文書明,劉建,李成必,夏曉鷗,鄧久帥
礦石碎磨能耗數(shù)學(xué)模型
文書明1,劉建1,李成必2,夏曉鷗2,鄧久帥1
(1. 昆明理工大學(xué) 國土資源工程學(xué)院,云南 昆明,650093;2. 北京礦冶科技集團(tuán)有限公司,北京,100160)
根據(jù)礦石碎磨過程中能量輸入和消耗的一般規(guī)律,以破碎比和磨礦比為自變量,能耗為因變量,經(jīng)過條件假設(shè),推導(dǎo)出礦石破碎和磨細(xì)所需要的能耗與破碎比和磨礦比之間的統(tǒng)一數(shù)學(xué)模型。研究結(jié)果表明:礦石碎磨能耗與破碎比和磨礦比的次方成正比,對(duì)于破碎和磨礦階段,對(duì)應(yīng)的指數(shù)分別為1和1/2;破碎和磨礦的能耗系數(shù)與礦石極限應(yīng)力、彈性模數(shù)、密度、比表面能等力學(xué)性質(zhì)有關(guān);通過碎礦設(shè)備生產(chǎn)能力計(jì)算的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式和邦德功指數(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式證明了所推導(dǎo)的數(shù)學(xué)模型的正確性;基于該模型和碎磨能耗最低原理,獲得碎磨能耗最低時(shí)礦石最佳入磨粒度計(jì)算公式。
碎磨能耗;入磨粒度;數(shù)學(xué)模型
眾所周知,礦石破碎和磨細(xì)的程度可以用破碎比和磨礦比來衡量:破碎比和磨礦比越大,能耗越高;破碎比和磨礦比越小,能耗越低。當(dāng)?shù)V石性質(zhì)、設(shè)備類型、工藝參數(shù)相同時(shí),根據(jù)數(shù)學(xué)分析原理,碎磨能耗的這種正相關(guān)關(guān)系可以用1個(gè)連續(xù)、可積、可導(dǎo)的數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式來表示:
根據(jù)量綱分析,式中系數(shù)具有能耗的單位,指數(shù)為量綱一指數(shù)。由式(3)可知:將粒度為f的礦石破磨至粒度為0 μm時(shí),需要的能量為無限大,這與實(shí)際相符合。
1.2.1 礦石破碎能耗的半經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式
在礦石破碎階段,破碎機(jī)提供的能量首先使礦石發(fā)生變形,變形至礦石的極限時(shí)發(fā)生破裂。由于破裂的發(fā)生,礦石與礦石之間、礦石與破碎機(jī)施力部件之間位置突然發(fā)生變化,破碎機(jī)對(duì)礦石的施力消失,破碎礦塊的變形恢復(fù),對(duì)外以聲音、震動(dòng)、放熱等形式釋放能量,部分能量轉(zhuǎn)化為新生的表面能,這就完成了1次破碎。隨著破碎機(jī)施力部件進(jìn)一步壓縮礦石,破碎的礦石之間距離縮短,再一次承受壓力,承受壓力的礦石又開始變形,直至破碎,實(shí)現(xiàn)第2次破碎。在1個(gè)破碎周期內(nèi),礦石發(fā)生多次破碎,最終使得礦石的粒度變小,達(dá)到要求的破碎比。
根據(jù)礦石應(yīng)力與應(yīng)變的關(guān)系,對(duì)于體積為的礦石,第1次破碎需要消耗的能量為[15]
若第1次施力就將體積為的礦石破碎到要求的粒度,則破碎能耗是最低的。若第1次施力只能產(chǎn)生1塊要求粒度的礦石,則要使體積為的礦塊全部破碎到要求的粒度,需要次施力(為破碎比),需要的破碎能耗將是最大的,由此可知礦石破碎需要的最大能耗max為
1.2.2 礦石磨礦能耗的半經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式
在礦石磨礦階段,磨機(jī)的能量通過磨礦介質(zhì)傳遞給礦石,首先使礦石變形,變形到達(dá)極限時(shí)發(fā)生破碎,破碎后的礦石發(fā)生變形恢復(fù),礦石內(nèi)儲(chǔ)存的能量轉(zhuǎn)化為振動(dòng)能、熱能、聲能和儲(chǔ)存在永久變形中的能量,同時(shí)部分轉(zhuǎn)化為新生表面的表面能,這2部分能量構(gòu)成了磨礦的能耗。
破碎后礦石內(nèi)儲(chǔ)存的變形能與礦石的體積成正比。
磨礦輸入的能量部分轉(zhuǎn)化為變形能,即
式中:v為體積球形系數(shù)。
破碎后礦石的表面能與表面積成正比。
設(shè)磨礦能耗與礦石變形能和表面能的幾何平均值成正比,則有
由式(8)可知:當(dāng)f=p時(shí),mk=0的邊界條件不成立。為了使邊界條件成立,在公式中加入系數(shù),使得公式變?yōu)?/p>
由磨礦能耗公式可知:當(dāng)磨礦比一定時(shí),礦石密度越大,磨礦能耗越低;礦石彈性模量越大,磨礦能耗越低;給礦粒度越大,磨礦能耗越低,即粗磨的能耗比細(xì)磨的低;礦石表面能越低,磨礦能耗越低;礦石硬度越小,磨礦能耗越低。該公式從理論上反映出礦石密度、粒度、硬度、彈性、表面能對(duì)磨礦能耗的影響規(guī)律和定量關(guān)系。當(dāng)?shù)V石的這些物理性質(zhì)都確定并已知時(shí),就可以計(jì)算礦石磨礦的理論能耗。
通過以上的理論推導(dǎo),可得礦石碎磨的能耗公式如下。
碎礦階段:
磨礦階段:
通用公式:
在礦石破碎階段,根據(jù)大量生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐,選礦廠在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)采用的破碎機(jī)生產(chǎn)能力計(jì)算的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式[18]為:
式中:為破碎機(jī)單位時(shí)間內(nèi)的生產(chǎn)能力;4為礦石硬度系數(shù);5為礦石密度系數(shù);6為礦石給料粒度系數(shù);7為礦石水分系數(shù);s為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)狀態(tài)下破碎機(jī)的生產(chǎn)能力;0為單位排礦口的生產(chǎn)能力;e為排礦口寬度與排礦粒度的關(guān)系系數(shù)。
破碎機(jī)輸出的能量是一定的,排礦粒度越小,破碎機(jī)處理能力就越小,單位礦石破碎能耗就越高。如果破碎機(jī)的輸入能量為z,則單位礦石破碎能耗為
上述公式在f=p時(shí),=0的邊界條件不成立。為了使邊界條件成立,在公式加入1個(gè)系數(shù),使公式變?yōu)?/p>
對(duì)比式(11)和式(6)可知:碎礦能耗公式(式(11))與理論推導(dǎo)的碎礦能耗模型(式(6))具有相同的形式,式(11)表示礦石破碎需要的實(shí)際能耗,而式(6)表示礦石破碎需要的理論能耗,由此證明數(shù)學(xué)模型是正確的。
邦德通過大量的生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐數(shù)據(jù)獲得礦石磨礦能耗的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式為
式中:i為礦石磨碎的功指數(shù)。
在給礦粒度一定的情況下,邦德磨礦能耗經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式可轉(zhuǎn)化為
由此可知,邦德公式是碎磨能耗通用模型式(10)的特殊形式。磨礦能耗的生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐表明,磨礦能耗的數(shù)學(xué)模型是正確的。
令2=2,由此可得邦德磨礦功指數(shù)為
式(13)為邦德功指數(shù)的理論計(jì)算式,在測(cè)定了礦石的表面能、極限應(yīng)力、應(yīng)力與應(yīng)變的關(guān)系指數(shù)、彈性模數(shù)、密度后,就能計(jì)算出邦德功指數(shù)的理論值,而這些力學(xué)性能是可以檢測(cè)的。此前,邦德功指數(shù)只能通過試驗(yàn)測(cè)定,且并無實(shí)際的物理意義,通過磨礦數(shù)學(xué)模型的推導(dǎo),明確了邦德功指數(shù)的物理意義及其影響因素,且能通過物理參數(shù)計(jì)算獲得功指數(shù)。
根據(jù)式(6)和(14),令碎礦的排礦粒度等于磨礦的給礦粒度,用1表示,由此可得碎礦和磨礦的總能 耗為
式中:bg為碎礦和磨礦總能耗,kW?h/t;1為入磨粒度(80%礦石通過的篩孔寬度),μm;f為碎礦機(jī)給礦粒度(80%礦石通過的篩孔尺寸);p為磨機(jī)排礦粒度(80%礦石通過的篩孔尺寸)。
對(duì)式(15)求偏導(dǎo)數(shù)可得
式中:1為碎磨能耗最低時(shí)的入磨粒度。
由式(18)可知:碎磨能耗最低時(shí)的入磨粒度與碎礦給礦粒度、礦石彈性模量、礦石極限應(yīng)力和單位表面能相關(guān)。在選礦廠設(shè)計(jì)中,在選定碎磨礦設(shè)備之前,可以通過式(18)計(jì)算礦石的最佳入磨粒度。
4) 通過數(shù)學(xué)推導(dǎo)、實(shí)踐驗(yàn)證,獲得了碎磨能耗的統(tǒng)一模型。
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(編輯 伍錦花)
A mathematical model describing energy consumption of crush and grinding
WEN Shuming1, LIU Jian1, LI Chengbi2, XIA Xiaoou2, DENG Jiushuai1
(1. Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; 2. Beijing General Research Institute of Mining & Metallurgy Technology Group, Beijing 100160, China)
According to the common law of energy input and consumption of ore’s crush and grinding, a unified mathematical model describing energy consumption of crush and grinding was deduced based on certain assumptions, in which the size reduction ratio of crush and grinding and energy consumption were used as independent and dependent variables, respectively. The results show that energy consumption is in proportion to theth power of size reduction ratio of crush and grinding stage, andis 1 and 1/2 for the crushing and grinding stage, respectively. Energy consumption coefficient in the model is related to the properties of ore, such as ultimate stress, modulus of elasticity, density of ore, specific surface energy and etc. The model validity is confirmed by the results calculated by the widely used empirical formulas of crushing equipment production capacity and the Bond work index. Based on the model and the lowest energy consumption principle, the optimal particle size which is fed to grinding at lowest energy consumption is determined.
crushing energy consumption; grinding particle size; mathematical model
10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2018.09.001
TD-05
A
1672?7207(2018)09?2115?06
2017?10?09;
2017?11?11
國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(51764037,51704135) (Projects(51764037, 51704135) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China)
劉建,博士,副教授,從事礦物加工工程理論與工藝研究;E-mail: vacation2008@126.com