◎供稿：高 潔

一、主謂一致三原則

主謂一致是指謂語動(dòng)詞與主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，主謂一致必須遵循三原則：語法一致原則、意義一致原則和就近一致原則。

1.語法一致原則：指主語是單數(shù)形式，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式，主語是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

Tom is a good student.

湯姆是個(gè)好學(xué)生。

They often play football on the playground.

他們經(jīng)常在操場(chǎng)上踢足球。

2.意義一致：指主語形式上為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù)，因此謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；或主語形式上為復(fù)數(shù),但表示單數(shù)意義，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如：My family are having lunch now.我們一家人現(xiàn)在正吃午飯。

Twenty dollars is too expensive for the book.

這本書20美元太貴了。

3.就近一致：指謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式還是用復(fù)數(shù)形式，取決于最靠近它的主語。例如：

Not only the teacher but also his students like playing football.

不僅老師喜歡踢足球，而且他的學(xué)生也喜歡踢足球。

There is a pen and some books on the desk.

課桌上有一支鋼筆和一些書。

二、主謂一致常考題型

語法一致原則

1.單數(shù)名詞(代詞)，不可數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)形式，復(fù)數(shù)名詞(代詞)作主語，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

The desk is Tom’s.

這張桌子是湯姆的。

Some water is in the bottle.

一些水在瓶子里。

The students are playing football on the playground.

這些學(xué)生正在操場(chǎng)上踢足球。

2.不定代詞somebody，someone，something，anybody，anything， everybody，everyone，everything，nobody，no one，nothing作主語的，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

Is everyone here today.

今天大家到齊了嗎？

Something is wrong with him.

他有毛病。

Nobody was in.

沒有人在家。

3.當(dāng)主語部分含有with，together with，along with，as well as，besides，except，but，like等介詞或介詞短語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般應(yīng)與第一個(gè)名詞一致。

Mike with his father has been to England.

邁克同他的父親去過英格蘭。

Mike, like his brother, enjoys playing football

邁克像他的哥哥一樣喜歡踢足球。

The students as well as the teacher were present at the meeting.

學(xué)生和老師出席了會(huì)議。

Mr.Green with his wife and two daughters is coming to Beijing.

格林先生和他的妻子還有兩個(gè)女兒要來北京。

4.each，either，neither，another，the other作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

Each of them has an English dictionary.

他們每人都有一本英語詞典。

Neither answer is correct.

兩個(gè)答案都不正確。

Neither of the books is very interesting.

沒有一本書有趣。

5.主語是each/every+單數(shù)名詞+and(each/every)+單數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

Each boy and each girl has got a seat.

每個(gè)男孩和女孩都有一個(gè)座位。

Every man and every woman is at work.

每個(gè)男人和女人都在工作。

6.如果主語是由“a series of，a kind of，a portion of+等+名詞”構(gòu)成時(shí)，動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。

A series of pre-recorded tapes has been prepared for language laboratory use.

一系列已錄好的磁帶已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備用于語言實(shí)驗(yàn)使用。

但a variety of，a number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式；而the number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

On exhibition there are a great variety of consumer goods.

在展覽中有大量品種豐富的產(chǎn)品。

The number of the students is over eight hundred.

學(xué)生的數(shù)量超過八百人。

7.動(dòng)詞不定式，動(dòng)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。

To see is to believe

眼見為實(shí)。

Doing eye exercises is good for your eyes.

做眼睛保健操對(duì)你的眼睛十分有益。

意義一致

1.many a+單數(shù)名詞作主語，意義雖為“許多”，但謂語要用單數(shù)形式。

Many a student has been to Shanghai.

許多學(xué)生到過上海。

2.more than one+單數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。

More than one student has ever been to Beijing.

不止一個(gè)學(xué)生曾經(jīng)去過北京。

3.表示時(shí)間、價(jià)格、重量、數(shù)目、長(zhǎng)度、數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算等詞或短語作主語時(shí)，這些通常作一個(gè)整體概念，謂語用單數(shù)形式。算式中表示加法和乘法時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)形式，也可用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但表示減法和除法必須用單數(shù)形式。例如：

Two months is a long holiday.

兩個(gè)月是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)假。

Twenty pounds isn’t so heavy.

20英鎊并不太重。

Ten miles isn’t a long distance.

10英里并不是一段很長(zhǎng)的距離。

Five minus four is one.

5減4等于1。

What is/are three times three?

3乘以3是多少？

4.people，police，cattle等集體名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，family，group，team，class，government，company等集體名詞作主語，若指一個(gè)整體時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式，若指一個(gè)個(gè)具體成員時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)形式。

People here are very friendly.

這兒的人很友好。

His family isn’t large.

他家不大。

His family is going to move.

他家要搬走了。

My family like watching TV.

我們一家人都喜歡看電視。

5.the+形容詞表示一類人時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，表示抽象概念時(shí)，用單數(shù)形式。

The poor are very happy, but the rich are sad.

窮人非常快樂，但富人卻很難過。

The beautiful lives forever.

美是永存的。

6.one and a half+復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。One+單數(shù)名詞+and +a half作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。

One and a half hours are enough. =One hour and a half is enough.

一個(gè)半小時(shí)足夠了。

7.a/an+單數(shù)名詞+or two作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

A student or two has failed the exam.

一兩個(gè)學(xué)生考試不及格。

8.以—s結(jié)尾的名詞本身不表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語通常用單數(shù)形式，如news，maths，physics等。

No news is good news.

沒有消息就是好消息。

Maths is very popular in our class

在我們班數(shù)學(xué)很受歡迎。

就近一致原則

1.由and連接的兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但and所連接的并列主語是同一個(gè)人、事物，或概念時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。這兩種情況區(qū)分如下：a/the+單數(shù)名詞+and+單數(shù)名詞，指的是同一個(gè)人或物；a/the+單數(shù)名詞+and+a/the+單數(shù)名詞，指兩個(gè)人或物。

The writer and teacher is coming.

那位作家兼教師來了。(作家和教師指同一個(gè)人)

The writer and the teacher are coming.

作家和老師來了。(作家和老師是兩個(gè)人)

2.由both…and…連接兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；由or，either…or…，neither…nor…，not only…but also…，not…but… 連接兩個(gè)名詞或代詞作主語時(shí)，根據(jù)就近原則決定謂語動(dòng)詞形式。

Either my wife or I am going.

我的妻子或是我會(huì)去。

Neither you, nor I, nor anyone else knows the answer.

你，我或是任何一個(gè)人都不知道答案。

Not only you but also he is ready to leave.

不僅是你還有他準(zhǔn)備離開。

3．以here，there開關(guān)的句子，若主語在兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上，謂語動(dòng)詞通常與臨近的主語一致

There is a book and three pens on the desk.

一本書和三支鉛筆在書桌上。

Here are some books and paper for you.

有些書和紙給你。

三、肯定與否定一致

下列形容詞、副詞、代詞從肯定句變成否定句時(shí)須作相應(yīng)的變化。

We’ve had some(money).→ We haven’t had any(money).

I was talking to someone.→ I wasn’t talking to anyone.

They sometimes visit us.→ They rarely (never, seldom)visit us.

He has arrived already. → He hasn’t arrived yet.

Li is coming too.→ Li isn’t coming either.

Both of us are going.→ Neither of us are going.

He likes both of them.→ He doesn’t like either of them.

注意：so/neither+助動(dòng)詞+名詞/代詞結(jié)構(gòu)中須用倒裝語序。

My wife like classic music very much and so do I.

She doesn’t like jazz and neither do I.

主謂一致（實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練）

( ) 1. Either Jane or Steven _____ watching TV now.

A. were B. is C. was D. are

( ) 2. Two days _______ enough for me to finish the work, I need a third day.

A. isn’t B. is C. are’t D. are

( ) 3. The number of the students in our school ____ 1200.

A. is B. are C. has D. have

( ) 4. Maths _______ my favorite subject.

A. be B. is C. am D. are

( ) 5. The boy with the two dogs _____ when the earthquake rocked the city.

A. were sleeping B. is sleeping

C. was sleeping D. are sleeping

( ) 6. Every one except Tom and John _____ there when the meeting began.

A. are B. is C. were D. was

( ) 7. That place is not interesting at all, so____ of us wants to go there.

A. neither B. both C .all D. some

( ) 8. Nobody but Jane _____ the secret.

A. know B. knows C. have know D. is

( ) 9. The children in this class each _____ new school bag.

A. have B. has C. has got D. are having

( ) 10. All but one _____ here just now.

A. is B. was C. has been D. were

( ) 11. If Bob’s wife won’t agree to go on holiday in winter, _____ .

A. neither he will B. neither won’t he

C. neither will he D. he won’t neither

( ) 12. “I’m going to visit the Lugou Bridge tomorrow.” “ _____ .”

A. I am so B. So am I C. So go I D. So I go