文/陳德彰
詞序也是一個涉及語法的問題。有時候雖然語法沒有錯,但句子的詞序安排不好會影響理解。
英漢句子中的詞序往往不一樣,其實這體現(xiàn)出兩種不同的思維方式。
一般而言,漢語先進(jìn)行鋪陳,說明條件、原因、背景等,然后再說結(jié)果或其他重要信息。猶如中國傳統(tǒng)戲劇中,在重要人物出場前先有幾個跑龍?zhí)椎慕巧鰣?。比如京劇中包拯出場前,先有四個普通護(hù)衛(wèi)出場,然后是張龍、趙虎,后面是大俠展昭,最后才是包拯邁著官步踱出來亮相??墒怯⒄Z句子往往開門見山,先說結(jié)果等重要的信息,把條件等放在后面。莎士比亞的《哈姆雷特》,大幕一拉開,主人公哈姆雷特王子就直接上場,前面沒有跑龍?zhí)椎?。而且哈姆雷特一開口就直奔主題:To be or not to be;that is the question.這一差別在繪畫上也有反映。中國傳統(tǒng)畫先勾勒出整體輪廓,然后再畫細(xì)部,體現(xiàn)出 “畫龍點睛”的過程。而西方傳統(tǒng)的油畫,畫家在落筆之前先要定下一個焦點,然后由此擴(kuò)展,畫出三維的形象,可以說是“點睛畫龍”。還有人說,英語句子像建筑,結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),而漢語句子像行云流水。
因為我們的母語是漢語,而英語是后來才學(xué)到的一門外語,所以漢譯英更難。先看幾個譯例。
原文:當(dāng)天晚上,一家人為了籌借路費(fèi)的問題,沒有好好睡覺,只是唉聲嘆氣。
譯文:Sighing and groaning as they discussed ways and means,they hardly slept at all that night.
把原文最后部分處理成-ing分詞短語置于句首,增加了句子的生動性。
英語句子常由特定的局部信息慢慢擴(kuò)展到整體,漢語則相反,或按邏輯順序,或按時間順序。試比較下列譯例:
原文:我們正在上課,有人突然沖了近來。
譯文1:When we were having a class suddently someone rushed in.
譯文2:We were having a class when someone rushed in.
多數(shù)中國學(xué)生會選擇譯為譯文1,句子的詞序和原文一樣,語法也沒有問題,但是給人以平鋪直敘的感覺。譯文2采用不同的詞序,但是仔細(xì)琢磨,雖然省譯了“突然”一詞,其效果卻更突出。
譯文3:When someone suddenly rushed in we were having a class.
譯文4:Someone suddenly rushed in when we were having a class.
這是筆者在學(xué)生翻譯作業(yè)中見到的另外兩種譯法。譯文3顯然更讓人感到索然無味,譯文4要好得多,但仍沒有譯文2生動。
由于英語多用形合,句子結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),句子主要成分不能缺(在上下文清楚的情況下可有省略),由于有各種有形的標(biāo)志,相對而言詞序也比較靈活,而漢語是典型的意合語言,詞序和助詞是漢語語法的兩大要素,不但句子內(nèi)部松散,基本依靠上下文組織意思,句子的任何部分也都可以缺少,無主句(不是省略,有時候無法補(bǔ)出邏輯主語來)在漢語中用的很多。此外,漢語常用流水句,各個小句之間也靠意思串起來,從而產(chǎn)生一種朦朧美。為此,語言學(xué)家們一致認(rèn)為漢語是世界上最難的語言。翻譯時往往需要對全句或局部進(jìn)行詞序調(diào)整,故而產(chǎn)生了順譯和逆譯。進(jìn)一步說還包括調(diào)整句式,即句型轉(zhuǎn)換,乃至斷句或合句。
英語句子大多按照“主+謂+賓”順序排列,有語言學(xué)家稱之為“主語句”,即主語駕馭全句,主語必須是名詞(包括名詞短語和名詞從句),謂語部分的格、時態(tài)、語態(tài)等都有明確標(biāo)識,這就使英語的句型有限。而漢語被稱為“主題句”,句子由“主題+述題”構(gòu)成,而這兩個部分可由各類單詞、短語乃至小句構(gòu)成,因此句型相對眾多。曾有學(xué)者歸納出漢語有100多種句式,如“被字句”“把字句”都被認(rèn)為是典型的句型。
但是,有時一句漢語譯成英語時采用不同的句型。這就是說,翻譯首先是盡可能傳達(dá)出原文的意思,形式是為意義服務(wù)的。例如“哀莫大于心死”就可譯為下列不同的句型:
1.There is no grief so great as despair.(存在句)
2.Thre is no vulture like despair.(存在句)
3.Nothing is more lamentable than a dead heart.(比較句)
4.Nothing gives so much cause for sorrow as the death of one’s heart.(無靈主語句)
我們來看看英譯漢的一個句例。原文是第一次來華訪問的一位外國朋友對中方接待人員講的話:
原文:The visit gives me the opportunity which I have long sought,to see for myself the achievements of the Chinese people.
譯文:這次訪問使我有機(jī)會親眼看到中國人民所取得的成就,這是我向往已久的事了。
經(jīng)過適當(dāng)?shù)脑~序調(diào)整,譯文不但意思清楚,而且更符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。句子開頭部分的無靈主語(無人稱主語)也處理得比較好。
再看一個漢譯英的例子。
原文:我們認(rèn)為,中美兩國之間存在分歧是正常的,但這不影響兩國之間建立合作共贏的新的大國關(guān)系,這才是符合時代潮流的。
譯文:We believe that it is normal that there exist differences between China and the United States,however,this shoud not affect the two countries establishing a new type of cooperation and win-win relationship between major countries,which is in accordance with the trend of our times.
首先,譯文采用了一個英語句子里常用的先行主語,最后一個小句則處理成一個非限制性關(guān)系從句,這就使得譯文句子結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。
原文:愛人者人恒愛之,敬人者人恒敬之。
譯文:He who loves is loved,and he who respects is respected.
這一句英譯為限制性關(guān)系從句,這是漢譯英時常用的方法,注意“人恒愛/敬之”處理成被動語態(tài)使句子很簡練。
因為英漢表達(dá)不一樣,有時調(diào)整詞序是為了實現(xiàn)視角的轉(zhuǎn)換。請看下面三例:
原文:History has never been kind to this place.
譯文:這個地方歷來多災(zāi)多難。
原文:酒吧里只有三個顧客還沒有走。
譯文:Only three customers remained in the bar.
原文:安不可忘危,治不可忘亂。
譯文:Never relax your vigilance while you live in peace,and never be unprepared for possible rebellion while the country has a good public order.
每個句子都有信息焦點、已知信息、新信息、指代、照應(yīng)和連貫。句子內(nèi)有意群,句子還有句群,所以,補(bǔ)償、加注都是翻譯時常用的手段。例如,漢語的流水句可能有幾個小句,由于意思連貫,英譯時常需整合,譯為一句。
原文:西望夏口,東望武昌,山川相繆,郁乎蒼蒼。
譯文:A host of grey mountains and rivers interwined between Xiakou in the west and Wuchang in the east.
原文:孟子曰:“魚,我所欲也;熊掌,亦我所欲也。二者不可兼得,舍魚而取熊掌者也。生,我所欲也;義,亦我所欲也。二者不可兼得,舍生而取義者也?!?/p>
譯文:Mencius said,“I like fish and I also like bear’s paws.If I cannot have the two together,I will let the fish go and take the bear’s paws.In a similar way,I like life,and I also like righteousness.If I cannot have the two together,I will give up my life to preserve righteousness.”
下例中原文有三個流水句,英譯時不但要整合譯文的句子結(jié)構(gòu),要設(shè)法將原文中語言的層次再現(xiàn)出來。劉宓慶先生說過,漢語的流水句不管多長,也不管由幾個小句構(gòu)成,但都有一個意念主軸。所以,翻譯流水句時必須抓住這一主軸。
原文:午后便步行至鵲華橋,雇了一只小船,蕩起雙槳。朝北不遠(yuǎn),便到了歷下亭前。上岸進(jìn)去,入了大門,便是一個亭子,油漆已大半剝蝕完了。亭上還懸著一幅對聯(lián),寫的是:“歷下此古亭,濟(jì)南名士多。”(劉鄂《老殘游記》)
譯文:After lunch he walked to the Sparrow Flower Bridge where he hired a small boat and paddled along towards the north.Soon he reached the Li Hsia pavilion.Then he stepped ashore and went in,and when he entered the gate he saw a pavilion,the paint of which was practically all worn away,and on it were hanging two scrolls on which was written: “The Pavilion is ancient as history;many are the scholars of Tsinan.”
英語句子常含有無靈主語,漢語則通常以人稱主語為多,英譯漢時也是一種詞序調(diào)整。
原文:His persistent questions finally goaded me into an angry reply.
譯文:他沒完沒了地問,惹得我生氣,就沒好氣地回答了他。
原文:Nine o’clock found him still lying in bed.
譯文:九點鐘了,他還躺在床上。
原文:1848 witnessed another revolutionary upsurge in Europe.
譯文:1848年歐洲又掀起了一場革命浪潮。
反過來,漢譯英時也要注意進(jìn)行適當(dāng)調(diào)整。
原文:一想到可能被父親發(fā)現(xiàn),他突然感到極度恐懼。
譯文:The thought of being discovered by his father suddenly filled him with great fear.
原文:于是,暮色中匆匆的人群里,總有我趕著回家的身影。
譯文:Thus the gathering darkness often finds me hastening home in a hurrying crowd.
漢語意合句英譯時加上必要的詞使之成為形合句,這在古文英譯時更需要把握好。下面是一組例句。
原文:和羹之美,在于合異。
譯文:Delicious soup is made by combining different ingredients.
原文:己欲立而立人,己欲達(dá)而達(dá)人。
譯文:While achieving one’s own success,he should also help others achieve success.
原文:小智治事,大智治制。
譯文:People with petty shrewdness attend to trivial matters,while people with vision attend to governance of institutions.
原文:窮則獨善其身,達(dá)則兼善天下。
譯文:One should set a high standard for himself when in poverty,and contribute to the wellbeing of all when prosperous.
原文:靡不有初,鮮克有終。
譯文:Many can make a good start,but few can work hard enough to achieve success.
原文:民為貴,社稷次之,君為輕。
譯文:The essence of a state is the people,next come the god of land and the god of grain (which stand for state power),and the last the ruler.
原文:水能載舟,亦能覆舟。
譯文:Just as water can float a boat,so can water overturn it.
有時不但要將漢語意合句改成英語形合句,還調(diào)整詞序,將原因放到末尾。
原文:海納百川,有容乃大。
譯文:The ocean is vast because it admits all rivers.
原文:積力之所舉,則無不勝也;眾智之所為,則無不成也。
譯文:Victory is ensured when people pool their strength;success is secured when people put their heads together.
原文:大道之行也,天下為公。
譯文:A just cause should be pursued for common good./ The noblest ideal is to create a world truly shared by all.
下面一例采用了兩種處理,第一句采用關(guān)系從句,而后一句采用調(diào)整詞序的條件句。兩句之間加上in this case則使得兩句的意思成為一體。可見形合不僅體現(xiàn)在句內(nèi),也體現(xiàn)在句子之間。
原文:古之欲明明德于天下者,先治其國。欲治其國者,先齊其家。欲齊其家者,先修其身。
譯文:The ancients,who wished to promote illustrious virtue under heaven,first had to rule their own states well.In this case,they had to manage their fiefdoms well first and had to cultivate themselves first if they wish to manage their fiefdoms well.
請注意下面譯文中的合句和斷句的處理。
原文:皇祖有訓(xùn):民可近,不可下。民惟邦本,本固邦寧。
譯文:Our ancestor Yu the Great warned: (a ruler)must maintain a close relationship with the people;he must not regard them as insignificant.They are the foundation of a state,and a state can enjoy peace only when its foundation is firm.
由于古漢語是文言,語言可謂濃縮,英譯時要適當(dāng)加以解釋。
原文:桃李不言,下自成蹊。
譯文:The peach and the plum do not speak,yet a path is worn beneath them.
可加解釋:A man of true worth attracts admiration.
原文:圖窮匕首見。
譯文:A dagger was revealed when the map was unrolled.
其實,詞序也涉及說話的禮貌。比如中國人常說“有空前來我家看看”。采取順譯:When you have time,please come to my place and have a look.這樣譯會讓人覺得不是真心邀請,對方必須在“有時間”時才歡迎來。倒過來采取逆譯:Please come to my place and have a look when you have time / at your convenience.這樣口氣就緩和得多,不但顯得有誠意,而且沒有強(qiáng)加于人的意思,對方即使有時間也不一定要來。再請看下面兩例譯例,體會兩種詞序表達(dá)出來不同的口氣。
原文:要是我是你,我就不會答應(yīng)。
譯文:I would not promise if I were you.
原文:我可以說,他確實沒有禮貌。
譯文:He’s kind of impolite,if I may say so.□