張慶法,蔡紅珍,周 亮,張繼兵,易維明※
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含炭量對木炭/聚丙烯復合材料性能的影響
張慶法1,2,蔡紅珍1,2,周 亮1,2,張繼兵3,易維明1,2※
(1. 山東理工大學農(nóng)業(yè)工程與食品科學學院,淄博 255000;2. 山東省清潔能源工程技術(shù)研究中心,淄博 255000; 3. 安徽愛樂門窗系統(tǒng)工程有限公司,宿州 234000)
為了改善聚丙烯(polypropylene, PP)的力學性能,該文以木炭、聚丙烯(polypropylene, PP)為主要原料,采用雙螺桿擠出機制備木炭/PP復合材料。并利用X射線衍射儀(X-ray diffractometer, XRD)、差式掃描量熱儀(differential scanning calorimeter, DSC)、電子萬能力學試驗機、動態(tài)熱機械分析儀(dynamic mechanical analyzer, DMA)、場發(fā)射掃描電鏡(scanning electron microscope, SEM)等儀器對復合材料進行性能特性的表征分析。試驗結(jié)果表明,PP基體在高溫下以流體的形式流入木炭的孔隙,并與木炭相互纏繞、粘結(jié),形成一種界面較為致密的結(jié)構(gòu),這種結(jié)構(gòu)使得復合材料具有較好的靜態(tài)力學性能(拉伸強度最高為25.47 MPa)與動態(tài)力學性能(儲能模量最高為4 921.92 MPa)。研究結(jié)果可為木炭在生物基材料方面的應(yīng)用提供新的思路。
復合材料;聚丙烯;炭化;力學性能
以天然纖維(木粉、秸稈粉、竹粉等)和熱塑性塑料(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯等)為主要原料,采用熔融擠出或者模壓的成型方式加工制得的復合材料(木塑復合材料)不僅兼有木材的質(zhì)感和塑料的優(yōu)勢,同時也為農(nóng)林業(yè)廢棄物與廢舊塑料的回收利用提供了一種新思路。作為一種綠色環(huán)保材料,木塑復合材料憑借其低廉的成本和較好的強度被廣泛應(yīng)用于室內(nèi)室外裝飾裝修、交通、汽車等領(lǐng)域[2-8]。但是,天然纖維材料表面存在大量親水性極性基團,而熱塑性塑料又是非極性屬性,兩者結(jié)合性極差,致使材料內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生大量空隙,較差的界面結(jié)合也是復合材料力學性能較差的最重要原因之一[9]。為此,許多專家學者在提高木塑復合材料強度方面做了大量的研究工作。趙劍英等[10]利用丙烯酸酯共聚物增容劑對木塑復合材料進行增容,使得木塑復合材料的拉伸強度提高了2.2倍;于旻等[11]采用復合處理法對麥秸稈纖維進行表面處理后制備木塑復合材料,結(jié)果表明:復合處理麥秸稈后制備的木塑復合材料力學性能要優(yōu)于單純使用偶聯(lián)劑處理麥秸稈制備的木塑復合材料;潘明珠等[12]利用聚磷酸銨改善稻秸-高密度聚乙烯復合材料的理化性能,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)聚磷酸銨可有效改善木塑復合材料的韌性。除此之外,還有部分學者通過利用其它填料代替天然纖維的方式來增強復合材料的強度。張慶法等[13]利用稻殼炭代替稻殼制備復合材料并與稻殼/高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)復合材料進行對比分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)稻殼炭填充熱塑性塑料復合材料具有更強的力學性能;Ning[14]利用碳纖維增強塑料制備復合材料,該材料具有良好的拉伸性能。
木炭的使用由來已久,隨著經(jīng)濟的高速發(fā)展,其需求量也不斷增大,木炭被廣泛應(yīng)用于食品、制藥、化工、冶金、國防、農(nóng)業(yè)及環(huán)境保護等諸多領(lǐng)域[15],與木材等天然纖維相比,木炭由木材在高溫下熱解炭化得到,在炭化過程中,木材表面的極性基團受到高溫影響被破壞,本身極性較低[16],更容易與非極性或弱極性的熱塑性塑料相容,不存在界面結(jié)合很差[17]的問題。但是,作為生物炭的一種,木炭在代替天然纖維增強熱塑性塑料制備復合材料方面的研究才剛剛起步,研究空間十分巨大。Das等[18]在木塑復合材料中加入木材熱解炭用以開辟生物炭的利用途徑,試驗表明該復合材料具有良好的力學性能和阻燃性能。Li等[19]利用木炭改性超高分子量聚乙烯制備復合材料,該材料不僅具有極好的力學性能還有較佳的導電性。以上學者對木炭在生物基材料方面的應(yīng)用進行了深入研究,并取得了一定的進展。但是上述研究所采用的偶聯(lián)劑、超高分子量聚乙烯等原料成本較高,在一定程度上限制了該材料的應(yīng)用。本文以木炭為填料、較為廉價的PP為基體,采用擠出法制備木炭/PP復合材料,通過利用XRD、DSC、抗拉伸測試、DMA、SEM等先進手段對復合材料進行表征測試分析,為木炭在生物基材料方面的應(yīng)用提供有益的借鑒經(jīng)驗。
木炭:市售土窯木炭,60目,濟南富吉化工有限公司;PP:SMS-514F,熔融指數(shù)為3.2 g/10 min,密度為0.9 g/cm3,熔點為190~200 ℃,上海意恩塑化有限公司;鈣鋅復合穩(wěn)定劑為硬脂酸鈣和硬脂酸鋅復合穩(wěn)定劑,其中硬脂酸鈣和硬脂酸鋅的摩爾比為2:1,邵陽天堂助劑化工有限公司;潤滑劑,TPW613,美國Struktol公司。
將木炭敲成小塊置于超細粉碎機內(nèi)粉碎成粉狀并過80目篩,然后將粉狀木炭置于鼓風干燥箱(DHG-9620A,上海一恒科技儀器有限公司)內(nèi)干燥24 h,溫度設(shè)定為105 ℃,使其質(zhì)量含水率降至2%以下;然后將干燥后的木炭(20%,40%,60%,80%)、PP(70%,50%,30%,10%)、鈣鋅復合穩(wěn)定劑(6%)、潤滑劑(4%)置于雙運動三維高速混合機(JHN-15,鄭州金泰金屬材料有限公司)中充分混合10 min,得到均勻混料;將均勻混料投入到雙螺桿擠出機(BP-8177-ZB,東莞市寶品精密儀器有限公司)中進行擠出造粒得到粒料;將所得粒料再次投入到雙螺桿擠出機中進行二次擠出成型,擠出機轉(zhuǎn)速為40 r/min,擠出溫度為200~220 ℃。
XRD分析:利用X射線衍射儀(Bruker AXS D8 Advance,德國 Bruker AXS有限公司)對復合材料試樣進行XRD分析,操作電壓為 40 kV,電流為50 mA,掃描范圍為5°~40°,掃描速度為5°/min;
DSC分析:利用差示掃描量熱儀(Q100-DSC,美國TA有限公司)對復合材料樣品進行DSC分析,取樣5~10 mg,在氮氣氣氛下以5 ℃/min的升溫速率升至180 ℃,然后再以同樣的速率冷卻至80 ℃。
拉伸強度測試:拉伸強度通過電子萬能試驗機(WDW1020,長春科新公司)測試,將復合材料樣品用多功能切割臺鋸(WMT-10TS,浙江華豐電動工具有限公司)切割成180 mm×10 mm×4 mm待測,拉伸速率為10 mm/min。取5次平均值作為測試結(jié)果。
動態(tài)熱機械分析:利用動態(tài)熱機械分析儀(Q800,美國TA有限公司)進行動態(tài)熱機械分析,試驗選取雙懸臂模式,試樣尺寸為60 mm×10 mm×3 mm,掃描頻率為5 Hz,試驗溫度范圍設(shè)置為–30~160 ℃,升溫速率為5 ℃/min。
微觀結(jié)構(gòu):對木炭粉末以及復合材料拉伸斷面進行噴金處理后利用場發(fā)射掃描電鏡(Sirion 200,美國FEI有限公司)觀察微觀形貌,掃描電壓為3.0 kV。
圖1為不同木炭含量的木炭/PP復合材料XRD曲線圖。從圖1中可以看出,木炭/PP復合材料的XRD曲線的變化基本保持一致,且圖線的形狀趨勢跟純PP的XRD圖線基本一致[20]。不同木炭含量的復合材料在14°、17°、18°以及27°有明顯的峰,這些峰分別對應(yīng)于晶面(110)、(040)、(130)、(002),表現(xiàn)為晶型,完全符合PP的半結(jié)晶性質(zhì)。說明復合材料中所有的結(jié)晶峰都是PP引起的,木炭并沒有對復合材料的衍射峰做出貢獻,同時也說明木炭的本質(zhì)屬于非晶態(tài)[21]。值得注意的是,隨著木炭含量的增加,所有樣品的峰強度都相應(yīng)降低,這是因為大量非晶態(tài)木炭導致復合材料中晶態(tài)材料的缺乏,進而導致復合材料XRD衍射峰強度降低[22]。綜上所述,木炭/PP復合材料跟PP一樣是部分結(jié)晶,木炭含量的變化對復合材料的衍射峰強度具有重要影響,但對復合材料的微晶結(jié)構(gòu)影響不大。
圖1 不同木炭含量的木炭/PP復合材料XRD曲線
圖2為PP以及不同木炭含量的木炭/PP復合材料DSC曲線圖。由圖2可知,純PP在165 ℃時開始吸熱并進入熔化階段。當PP中添加木炭時,復合材料的熔融溫度依然保持在165 ℃左右,基本保持不變。但是隨著木炭含量的增加,復合材料熔化所需的能量隨之增加了,這是因為PP基復合材料中添加了熱穩(wěn)定性較強的木炭。另一方面,純PP在118 ℃開始放熱并進入結(jié)晶成型階段,與木炭/PP復合材料的熔融溫度不同的是,當PP中加入木炭時,復合材料的結(jié)晶溫度明顯升高,且木炭含量越高,結(jié)晶溫度越高。這可能是由于PP基體中的木炭粒子的成核效應(yīng)所致,木炭粒子成為了晶體生長的起始點。這同時也說明,木炭含量的增加有利于復合材料的早期結(jié)晶。另外,從圖2中還可以看出,隨著木炭含量的增加,結(jié)晶峰的強度在逐漸減小,這說明木炭含量越高,復合材料結(jié)晶所需要的能量越少,這再次說明木炭含量的增加對復合材料的結(jié)晶是有利的。
圖3為不同木炭含量下的木炭/PP復合材料拉伸強度圖。由圖3可知,木炭含量對復合材料的拉伸強度影響比較大。當木炭含量為20 %時,木炭/PP復合材料的拉伸強度較低,只有12 MPa,幾乎接近純PP,此時復合材料的主要成分為PP,較少的木炭顆粒被分散在PP基體內(nèi)部的各處,木炭顆粒之間的間距較大,木炭起不到增強作用。當木炭含量達到60 %時,復合材料的拉伸強度為25.47 MPa,達到最大值。木炭由木材高溫炭化得到,跟木材相比,木炭本身所具有的極性基團的含量較低,與非極性的PP之間的排斥作用也比較弱,且此時木炭與PP的含量相當,兩者混合最為均勻、充分,結(jié)合最為緊密,木炭顆粒之間的間距適中,復合材料界面最優(yōu)[20]。值得注意的是,隨著木炭含量增加到80 %,復合材料的拉伸強度大幅度下降至7 MPa,PP在復合材料內(nèi)部起到一個粘結(jié)劑的作用[23],將不同的木炭顆粒粘結(jié)到一起。此時木炭的含量遠遠超過了PP,含量極為有限的PP,不能有效地將木炭顆粒粘結(jié)到一起,木炭在PP中形成大量團聚,復合材料的結(jié)合界面被嚴重破壞,當受到外力時,極易產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力集中,所以木炭/PP復合材料的拉伸強度大幅度下降至7 MPa。從分子結(jié)構(gòu)層面講,與PE相比,PP主鏈上含有側(cè)基-CH3,其高分子鏈的空間位阻比PE大,不利于高分子鏈的內(nèi)旋轉(zhuǎn),使鏈的剛性增加,柔順性降低;PE分子鏈規(guī)整性比PP高,結(jié)晶度也高于PP[24],所以在高填充量(80 %)時PE基體的復合材料可以獲得高的拉伸強度,而PP基體的復合材料則無法獲得。
圖2 不同木炭含量的木炭/PP復合材料DSC曲線
圖3 不同木炭含量的木炭/PP復合材料的拉伸強度
動態(tài)力學分析可反映復合材料界面性能的優(yōu)劣,亦可反映材料的結(jié)構(gòu)、組分間的相容性和分子運動能,與靜態(tài)力學相比,更能客觀反映材料在實際使用時的基本性能[25-27]。圖4為不同木炭含量下木炭/PP復合材料的儲能模量()與損耗因子(tan)。由圖4可知,當溫度較低時,復合材料的儲能模量較大,但是隨著溫度的升高,復合材料儲能模量不斷下降,這是因為溫度較低時,木炭/PP復合材料分子運動量較小,剛性較大。而隨著溫度的升高,直到達到復合材料的玻璃轉(zhuǎn)化點后,PP本身的熱塑性降低,復合材料的剛性也隨之降低。由圖4還可以看出,隨著溫度的升高,5種復合材料的損耗因子tan都呈現(xiàn)出逐漸上升的趨勢,這是因為溫度的升高加劇了木炭/PP復合材料內(nèi)部的熱運動,PP分子鏈的可滑動性增加,表現(xiàn)為復合材料柔性的增加[28]。圖4中還可以看出木炭含量對復合材料與tan的影響規(guī)律。在–25 ℃時,5種復合材料的都達到最大值,純PP的僅為2 380.33 MPa,隨著木炭含量的增加,木炭/PP復合材料的不斷增大,當含炭量達到80 %時,復合材料的高達4 921.92 MPa,木炭起到了剛性增強作用,木炭與PP在熔融狀態(tài)下混合成型之后,木炭的骨架結(jié)構(gòu)[29]在PP基體中起到增強作用,而這種骨架同時限制住了PP基體的流動,起到了一種阻礙作用,木炭含量越高,這種阻礙作用越大,復合材料的剛性就越強。而從損耗因子曲線上可以看出,隨著木炭含量的增加,復合材料的tan不斷下降,這表明木炭的增加有利于增強復合材料的彈性[30]。這是因為木炭阻礙了PP基體鏈段的運動,從而影響了復合材料的阻尼特性,所以木炭含量越高,復合材料彈性越好。
圖4 不同木炭含量的木炭/PP復合材料的儲能模量和損耗因子
圖5為木炭在不同放大倍數(shù)下的微觀形貌圖。由圖5可以看出,在放大1 000倍下,木炭呈現(xiàn)出大小不同的顆粒狀,這主要是由于在粉碎機中粉碎不均勻造成的。而在放大5 000倍下,木炭表面較為干凈、光滑,有大量的溝壑與孔隙,整體上屬于一種多孔結(jié)構(gòu)。這種多孔結(jié)構(gòu)的形成主要是木材在高溫炭化過程中,成分遭到破壞,揮發(fā)分析出所致,這種多孔結(jié)構(gòu)與大多數(shù)學者的研究基本一致[31]。
圖5 木炭在不同放大倍數(shù)下的SEM圖
木炭與天然纖維微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的不同,使得木炭/PP復合材料的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)與木塑復合材料差別很大,木塑復合材料的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)表現(xiàn)為纖維顆粒分散在塑料基體中并被基體所包裹,塑料基體起到粘結(jié)劑的作用[32-33];對木炭/PP復合材料而言,PP盡管也起到粘結(jié)劑的作用,將木炭顆粒粘結(jié)到一起,但是在高溫狀態(tài)下,PP基體也會成為流體并流入木炭的溝壑與孔隙中,兩者互相纏繞、粘結(jié)并形成一種界面較為緊湊的結(jié)構(gòu),顯然,木炭/PP復合材料的內(nèi)部結(jié)合更加致密良好。圖6為4種不同木炭含量的木炭/PP復合材料的斷面微觀形貌。由圖6可知,當木炭含量為20%時,復合材料的界面比較光滑,可以看到少量的木炭顆粒被鑲嵌在PP基體中,此時復合材料的成分主要以PP為主,木炭的作用較?。划斈咎亢窟_到60%,此時木炭含量與PP基體含量相當,復合材料的界面最為清晰,可以清楚的觀察到木炭與PP互相纏繞、互相包裹,PP嵌入木炭孔隙的同時也將不同的木炭顆粒粘結(jié)到一起,形成一種界面較為致密的結(jié)構(gòu),此時木炭/PP復合材料的界面結(jié)合最佳,界面強度最高,這也是含炭量為60%時復合材料拉伸強度最高的重要原因;隨著木炭進一步增加到80%,可以明顯看到,木炭在較少的PP基體中形成了大量的團聚,復合材料出現(xiàn)了大量的空洞和空隙,界面破壞嚴重,這是因為少量的PP基體不足以將木炭顆粒全部包裹,木炭顆粒之間的粘結(jié)作用被大大削弱。
圖6 不同木炭含量的木炭/PP復合材料斷面SEM圖
本文以木炭和PP為原料,利用擠出法制備木炭/PP復合材料,并對其相關(guān)性能進行測試和表征,得到以下主要結(jié)論:
1)木炭含量的增加對復合材料的微晶結(jié)構(gòu)影響不大,但是會降低復合材料的衍射峰強度,有利于復合材料的放熱結(jié)晶,提高了復合材料的熱穩(wěn)定性;
2)木炭的適量加入可以獲得拉伸強度較好的復合材料,木炭含量在60%為最佳添加量,此時拉伸強度可達到25.47 MPa;
3)動態(tài)力學分析試驗表明:溫度的升高會對復合材料的儲能模量產(chǎn)生不利的影響,但是木炭含量的增加有利于提高復合材料的儲能模量(儲能模量最高為4 921.92 MPa),進而提高復合材料的剛性;
4)SEM試驗表明:木炭/PP復合材料的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)與木塑復合材料不同,PP在木炭/PP復合材料中既填充了木炭的溝壑和孔隙,又有效地充當了木炭顆粒之間的粘結(jié)劑,兩者形成了一種界面結(jié)合較為致密的結(jié)構(gòu)。
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Effect of charcoal content on properties of charcoal/polypropylene composites
Zhang Qingfa1,2, Cai Hongzhen1,2, Zhou Liang1,2, Zhang Jibing3, Yi Weiming1,2※
(1.255000,; 2.255000,; 3.234000,)
As a green and environmental material, wood plastic composite is widely used in indoor and outdoor decoration, transportation, automobile and other fields for its low cost and good strength. However, there are a large number of hydrophilic polar groups on the surface of natural fiber materials, and the thermoplastic is non-polar, which creates a large number of voids in the material, making the mechanical properties of the material worse. Charcoal is produced from pyrolysis and carbonization of wood at high temperature. The polar groups on the wood surface are damaged by high temperature and the polarity is weakened, which make it easier to be compatible with thermoplastics. In this paper, charcoal/polypropylene (PP) composites were prepared by twin-screw extruder using charcoal and PP as the main raw materials. The properties of the composites were characterized by means of X-ray diffractometer (XRD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), electronic universal testing machine, dynamic thermal mechanical analyzer (DMA) and field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM). The experimental results showed that: 1) the composites had obvious peaks at 14°/17°/18°and 27° which corresponded to the crystal plane (110) (040) (130) (002), showing α -crystalline form, respectively, and this was consistent with pure PP. The peak strength of each sample decreased with the increase of carbon content, this indicated that the increase of charcoal content had little effect on the microcrystalline structure of the composite, but it would decrease the diffraction peak strength of the composite. 2) after the addition of charcoal, the melting temperature of the composite did not changed, but the crystallization temperature of the composite increased and the strength of the crystallization peak gradually decreased. This indicated that the addition of charcoal was beneficial to exothermic crystallization of composites and improved the thermal stability of composites. 3) when the charcoal content was 20%, the tensile strength of the charcoal/PP composite was low, which was only 12 MPa, when the content of charcoal was 60%, the tensile strength of the composite was about 25.47 MPa, which was the maximum value, as the increase of charcoal content to 80%, the tensile strength of the composite decreased to 7 MPa significantly. On the one hand, the lower amount of PP could not bind charcoal particles together effectively, forming a large number of agglomerations in PP, and the bonding interface of the composite was severely damaged, the stress concentration of the composites was easy to occur under the action of external forces. On the other hand, PP chain contains -CH3, and the three-dimensional resistance of the polymer chain is greater than PE, which is not conducive to the internal rotation of the polymer chain, increasing the rigidity of the chain and reducing the flexibility of the chain, This is why the tensile strength of composites is low. This indicated that the composites with better tensile strength could be obtained by adding proper amount of charcoal. 3) when the temperature was low, the storage modulus of the composite was larger, but with the increase of the temperature, the storage modulus of the composite decreased continuously. with the increase of charcoal content, the storage modulus of charcoal/PP composites increased and the loss factor of composites decreased. This indicated that the increase of temperature would have an adverse effect on the storage modulus of composites, but the increase of charcoal content could help to improve the rigidity of composites. 4) the SEM images showed that the microstructure of charcoal was porous structure, so the microstructure of charcoal/PP composites was different from that of wood-plastic composites. PP filled the gullies and pores of the charcoal, and effectively acted as the binder between the charcoal particles inside the composites, which formed a compact interlocking structure.
composites; polypropylene (PP);carbonization; mechanical properties
張慶法,蔡紅珍,周 亮,張繼兵,易維明.含炭量對木炭/聚丙烯復合材料性能的影響[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學報,2018,34(23):254-259.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.23.033 http://www.tcsae.org
Zhang Qingfa, Cai Hongzhen, Zhou Liang, Zhang Jibing, Yi Weiming.Effect of charcoal content on properties of charcoal/polypropylene composites[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2018, 34(23): 254-259. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.23.033 http://www.tcsae.org
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.23.033
TB332
A
1002-6819(2018)-23-0254-06
2018-06-01
2018-09-28
2016年山東省重點研發(fā)計劃(重大關(guān)鍵技術(shù))(2016ZDJS11A01);安徽省重點研究與開發(fā)計劃項目(1704a0802138);山東省泰山學者特聘專家;山東省高等學校優(yōu)勢學科人才團隊培育計劃
張慶法,博士生,主要從事生物質(zhì)復合材料的研究。Email:zhangqingfacll@126.com
易維明,教授,博士生導師,主要從事生物質(zhì)能源開發(fā)和綜合利用技術(shù)研究工作。E-mail:yiweiming@sdut.edu.cn
中國農(nóng)業(yè)工程學會會員:易維明(E041200041S)