會(huì)變短。

The teacher told me to shorten my report to one page.

老師讓我把報(bào)告縮短為一頁(yè)。

5. breakdown n. 故障；失敗；（身體）垮掉

I dont know how to deal with the network breakdown.

我不知道如何處理網(wǎng)絡(luò)故障。

He couldnt work after his breakdown.

他病倒以后，就不能工作了。

break down 出故障；壞掉；失??；垮掉；把……分類；劃分；分解

The machine has broken down.

這臺(tái)機(jī)器出故障了。

Our car broke down on the motorway.

我們的汽車在高速公路上拋錨了。

Negotiations between the two sides have broken down.

雙方談判失敗了。

Each lesson is broken down into several units.

每一課都分成幾部分。

Sugar and starch are broken down in the stomach.

糖和淀粉在胃里被分解。

6. disadvantage n. 不利因素；障礙；不便之處

There are disadvantages to the plan.

這個(gè)計(jì)劃有諸多不利因素。

What is the disadvantage of using water power？

使用水能有何弊端？

常用搭配：to ones disadvantage 對(duì)某人不利

7. defence n. 保護(hù)；防御；保衛(wèi)

defence后接入侵者或造成危害者用against；若其后接被保護(hù)者用of。

A thick coat is a good defence against the cold.

一件厚衣服足可以御寒。

People used to build strong walls round their towns as a defence against enemies.

人們從前在城鎮(zhèn)四周修筑城墻來(lái)抵御敵人。

This fort was once the main defence of the island.

這座堡壘曾經(jīng)是這個(gè)島上的主要防御設(shè)施。

常用搭配：in defence of 保衛(wèi)……；為……辯護(hù)

They fought in defence of their country.

他們?yōu)楸Ｐl(wèi)祖國(guó)而戰(zhàn)。

Hundreds of people gave their lives in defence of freedom.

千百人為了自由獻(xiàn)出了自己的生命。

8. average adj. 平均的；一般的；普通的

（1） average表示“平均的”，通常只能放在名詞前作定語(yǔ)，不用作表語(yǔ)，且沒有比較級(jí)。

What was the average temperature yesterday？

昨天的平均氣溫是多少？

The average age of boys in this class is 15.

這個(gè)班男生的平均年齡為15歲。

（2） average表示“一般的；普通的”，可用作定語(yǔ)，也可用作表語(yǔ)。

He is just an average student.

他只是一個(gè)普通的學(xué)生。

There was nothing special about the film—it was only average.

這部電影沒什么特別的，只是一部普通的電影。

average n. 平均

above/below average 平均水平以上 / 以下

on （an/the） average 平均而言；根據(jù)平均標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

the average of ……的平均數(shù)

an average of （跟數(shù)詞）平均有

注意：“the average of...”作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，意為“……的平均數(shù)”；“an average of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

9. independent adj. 獨(dú)立的；有主見的；分開的

Mozambique became independent in 1975.

莫桑比克于1975年獨(dú)立。

My elder sister has moved away from home and is now

independent.

我姐姐已經(jīng)搬出去住了，現(xiàn)在她獨(dú)立了。

常用搭配：independent of sb/sth 不相關(guān)的；不受影響的

I am old enough to be independent of my parents.

我年紀(jì)足夠大了，可以不依賴父母了。

10. consist of 由……組成

consist of常用整體作主語(yǔ)，表示“整體由部分組成”，引申為“包含有”，不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

This necklace consists of gold and diamond.

這條項(xiàng)鏈由黃金和鉆石組成。

The city consists of five districts.

這個(gè)城市有五個(gè)區(qū)。

11. as well 也

as well多用于口語(yǔ)中，語(yǔ)氣較輕。通常用于肯定句或疑問(wèn)句，一般不用于否定句，且通常放在句末。

Ill come to London， and my sister will come as well.

我會(huì)來(lái)倫敦，我的妹妹也會(huì)來(lái)。

Are they coming as well？

他們也來(lái)嗎？

12. concentrate on 聚精會(huì)神；集中思想

其后可直接接名詞或動(dòng)詞-ing形式。

I cant concentrate on my studies.

我無(wú)法集中精神學(xué)習(xí)。

Right now we should concentrate on doing some things for our plan.

現(xiàn)在我們應(yīng)該集中精力為我們的計(jì)劃做些事。

13. compared with 與……相比

Compared with our small apartment， our uncles house seemed like a palace.

跟我們的小公寓比起來(lái)，叔叔的房子就像宮殿。

How does life in Britain compared with life in the States？

與美國(guó)的生活相比，英國(guó)的生活如何？

短語(yǔ)：compare...to... 把……比作……

compare...with... 把……和……做比較

14. become/be known as 作為……而出名；叫作……；

被稱為……

She was known as an excellent dancer.

她作為一名優(yōu)秀的舞蹈家而聞名。

These chocolate bars are known as something else in the US.

這種巧克力棒在美國(guó)有別的叫法。

（1） be known for 因……而眾所周知

He was known for his frankness.

他以坦率著稱。

（2） be known to 為……所知

Hes known to the police because of his previous criminal record.

他因以前的犯罪記錄而為警察所知。

15. go down 倒下；（船等）下沉，沉沒，下降；

（將食物、飲料）吞下，咽下，喝下；（物價(jià)等）

下跌；（溫度等）下降；（日、月）落到地平線

下，落下

She stripped and went down with a bump.

她絆了一下，重重地倒在地上。

The ship went down with all on board.

這條船連船帶人都沉沒了。

A glass of wine would go down very nicely.

能喝一杯葡萄酒就太痛快了。

The price of eggs is going down.

蛋價(jià)正在下降。

The color of the sky deepened as the sun went down.

夕陽(yáng)西下，天空的顏色漸趨深暗。

16. come up with 提出；趕上

We werent able to come up with any new suggestions.

我們提不出任何新建議。

We came up with a group of tourists.

我們趕上了一群旅游者。

跟蹤導(dǎo)練（一）

閱讀理解

A

All around the world， an increasing number of people are spending their time taking part in online volunteering projects. What encourages them to help strangers without expectation of money or even thanks？

Radha Taralekar helped teach Imelda how to protect herself from HIV， though the two have never met， and neither knows the others name. Taralekar received no payment for the job. For Taralekar， the project gave her the chance to use her professional experience. “I want to serve people with my medical knowledge，” she said. For some， the inspiration to volunteer online was far more personal. After losing his wife to cancer， Tony Selman spent many hours online helping Cancer Research to collect information on the illness. “Seeing how painful she was when my wife was dying， I decided to help scientists find a way to treat cancer，” he said.

Interests and hobbies are also one of the reasons. Sam Luk joined other online volunteers to try to help the police solve murder cases. The police posted them online， calling for volunteers to help them to make sense of the messages. “I am interested in this and I love Sherlock Holmes，” said Luk.

For writer Clay Shirky， some large online volunteering projects help millions of people， giving him a sense of achievement. He helps write Wikipedia， the worlds biggest encyclopedia （百科全書）， which is written by people willing to use their professional knowledge.

1. We can infer that Radha Taralekar may be a ___ .

A. teacher B. doctor

C. writer D. policewoman

2. Why did Tony Selman decide to help Cancer Research？

A. His wife died of cancer.

B. He had much time to spend online.

C. He saw many people die of cancer.

D. He was a member of Cancer Research.

3. Sam Luk volunteered to help the police because of ___ .

A. his interests and hobbies

B. a sense of achievement

C. his duty of work

D. money in return

4. How many reasons why people help strangers online are mentioned in the text？

A. One. B. Two.

C. Three. D. Four.

B

Now most children chat daily either online or through their mobile phones. They are connecting to a huge number of other children all over the world. Some are shy “in real life” but are confident to communicate with others online； others find support from people of their own age on relationship issues， or problems at home.

Sometimes the online world， just like the real world， can introduce problems， such as arguments. Going online is great fun， but there are also a few people who use the Internet for offensive（冒犯性的）or illegal aims. Children must be made aware of both the good things and the dangers.

To keep children safe， your management must cover the family computer. Just as you decide which TV programs are suitable， you need to do the same for the websites and chat rooms your children visit. Remind your children that online friends are still strangers. Reminding them of the risks will keep them alert （警惕）.

Computer studies are part of schoolwork now， so its likely that your children may know more than you do. We get left behind when it comes to the latest gad-gets and the interactive areas of websites， like chat rooms and message boards， which are especially strange. The language of chat is strange to many parents， too. Chatters love to use abbreviations （縮寫） such as： atb—all the best， bbfn—bye bye for now， culter—see you later， grt—great， Idk—I dont know， imbl—it must be love， kit—keep in touch， paw—parents are watching， lol—laugh out loud， xlnt—excellent！

5. Whats the passage mainly written for？

A. Children. B. Parents.

C. Teachers. D. Net bar owners.

6. Which of the following will the author probably agree with？

A. The Internet is good for children.

B. The chat language is strange to adults.

C. Children shouldnt chat so much online.

D. Fewer and fewer people use the Internet for illegal aims.

7. In order to keep children safe online， youd better ___ .

A. choose suitable websites and chat rooms for them

B. teach them to use correct net words

C. surf the Internet together with them

D. not let them use the Internet

8. If you stand beside him when your son is chatting about something secret online， he may use ___ .

A. bbfn B. lol

C. paw D. culter

跟蹤導(dǎo)練（二）

完形填空

My daughter was three years old. She was going to a playschool， which had day boarding facilities （寄宿設(shè)施）. After ， the kids would sleep for 2 to 3 hours. So she was very and active in the evening and always wanted to till midnight. By that time， I was totally after a whole days work in the office and at home.

One day， as usual she was not to go to bed. She was crying aloud， “I want to play more. No time now.” I held her in my arms and wiped her tears. She stopped crying. I told her，

“ you sleep happily without crying， a beautiful will come to you in your sleep.” While I was the beauty of the angel， she lowered her to my shoulder and she was asleep in a few minutes.

Many days passed. She still slept late， but cried again while going to sleep.

One day， when coming back in the evening， I she was feeling sleepy. Soon I cooked something for her and made her

. That day， she slept early.

I went to the and prepared the dinner. Then， I also thought of going to bed early. Suddenly I saw a smile on her face. Soon， she started quietly. That was very . Never had it happened like this. It lasted for a few . Soon she was deep in sleep.

The next morning she early. Sitting in the bed she called me， “Mama， an angel had come to me yesterday. She

me on my forehead and her face was just like yours.”

1. A. school B. class C. games D. lunch

2. A. small B. fresh C. clever D. strong

3. A. play B. read C. rest D. walk

4. A. pleased B. worried C. tired D. disappointed

5. A. patient B. full C. sure D. ready

6. A. washing B. sleeping C. drinking D. writing

7. A. If B. Because C. Unless D. Before

8. A. flower B. bird C. angel D. girl

9. A. sharing B. checking C. enjoying D. describing

10. A. hand B. head C. foot D. leg

11. A. never B. sometimes C. always D. often

12. A. heard B. noticed C. forgot D. hoped

13. A. run B. study C. eat D. stand

14. A. window B. bed C. bathroom D. kitchen

15. A. sweet B. sad C. shy D. polite

16. A. thinking B. watching C. laughing D. moving

17. A. important B. special C. lucky D. difficult

18. A. seconds B. hours C. days D. weeks

19. A. set out B. came back C. got up D. sat down

20. A. carried B. held C. hit D. kissed

語(yǔ)法填空

閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容（1個(gè)單詞）或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。

Are you facing a situation makes you feel upset？ To be honest， I am.

I usually start the morning by checking the social networking website Facebook， only （see） that Ive already fallen behind. A workmate has written a new book. Two of my （hero） have completed a big project. One of my old college friends has posted a video for an online program she （take） at the moment. She looks （success）， shiny and charming while Im still in bed， bleary-eyed.

Am I really falling behind？ Did these people post any of these things to make me feel bad？

The answer is no. Its （terrible） easy to see social media as a reminder of all the things Im not doing and dreams Im not fulfilling. It is not a social problem but a comparison problem. All these years I （learn） one thing： Dont compare your insides someone elses outsides. You have no idea it took for other people to get where they are. Dont act like it was effortless or pure luck. Its much （easy） to look at someone “up there” and be curious about what they have than to be happy for them and make yours better.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

跟蹤導(dǎo)練（三）

閱讀理解

A

An American woman hired photographer Victoria Caroline Haltom to take pictures of her.

Following her clients orders， Victoria heavily photoshopped the pictures. She removed the womans cellulite （脂肪團(tuán)）， wrinkles， stretch marks （妊娠紋）， etc. Months later， Victoria received an unexpected email from the womans husband， which she recently shared on Facebook.

“When I opened the album that she gave to me， my heart sank，” the husband wrote. “These pictures... while they are beautiful and you are clearly a very talented photographer... they are not my wife. You made every one of her ‘flaws （缺陷） disappear... and while Im sure this is exactly what she asked you to do， it took away everything that makes up our life.”

“When you took away her stretch marks， you took away the documentation of my children. When you took away her wrinkles， you took away over two decades of our laughter， and our worries. When you took away her cellulite， you took away her love of baking and all the delicious tastes we have enjoyed over the years.”

“Seeing these images made me realize that I honestly do not tell my wife enough how much I LOVE her and adore her just as she is. She hears it so seldom that she actually thought these photoshopped images were what I wanted and needed her to look like. I have to do better， and for the rest of my days I am going to celebrate her in all her imperfectness. Thanks for the reminder.”

We could all take a page from this loving husbands book. True love has nothing to do with beauty， which is in the eyes of the beholder.

1. What can we learn about the womans pictures？

A. They were a complete failure.

B. They were not as beautiful as her.

C. Her husband was shocked at them.

D. Her husband was disappointed with them.

2. Why did her husband write the email to Victoria？

A. To ask for a favour.

B. To apologize to her.

C. To express his thanks.

D. To complain about the pictures.

3. What message is conveyed in the husbands letter？

A. Love me， love my dog.

B. Just accept the way you are.

C. Try to be your personal best.

D. If you can dream it， you can do it.

4. How would the woman probably feel when she read the letter？

A. Very excited. B. Deeply moved.

C. Quite satisfied. D. Greatly puzzled.

B

About 21，000 young people in 17 American states do not go to classes in school buildings. Instead， they receive their school education by working at home on computers. The Center for Education Reform says the United States has 67 public “cyberschools”， and that is about twice as many as two years ago.

The money for students to go to a cyberschool comes from the governments of the states where they live. Some educators say cyberschools receive money that should support traditional public schools. They also say it is difficult to know if students are learning well.

Other educators praise this new form of education for letting students work at their own speed. These people say cyberschools help students who were unhappy or unsuccessful in traditional schools. They say learning at home by computer ends long bus rides for children who live far from school.

Whatever the judgment of cyberschools is， they are getting more and more popular. For example， a new cyberschool called Common-wealth Connections Academy will take in students this fall. It will serve children in the state of Pennsylvania from ages five through thirteen.

Children get free equipment for their online education. This includes a computer， a printer， books and technical services. Parents and students talk with teachers by telephone or by sending emails through their computer when necessary.

Students at cyberschools usually do not know one another. But 56 such students who finished studies at Western Pennsylvania Cyber Charter School recently met for the first time. They were guests honor at their graduation.

5. What can we learn about students of a cyberschool？

A. They have to take long bus rides to school.

B. They do well in traditional school programs.

C. They study at home rather than in classrooms.

D. They receive money from traditional public schools.

6. What is a problem with cyberschools？

A. They get little support from the state government.

B. Its hard to know students progress in learning.

C. The students find it hard to make friends.

D. The equipment costs a lot of money.

7. Why are cyberschools getting more popular？

A. They are less expensive.

B. Students can work at their own speed.

C. They serve students in a wider age range.

D. Graduates are more successful in society.

8. How can students in cyberschools ask the teachers questions？

A. By watching TV. B. By writing letters.

C. By attending meetings. D. By telephone or sending emails.

跟蹤導(dǎo)練（四）

閱讀理解

Since his students began using Quizlet， English teacher Tristan Thorne has noticed an improvement in their ability to learn and use new words.

Quizlet is a learning App， a computer program you use on your mobile phone. It can help users build and test their knowledge of English words. Quizlet has word sets for millions of subjects. And， it is quickly becoming a useful mobile tool for language learners.

Thorne teaches at Columbia University in New York City. Thanks to learning Apps， Jeff Strack， another English teacher， has also noticed improvement in his students ability to remember information. He teaches at Hostos Community College， also in New York. He and Thorne are part of a growing number of language educators adding mobile Apps to their classes.

Strack and Thorne seem to agree that the days when teachers would not permit the use of mobile phones are gone. When they use Apps， language learners communicate more differently than in a traditional classroom. Users act on or respond to something， instead of just listening to new information.

Thorne believes that Apps can help learners become more active in learning. For example， each week， his students are required to add vocabulary words into Quizlet for others to use. He says some Apps also make it easy for students to know their language strengths and weaknesses.

The biggest improvement Strack has seen in his students is that they are much more active in whole-class or small-group discussions. “Apps let all students take part in the activity， whether its a game， quiz or practice activity.” he says.

Many existing learning Apps are designed for students of all ages and levels. Some are designed for group activities. Some support independent learning. Still some are good for homework. Thorne says he especially likes Quizlet and three other Apps： QR Codes， Socrative and Evernote.

1. What do Strack and Thorne do to improve their teaching？

A. They design learning Apps for their students.

B. They allow their students to use mobile Apps to study.

C. They stop their students from using Apps after class.

D. They order their students not to use mobile phones in class.

2. According to the text， Apps can help language learners .

A. save much time and money

B. remember their weaknesses

C. take an active part in learning

D. improve personal designing skills

3. What can we learn about the existing learning Apps？

A. They have three types in total.

B. They are too few to choose from.

C. They are designed for different uses.

D. They are only designed for homework.

4. What can be the best title for the text？

A. The Use of Mobile Phones Apps

B. Great Changes in Science and Technology

C. Ways to Choose from Different Mobile Apps

D. Better Language Learning with Mobile Apps

閱讀七選五

根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。

Things to Know When You Write an Email Message

For most of the twentieth century， people communicated by telephone or by mail. This is now changing， and email is becoming the preferred method of communication.

Its faster than traditional mail. As email is becoming popular， here are several rules we need to know.

Be polite and friendly.

Start your message with a greeting. If you are writing to a friend， you can begin with Hi， Sandra. If you are writing to your teacher， begin your message with Dear Mr. Astonso. Many people just type their names. Others say Bye， Cheers， or use abbreviations （縮寫） like BFN （by for now）.

Look good.

When someone receives an email message from you， they might not know anything about you. They will judge you from your email message， so make yourself look good. Sometimes sentences seem clear when you write down， but dont make sense when you read them back.

If you start to use your email several times a week， your message box will soon fill with mail. After a few weeks， you can have a list of 60 or 70 messages！ It is easy to delete （刪除） the messages you dont want any more. If your messages are important， you can save them in folders （文件夾）. It only take a few minutes to learn.

A. Organize your email.

B. Its cheaper than a phone call.

C. The email must be addressed correctly.

D. Type your message， and then read it again.

E. You need a closing at the end of your email.

F. If you dont know how to do that， just ask a friend.

G. The most commonly used emails are business emails.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

跟蹤導(dǎo)練（五）

選詞填空

用方框里單詞的正確形式填空，使其句意完整。每空一詞，有兩個(gè)詞是多余的。

compare definite permission defence short independent

invention contain average frequent design disadvantage

1. This library ____ a large number of books in foreign languages.

2. The computer is one of the most important ____ in the world.

3. You cant take photos here without ____ .

4. The book is ____ to be used in two ways.

5. The washing machine has two serious ____ .

6. He comes to visit me ____ ， usually three or four times a week.

7. A week ago you made a（n） ____ promise.

8. In China farming is no longer completely ___ on the weather.

9. My teacher asked me to ____ the report to one page.

10. Im quite a patient person， ____ with him.

句子翻譯

1. 委員會(huì)由十人組成。（consist of）

2. 油價(jià)正在下跌。（go down）

3. 開車時(shí)駕駛員的注意力要集中在路上。（concentrate on）

4. 人們都認(rèn)為那是市內(nèi)最危險(xiǎn)的地段。（be known as）

5. 我想你錯(cuò)了。你應(yīng)該拿出更好的想法。（come up with）

短文改錯(cuò)

Dear Editor，

Now many students have iPods and regard them as their most favorite. Use an iPod， we can listen to music， download a lot of learning materials and read it on the screen. Apparently， it is great help to our study， especially to our English listening.

Some students， however， bring their iPods to classroom and listen to music with earphones， which make the teacher and other students greatly annoying. Whats bad， some of them even waste precious time in class play video games.

In my opinion， the classroom is a place that students should concentrate in study. Furthermore， some rules should be made to guide the students to use iPods properly.

Yours sincerely，

Li Hua

書面表達(dá)

假如你是李明，你的朋友李華每次遇到考試，都會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些焦慮癥狀。她寫信給你，希望你能給她一些幫助。請(qǐng)根據(jù)以下要點(diǎn)用英語(yǔ)寫一封回信。

要點(diǎn)提示：

1. 分析原因；

2. 你的看法和建議。

注意：

詞數(shù)100左右（信的開頭和結(jié)尾已給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)）。

參考詞匯：

頭暈 adj. dizzy 食欲不振 lose ones appetite

Dear Li Hua，

I really feel sorry that you get some symptoms of anxiety before exams.

Yours sincerely，

Li Ming