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浙江籌建省級非遺館讓“非遺珍珠”重放光華

2018-11-12 08:43胡昊
文化交流 2018年11期
關(guān)鍵詞:蕭山代表性藏品

胡昊

浙江大地人文薈萃,孕育了眾多非物質(zhì)文化的瑰寶:蠶桑絲織技藝、龍泉青瓷、浙派古琴……目前浙江共有10個人類非遺項(xiàng)目、217個國家級非遺項(xiàng)目、886個省級非遺項(xiàng)目,數(shù)量位居全國各省之首,它們構(gòu)筑起一座璀璨奪目的文化寶庫。

9月底,在第十屆浙江·中國非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)博覽會上,這座文化寶庫掀起蓋頭的一角,散發(fā)出閃耀的光芒。作為博覽會的一部分,“天工巧作——浙江非遺館捐贈作品精品展”展出的都是浙江非遺大師們的精品力作,引來不少關(guān)注。

自2017年浙江省非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)館啟動藏品收集工作以來,目前已有48位非遺代表性傳承人和工藝美術(shù)大師捐贈了69件(套)作品。這些傳承著文化精髓的大師們也希望通過自己的作品,推動形成人人傳承中華優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化的生動局面。

藏品征集背后,感人故事不少

第十屆浙江·中國非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)博覽會的“天工巧作——浙江非遺館捐贈作品精品展”上,22位國家級非遺項(xiàng)目代表性傳承人和中國工藝美術(shù)大師的31件(套)大師作品亮相。這些大師名作涵蓋浙江省內(nèi)具有代表性的傳統(tǒng)刺繡、紙藝彩扎、傳統(tǒng)五金、陶瓷、鑲嵌、石雕等傳統(tǒng)工藝類項(xiàng)目。

在展品當(dāng)中,有一件名為《農(nóng)家記憶》的龍泉青瓷作品尤為引人注目。這件作品是純手工拉胚成型,青瓷釉色相當(dāng)平和,一看就給人一種溫潤寧靜的感覺。這是第五批國家級非遺項(xiàng)目代表性傳承人、龍泉青瓷名家張紹斌的遺作。彌留之際,這位年僅62歲的傳承人叮囑家人,一定要把這件最重要的作品捐獻(xiàn)給浙江省非遺館。這件作品由張紹斌的兒子、已經(jīng)在龍泉青瓷的創(chuàng)作上頗有成就的張篤良代為捐贈。

事實(shí)上,“天工巧作”展出的這些藏品,是第二批浙江非遺大師捐贈給浙江非遺館的珍品。

2017年11月23日,籌建中的省非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)館迎來了第一批重要藏品。陸光正、徐朝興、周錦云、高公博、嵇錫貴等26位非遺代表性傳承人和工藝美術(shù)大師向省非遺館捐贈了38件(套)非遺作品。這些作品件件都屬大家之作,處處體現(xiàn)傳統(tǒng)工藝的匠心之美。

省級非遺代表性傳承人、中國工藝美術(shù)大師趙錫祥捐出了一件蕭山花邊作品——特重工萬縷絲真絲全雕墊繡鑲邊掛毯。掛毯長2.6米,高1.7米,于2016年由45名蕭山繡娘花了3個月時間制作完成,在紋樣設(shè)計、繡藝應(yīng)用和材質(zhì)選用上均較以往有新的突破。掛毯紋樣以孔雀尾紋與花卉相結(jié)合,上有牡丹、玫瑰、菊花、月季等形態(tài)各異的花卉330朵,另有晶瑩剔透的葡萄1088顆;繡藝上釆用抽拉絲針法和墊繡工藝;材質(zhì)則選用了真絲絨。整幅作品虛實(shí)相間,呈現(xiàn)出浮雕般的藝術(shù)效果,被譽(yù)為蕭山花邊的巔峰之作。

趙錫祥捐贈的作品中,還有一塊1.7米見方的5151萬縷絲方臺毯,它是趙錫祥的岳父、老藝人胡兆康在上世紀(jì)40年代完成的。這塊方臺毯的圖樣設(shè)計匠心獨(dú)具,布局簡潔大氣。這個式樣的花邊作品后來演化為上千個款式,曾榮獲國家優(yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)品“金質(zhì)獎”和中國工藝美術(shù)百花杯“金杯獎”,深受消費(fèi)者青睞?!笆捝交ㄟ吺鞘〖壏沁z項(xiàng)目,這塊方臺毯是蕭山花邊的代表作。我把它捐出來,就是想讓更多人了解蕭山花邊。”趙錫祥說。

“龍檔”又稱“板凳龍”,是具有濃郁樂清地方民間傳統(tǒng)特色的工藝美術(shù),2008年入選第二批國家級非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄。“龍檔的經(jīng)濟(jì)價值是無法衡量的?!眹壹壏沁z項(xiàng)目代表性傳承人黃德清說起龍檔,自豪滿滿。他捐贈的龍檔長35米,以香樟木和榆木為原料,采用圓雕、透雕、鏤雕、浮雕等多種雕刻技法,并運(yùn)用油漆貼金彩繪、竹編、刺繡等多種工藝。其最大的特色是龍檔刻有來自《西游記》《白蛇傳》等古典名著、民間傳說里的700多個人物。在檔頭、檔尾、小檔背上還刻有《姜子牙點(diǎn)將》《拷紅》《三堂會審》等故事。

說起每件作品的精致之處,幾乎所有的傳承人和工藝美術(shù)大師都能說個半天。在他們的心里,這些作品如同自己的孩子,左看右看都是好的。

從籌建到征集,“國寶級”大師響應(yīng)

浙江省委、省政府一直高度重視非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)事業(yè)。自2003年被確定為中國民族民間文化保護(hù)綜合試點(diǎn)省以來,我省的非遺保護(hù)工作不但創(chuàng)造了非遺普查的“浙江模式”、連續(xù)4批國家級非遺項(xiàng)目數(shù)排名全國第一的“浙江現(xiàn)象”,而且創(chuàng)新性地在全國非遺保護(hù)傳承中開拓了“浙江經(jīng)驗(yàn)”。

“浙江非遺館里面應(yīng)該展示什么?”這是一直困擾省非遺保護(hù)工作者們的一個大問題。

早在2017年初,在浙江省非遺館籌建過程中,不少人士提出是否可以邀請非遺代項(xiàng)目表性傳承人和工藝美術(shù)大師們捐贈一部分代表性的作品:一來,非遺館籌建在全國都屬罕見,沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)可循,只能靠這些非遺代表性傳承人“救急”;二來,通過展示名家名作,也能讓非遺館真真正正成為浙江非遺宣傳、展示、教育和研究的一個重要窗口。

2017年5月,省文化廳相關(guān)人士赴青田、龍泉等地開展調(diào)研,看望倪東方、徐朝興、劉江等非遺代表性傳承人和工藝美術(shù)大師,提出了這一設(shè)想。

當(dāng)年7月至9月,省非遺保護(hù)中心組織非遺專家開展作品征集,他們輾轉(zhuǎn)龍泉、青田、東陽、樂清、寧海、椒江等12個縣(市、區(qū)),與省內(nèi)36位非遺代表性傳承人和工藝美術(shù)大師進(jìn)行深入的溝通與交流,希望他們拿出具有代表性的非遺作品。

當(dāng)年8月,10多位“國寶級”大師在省非遺館籌備會議上,宣布將自己的部分作品捐贈給省非遺館收藏。他們還號召全省各級非遺代表性傳承人盡力提供作品或藏品。代表這些大師宣讀倡議的是東陽木雕國家級非遺代表性傳承人、中國工藝美術(shù)大師陸光正,他表示非遺代表性傳承人有責(zé)任也有義務(wù)盡自己的一分力量,全力配合并積極支持省非遺館的建設(shè)。他們向省非遺館捐贈本人的代表性作品和相關(guān)實(shí)物資料,同時也向全省非遺代表性傳承人積極倡議:將個人所擁有的作品(或藏品)捐贈給省非遺館收藏,進(jìn)一步發(fā)揮省非遺館的宣傳、展示、教育、研究功能。

“我們希望更多的非遺代表性傳承人能夠拿出具有收藏價值和能夠代表非遺技藝的作品或道具,為非遺的傳播、傳承和發(fā)展提供支持。”省文化廳相關(guān)人士說,省非遺館的建設(shè)不同于博物館、圖書館和文化館,沒有現(xiàn)成的經(jīng)驗(yàn),非遺館藏品的征集也是一個需要不斷積累的過程。

館藏除了“國寶”,也有異域風(fēng)情

除了浙江的“國寶”外,浙江非遺館還兼收并蓄,收藏了部分境外非遺藏品。這些藏品來自于第二屆“中國——中東歐國家非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)專家級論壇”的參會國家和地區(qū),比如波黑的參會代表米蕾拉·米莉切維奇·舍契奇女士捐贈的作品木制首飾盒、圓形托盤、釘蹄鐵蛋等,塞爾維亞的參會代表達(dá)爾科·克洛帕諾維奇先生捐贈的作品扎拉庫沙陶瓷等,斯洛文尼亞民族博物館的參會代表坦亞·羅曾貝爾加爾女士捐贈的作品心型姜餅、“小面包”木模、彩繪蜂窩板等,中國澳門的國家級非遺代表性傳承人曾德衡先生創(chuàng)作的佛像雕刻等作品。

“文化具有包容性。我們在展示自己的非遺名作的同時,應(yīng)該為世界非遺提供一個展示的舞臺,這不但體現(xiàn)了浙江非遺館的包容性,也體現(xiàn)了中國非遺的包容性,是聯(lián)合國教科文組織頒發(fā)的《保護(hù)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)公約》中對于非遺保護(hù)和傳承最好的實(shí)踐?!闭憬》沁z保護(hù)中心相關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)人介紹說,對于保護(hù),《公約》要求不但要確認(rèn)、立檔、研究、保存,更要實(shí)現(xiàn)保護(hù)、宣傳、弘揚(yáng)、傳承和振興,“世界其他國家和地區(qū)的非遺同樣面臨和中國的非遺一樣的局面,需要全人類共同努力去營造一個保護(hù)的空間。”

另外,在“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”時代,我省非遺數(shù)據(jù)庫的建設(shè)一直走在全國前列,浙江省非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)數(shù)據(jù)庫平臺迄今已采錄200余萬條數(shù)據(jù)。這些數(shù)據(jù)也將被浙江省非遺館收入保存。

Museum Collects Masterpieces of Intangible Cultural Heritage

By Hu Hao

Zhejiang leads China in owning the countrys biggest treasure of intangible cultural heritage. At present, the province in eastern China not only has 217 items in ten categories inscribed on the national list of intangible cultural heritage of humanity but also has 886 intangible cultural heritage items under the safeguarding of the province.

Hangzhou, capital of Zhejiang, showcased some heritage masterpieces during Zhejiang-China Expo on Intangible Cultural Heritage from September 19 to 23, 2018. The White Horse Lake International Convention & Exhibition Center served as the venue for the five-day event.

Since Zhejiang Museum for Intangible Cultural Heritage, now still in its preparatory stage, began to build up a collection of masterpieces of intangible cultural heritage in 2017, 48 heritage inheritors and masters of arts and crafts have contributed 69 pieces/sets of artworks to the museum.

The expo at the White Horse Lake presented 31 pieces/sets of artworks that represented 22 national inheritors and masters from the museums collection. The exhibits covered a wide range of traditional arts and crafts including embroidery, paper art, pottery, stone-carving, and metal tools.

One eye-catching exhibit was “Rural Memory”, a Longquan celadon work of art created by Zhang Shaobin, a certified inheritor on the fifth national list of intangible cultural heritage. The 62-year-old master instructed his family to donate the piece to the museum before he passed away. His son Zhang Duliang, also a celadon master, donated his fathers masterpiece to the museum.

In fact, the exhibits at the White Horse Lake in September were all from the second batch of masterpieces donated by inheritors and masters. The museum received its first batch of 38 masterpieces from 26 inheritors and masters November 23, 2017.

The first batch included some rare items. A 1.7-m2 silk desk carpet, donated by Zhao Xixiang, was created by Hu Zhaokang, Zhaos father-in-law, in the 1940s. The intricate design shows masterful touches and presents a simple and majestic style. A representative masterpiece of Xiaoshan Lacework, a provincial intangible cultural heritage, the silk carpet has served as a prototype and inspired more than 1,000 variations on the original over decades. Zhao Xixiang is a national master of arts and crafts and inheritor of intangible cultural heritage at the provincial level.

Another important donation is “Bench Dragon” of Yueqing, a county-level city in southern Zhejiang. The 35-meter-long dragon, created and donated by Huang Deqing, a national inheritor of intangible cultural heritage, is a woodcarving masterpiece. It presents more than 700 figures from classical novels and folk tales. Huang thought the value of the masterpiece couldnt be overestimated.

When the heritage museum project was launched in early 2017, people engaged in this project wondered what the museum was to display to the world. After a brainstorm, someone suggested to see if some inheritors and masters were ready to donate some of their representative pieces to the museum. The suggestion was pragmatic: the unprecedented museum needed these inheritors to justify its existence and the museum could turn itself into a window on the provinces wealth of intangible cultural heritage through a meaningful presentation.

In May 2017, a group of officials from the provincial cultural authorities visited masters such as Ni Dongfang, Xu Chaoxing and Liu Jiang in Qingtian and Longquan and held a discussion on the issue with these masters. From July to September, a group of experts from the provinces center for safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage visited inheritors and masters in 12 counties and county-level cities across the province.

In August 2017, over ten national masters announced their respective donations to the museum at a meeting at the provincial level. They called inheritors at all levels across the province to donate their representative pieces to the museum.

The officials at Zhejiang Administration of Culture remarked: “We hope more inheritors can donate their works that represent the intangible cultural heritage so as to promote the publics awareness of the heritage and help safeguard the heritage for future generations.“ It is noted that there is no successful experience about how to run a museum of intangible cultural heritage. Such a museum is different from conventional museums, libraries and cultural centers. The buildup of the collection takes time.

In the collection of the museum are some contributions from central and eastern European countries. Zhejiang has built up a database of 2 million entries on intangible cultural heritage, which is now also in the collection of the museum.

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