藍(lán)利霞

我國的著名翻譯家朱光潛說過：“一詞多義是各國語言中的普遍現(xiàn)象，翻開任何一部較詳細(xì)的字典，都可以發(fā)現(xiàn)在一個(gè)詞條下往往舉出幾個(gè)乃至幾十個(gè)意義?！边@說明在語言的學(xué)習(xí)過程中一詞多義是普遍現(xiàn)象，英語也不例外。在英語學(xué)習(xí)中，我們因閱讀量有限，很難遇到和掌握每個(gè)多義詞的各個(gè)意義，因此，在試卷中不可避免地會(huì)出現(xiàn)熟詞生義。這給我們?cè)斐衫斫馍系恼系K，特別是完形填空。

例如2018年高考英語全國Ⅲ卷完形填空中的第53題的答案bearing。學(xué)生往往熟悉bear做名詞，表示“熊”，他們很難想到bearing表示“攜帶”的意義：

He turned up at the hospital 53 gifts for the new mother Lindsey and her baby boy.

53. A. bearing B. collecting C. opening D. making

熟詞生義如同披著羊皮的狼，考生往往難以識(shí)破，結(jié)果被咬，嚴(yán)重受傷。其實(shí)，為防“被咬”，我們注意以下幾招。

破“狼”妙招一：研做高考真題

留意短文中的熟詞生義

在與“狼”對(duì)抗中，研做近年的高考完形填空真題很有必要。以下句子選自近三年高考英語全國卷完形填空，請(qǐng)說出劃線加粗詞的漢語大意。

1. One more look and he noticed flames shooting out from under the vehicle.（ 2016年全國I卷）

2. Once fire and emergency people arrived， Larry and the other man backed off. （ 2016年全國I卷）

3. Sitting back in the car on the way to airport， I figured it all out. （2016年全國II卷）

4. Football season started in September and all summer long I worked out. I carried my football everywhere for practice.

（2016年全國III卷）

5. I then made it a point to attend those meetings and learn all I could.（2017年全國I卷）

6. Freddy was an average student， but not an average person. （2017年全國II卷）

7. A Toronto man is offering a free round-the-world air ticket to the right woman. But restrictions apply.（ 2017年全國III卷）

8. Jordan Axani， 28， said he and his then girlfriend， Elizabeth Gallagher， booked heavily discounted round-the-world air tickets in May. （2017年全國III卷）

9. Maurice Ashley was kind and smart， a former graduate returning to teach， and this job was no game for him； he meant business.（ 2018年全國I卷）

10. On every single move you have to analyze a situation， process what your opponent （對(duì)手） is doing and evaluate the best move from among all your options.”（2018年全國I卷）

11. I saw there were two instructors on board and a man lying across the middle. He was shaking violently.（2018年全國II卷）

12. When most of us get a text message on our cell phone from an unknown person， we usually say“sorry， wrong number！” and move on.（ 2018年全國III卷）

參考答案：

1. vi.冒出2. conj.一……就3. vt.（out）弄明白4. vi.鍛煉5. n.特別留意6. adj.普通的7. vi 適用8. adj.當(dāng)時(shí)的9. n.要事（mean business是認(rèn)真的）10. vt.審視11. adv.猛烈地12. n.文本

分析答案中的熟詞生義

以下各題選自近三年高考英語全國卷完形填空真題，請(qǐng)先做一做，在題后表格中填出各正確選項(xiàng)在本題中的詞性和意義，然后再對(duì)照表格后面的正確答案。

1. They told her to stay 52 until the emergency personnel arrived.（2016年全國I卷）

A. quiet B. still C. away D. calm

2. Once fire and emergency people arrive， Larry and the other man 56 and let them go to work. （2016年全國I卷）

A. stepped forward B. backed off

C. moved on D. set out

3. 23 they feel they can know you just through the sound of your voice. （2016年全國II卷）

A. Thus B. Yet C. Then D. Indeed

4. One morning， I had to 30 an immediate flight home for a family emergency.（2016年全國Ⅱ卷）

A. arrange B. postpone C. confirm D. book

5. You know， I didnt tell you this during the season， but you did 35 .（2016年全國III卷）

A. fine B. wrong C. quickly D. normally

6. From that day on，I grew 40 and a little more real.（2016年全國III卷）

A. healthier B. bigger C. cleverer D. cooler

7. I only learned how to 53 the alphabet that day.（2017年全國I卷）

A. print B. write C. sign D. count

8. The professor was deaf and any talking was 57 .（2017年全國I卷）

A. prohibited B. welcomed C. ignored D. repeated

9. Just last year， I was 56 a workshop when someone knocked at the classroom door. （2017年全國II卷）

A. observing B. preparing C. designing D. conducting

10. Although Freddy was taken from us， we all 60 something from Freddy. （2017年全國II卷）

A. chose B. took C. expect D. borrowed

11.“I just want to see the ticket go to good use and for someone to 48 a lot of joy，”said Axani.（2017年全國III卷）

A. sacrifice B. express C. experience D. provide

12. He posted his 49 on a social networking website， and received thousands of e-mails， including thirty from actual Elizabeth Gallagbers with the right passports， （2017年全國III卷）

A. answer B. advice C. offer D. comment

13. I 41 the idea of taking the class because， after all， who doesnt want to save a few dollars？ （2018年全國I卷）

A. put forward B. jumped at

C. tried out D. turned down

14. He was an international grandmaster， which meant I would be learning from one of the games 46 .（2018年全國I卷）

A. fastest B. easiest C. best D. rarest

15. I realized one kayak （皮劃艇） was in trouble.“Somethings not 48 ?。?018年全國II卷）

A. real B. right C. fair D. fit

16. Linking arms with one of the instructors， I helped carrying the young man out of water. He was unconscious and as I looked at his face， something 52 to me. （2018年高考英語全國卷II）

A. happened B. occurred C. applied D. appealed

17. Teresa 56 a photo of the chance meeting on a social networking website accompanied by the touching words： （2018年全國III卷）

A. found B. selected C. developed D. posted

18. Teresa posted a photo of the chance meeting on a social networking website 57 by the touching words： （2018年全國III卷）

A. confirmed B. simplified C. clarified D. accompanied

該選項(xiàng)在本題中的意思：1. adj.不動(dòng)的2. vi. 后退3. adv.但是4. vt.預(yù)定5. adv.令人滿意地6. adj.長大的7. v.打手勢(shì)8. vt.使不可能9. vt.管理10. vt.學(xué)到11. vt.感受12. n.贈(zèng)送品 13. 欣喜地接受14. n.最好的人或事物15. adj.正常的16. vi.突然想到17. vt.公布、張貼18. vt.附有，帶有

完形填空是一道綜合題，它要求考生注重上下文之間的關(guān)系，稍不注意，學(xué)生被“狼”——熟詞生義咬傷。要識(shí)破熟詞生義這條“披著羊皮的狼”，考生每天必須定時(shí)定量練習(xí)完形填空。學(xué)生在掌握和理解文章主旨大意和句、段間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的基礎(chǔ)上，準(zhǔn)確判斷和選擇符合特定上下文的動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞、副詞或其他詞，注重上下文之間的關(guān)系。所以遇到熟詞新義時(shí)，學(xué)生要理清上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系，認(rèn)真分析對(duì)比后做出正確的選擇。雖然練習(xí)是提高完形填空解題能力的最根本的方法，但練習(xí)不可貪多，要適量，每天一篇。練習(xí)后，要注重積累一些高頻單詞和短語，要特別留意熟詞生義。

破“狼”妙招二：結(jié)合高考真題

在復(fù)習(xí)教材中的重點(diǎn)詞匯時(shí)，一是要善于將出現(xiàn)在不同模塊不同單元的同一個(gè)詞及其派生詞進(jìn)行歸納，二是要巧妙地與高考真題結(jié)合起來復(fù)習(xí)，以便更好地掌握教材里面的熟詞生義。如：

apply與其派生詞application， applicant在人教版教材中多次出現(xiàn)：

必修二第3單元：Since the 1970s many new applications have been found for me. （application意為“應(yīng)用程序”）

必修五第5單元：He slowed the bleeding by applying pressure to the wounds until the police and ambulance arrived. （apply意為“使用”）

選修八第1單元：However， most applicants know that they have very little chance of getting a visa.（applicant意為“申請(qǐng)者”）

選修八第1單元：From 1882 to 1940 Angel Island was a famous immigration station where many Chinese people applied for right to live in USA.（apply for意為“申請(qǐng)”）

我們?cè)诜治鲋v解這些句子時(shí)，可結(jié)合高考題來學(xué)習(xí)：

1. A Toronto man is offering a free round-the-world air ticket to the right woman. But restrictions apply.（2017年全國III卷）

2. ... since passport information was not required when

46 ， any Canadian Elizabeth Gallagher can take it. （2017年全國III卷）

A. applying B. booking C. checking D. bargaining

3. Linking arms with one of the instructors， I helped carrying the young man out of water. He was unconscious and as I looked at his face， something 52 to me. （2018年全國II卷）

A. happened B. occurred C. applied D. appealed

4. We had to write a paper on how we plan to 51 what we would learn in class to our future professions and，eventually， to our lives.（2018年全國I卷）

A. add B. expose C. applied D. compare

同時(shí)，出一些相關(guān)練習(xí)讓考生根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞義：

1. I am applying for a summer job.

2. They applied themselves to this task.

3. This rule applied to us.

4. The authorities applied the same principle.

5. They applied the pressure to the wounded place.

6. The doctor applied the herb to the wound.

參考答案：1. vi.申請(qǐng) 2. apply oneself to sth.集中精力于3. vi.適用 4. vt.運(yùn)用 5. vt.施加 6. vt.涂、敷

又如，last在教材中更是隨處可見，我們?cè)谄綍r(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中，可收集整理它作不同詞性和不同意義的句子。如：指出下列各句黑體詞的意義。

1. They got married last month.

2. Much has changed since my last visit.

3. It was announced that it would be better than the last.

4. He is thinner than I last saw him.

5. He was the last to go to school.

6. I was always last picked for the football team at school.

7. She finished reading the last of the book.

8. The last thing I wanted to do was to become a doctor.

9. Their marriage has lasted for ten years.

10. The tube lasts for ages.

11. I am so glad that weve found you at last.

參考答案：1. adj.上一個(gè)的2. adj.最近的3. n.最近發(fā)生的事情4.adv.最近一次5. adj.最后的6. adv.最后地7. n.剩下的東西或人8. adj.最不可能的，最不想要的9. vi.持續(xù)10.vi.夠用（一段時(shí)間） 11. vi.終于

結(jié)合高考真題：

1. Im sure I was the last person in the world he wanted to accept assistance from. （2016年全國III卷）（last adj.意為“最不可能……的”）

2. Hed moved to England with his mum when he was three and it had been 13 years since Id 41 seen him.（2018年全國II卷）

A. also B. often C. even D. last

（答案D，last adv.上次）

總之，熟詞生義這條“披著羊皮的狼”在完形填空中不斷以新的形式出現(xiàn)，我們要認(rèn)真分析歷年高考真題，然后再回歸教材，并堅(jiān)持閱讀，就一定能識(shí)破“熟詞生義”這條披著羊皮的狼，最后成功地滅了這條兇惡的“狼”！

責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青