文/王逢鑫
我們在世界許多地方的天然湖泊或動物園里可以看到黑天鵝(black swan)。可是,17世紀以前,歐洲只有白天鵝(white swan)。歐洲人普遍認為天鵝是白色的,世上不存在黑色天鵝。例如:
1. In ancient Europe, people generally presumed that all swans must be white because all historical records of swans reported that they had white feathers.在古代歐洲,人們普遍認為所有的天鵝都必定是白色的,因為所有關于天鵝的歷史記載都報告說天鵝有白色的羽毛。
古羅馬諷刺詩人尤文納(Juvenal,公元60?—140?年)最早使用了black swan這個表達方法。例如:
2. The Roman poet Juvenal coined the term “black swan” to refer to the characterization of something being “a rare bird in the lands and very much like a black swan”. 古羅馬詩人尤文納創(chuàng)造了“黑色天鵝”這個名詞,用“世間罕有之鳥,酷似黑色天鵝”這樣的表達來描述某種事物的特征。
3. As the black swan was presumed not to exist, Juvenal’s term “black swan” became a common expression in the 16th-century London as a statement of impossibility. 由于黑色天鵝被假定不存在,尤文納的“黑色天鵝”這一名詞在16世紀的倫敦成為表達“不可能”的正式說法。
1697年,荷蘭探險家威廉·德弗拉明(Willem de Vlamingh,1640—1698)等人在澳大利亞發(fā)現(xiàn)了黑天鵝這個新物種,使人們認識到以前的結論是片面的,并非所有的天鵝都是白色,“黑色天鵝”確實存在。
此后,在西方人眼中,black swan的內涵由“不可能的”變?yōu)椤笆孪纫詾椴豢赡芏髞碜C明是可能的”?!昂谔禊Z”這個名詞成為隱喻。哲學家討論了Black Swan problem(“黑天鵝問題”)。例如:
4. The Black Swan problem in philosophy is a problem of induction, which refers to the central dif ficulty of generalizing from available information, or of learning from the past, the known, and the seen. 哲學上的黑天鵝問題是一個歸納法問題,指的是歸納可獲取信息或從過去、所知及所見中學習的主要困難。
5. In the 19th century, the English philosopher John Stuart Mill (1806–1873)used the black swan logical fallacy as a new term to identify falsi fication. 19世紀,英國哲學家約翰·斯圖亞特·穆勒使用“黑天鵝邏輯謬誤”作為新名詞來證偽。
6. The philosopher Karl Popper (1902–1994) pointed out that only a single black swan is required to falsify the theory that “all swans are white” even when there are thousands of white swans in evidence. 哲學家卡爾·波普爾(1902–1994)指出:即使有數千只白天鵝作為證據,但僅需一只黑天鵝便可證偽“所有天鵝都是白色的”這一理論。
2007年,美國學者納西姆·尼古拉斯·塔勒布(Nassim Nicholas Taleb)在The Black Swan(《黑天鵝》)一書中發(fā)展了“黑天鵝理論”(Black Swan theory)。例如:
7. In his 2007 book The Black Swan, Taleb extended the Black Swan metaphor to events outside of financial markets. He regards almost all major scientific discoveries, historical events, and artistic accomplishments as “black swans”. 塔勒布在他2007年出版的《黑天鵝》一書中,將“黑天鵝”這一隱喻延伸至金融市場以外的事件。他將幾乎所有的重大科學發(fā)現(xiàn)、歷史事件和藝術成就都看作“黑天鵝”。
“黑天鵝”現(xiàn)已成為具有重大意義的意外事件的代名詞?!昂谔禊Z事件”譯為Black Swan event。例如:
8. Mr. Taleb de fines a Black Swan as an event that is unexpected, and has an extreme impact. It can be both positive and negative. 塔勒布先生將“黑天鵝”定義為未曾預料到并具有極大影響的事件。它既可以是正面的,也可以是負面的。
9. Globalization has arrived at a crossroad with a series of Black Swan events occurring in Western countries. 全球化已到達一個十字路口,西方國家出現(xiàn)了一系列“黑天鵝事件”。
10. China is confident that it can avoid the political and economic consequences caused by the prevalence of so-called Black Swan events in recent years. 中國有信心避免近年來由所謂“黑天鵝事件”盛行所造成的政治和經濟影響。 □