葛麗艷 王琦 朱宏
摘 要:目的 研究數(shù)據(jù)挖掘分析GPR35表達(dá)對(duì)肺腺癌預(yù)后的影響,并明晰其參與的分析調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)。方法 利用Oncomine數(shù)據(jù)庫挖掘GPR35在肺腺癌組織中的表達(dá)情況;利用Kaplan-Meier Plotter進(jìn)行肺腺癌患者生存周期分析;利用Coexpedia數(shù)據(jù)庫分析GPR35參與的分子調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)。結(jié)果 GPR35在人體正常組織中均有表達(dá),其中胰腺組織和骨髓來源的CD33+細(xì)胞含量較高。相比于正常肺組織,GPR35基因在肺腺癌組織中呈現(xiàn)高表達(dá),而在肺鱗癌以及大細(xì)胞肺癌中,未見明顯變化。GPR35基因在肺腺癌組織中,男性患者相對(duì)于女性患者呈現(xiàn)高表達(dá),而其表達(dá)在StageⅠ和StageⅣ均明顯上調(diào),且StageⅣ中GPR35的表達(dá)高于其他三期的患者;肺腺癌組織中存在EGFR L858R突變的患者,其GPR35的表達(dá)相對(duì)于無突變的患者明顯上調(diào)。GPR35的表達(dá)水平對(duì)肺腺癌患者的總生存時(shí)間有著顯著影響。與低表達(dá)組相比,GPR35高表達(dá)組肺腺癌患者的總存活時(shí)間降低(P<0.05);GPR35的表達(dá)水平對(duì)LUSC患者的總生存時(shí)間未見顯著影響(P>0.05)。GPR35參與多種腫瘤相關(guān)的分子調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)。結(jié)論 大樣本數(shù)據(jù)挖掘能迅速準(zhǔn)確地獲取肺腺癌組織中GPR35表達(dá)的相關(guān)信息,為深入研究奠定基礎(chǔ)。
關(guān)鍵詞:肺腺癌;GPR35;數(shù)據(jù)挖掘;Oncomine 數(shù)據(jù)庫
中圖分類號(hào):R734.2 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2018.23.024
文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2018)23-0086-06
Abstract:Objective The expression of GPR35 has been found in many tissues and cells. However, no systemic research on lung adenocarcinoma was reported. Methods The Oncomine database was used to explore the expression of GPR35 in lung adenocarcinoma tissues. Kaplan-Meier Plotter was used to analyze the life cycle of lung adenocarcinoma patients. The Coexpedia database was used to analyze the molecular regulatory network involved in GPR35. Results GPR35 was expressed in normal human tissues, and the content of CD33+ cells in pancreatic tissue and bone marrow was higher. Compared with normal lung tissue, GPR35 gene showed high expression in lung adenocarcinoma tissues, but no significant changes in lung squamous cell carcinoma and large cell lung cancer. GPR35 gene in lung adenocarcinoma tissues, male patients showed high expression compared with female patients, and its expression was significantly up-regulated in both StageI and Stage IV, and the expression of GPR35 in Stage IV was higher than that in other three stages; the presence of lung adenocarcinoma In patients with the EGFR L858R mutation, the expression of GPR35 was significantly up-regulated relative to patients without mutation. The expression level of GPR35 has a significant effect on the overall survival of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Compared with the low expression group, the total survival time of patients with GPR35 high expression group was decreased (P<0.05);The expression level of GPR35 had no significant effect on the overall survival time of LUSC patients (P>0.05). GPR35 is involved in a variety of tumor-related molecular regulatory networks. Conclusion Large-scale data mining can quickly and accurately obtain information about the expression of GPR35 in lung adenocarcinoma, which lays a foundation for further research.
Key words:Lung adenocarcinoma;GPR35;Data mining;Oncomine database
肺癌(lung cancer)是嚴(yán)重威脅人類健康的惡性腫瘤之一,其發(fā)病率居高不下,亦是人類癌癥死亡最重要的原因之一[1]。按照組織學(xué)差異,肺癌可分為小細(xì)胞肺癌(small-cell lung cancer,SCLC)和非小細(xì)胞肺癌(non-small-cell lung cancer,NSCLC),后者又主要分為肺腺癌(lung adenocarcinoma,LUAD)和肺鱗癌(lung squamous cell carninoma,LUSC)。在我國,肺腺癌占NSCLC總數(shù)的50%以上,發(fā)病年齡較小,臨床治療效果及預(yù)后不如鱗癌,手術(shù)切除后5年生存率<10%。因此,尋找肺腺癌早期診斷和預(yù)后判斷的指標(biāo),是目前實(shí)現(xiàn)肺腺癌有效治療的關(guān)鍵。G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體35(G coupled protein receptor 35,GPR35)是一類配體尚未完全明確的孤兒受體,屬于G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體(G-protein-coupled receptor,GPCR)超家族,其在胃腸道、免疫器官以及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)等多種組織和細(xì)胞均有表達(dá)[2]。研究表明,GPCRs參與了腫瘤的發(fā)生和進(jìn)展,包括細(xì)胞的分化、發(fā)育、凋亡、免疫逃逸、侵襲、血管生成以及轉(zhuǎn)移[3],但目前尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)GPR35在肺腺癌中的表達(dá)及相關(guān)研究的報(bào)道。本研究通過深度挖掘Oncomine數(shù)據(jù)庫中收錄的GPR35在肺腺癌中的表達(dá)數(shù)據(jù),并利用GEO數(shù)據(jù)庫分析GPR35基因與肺腺癌患者生存預(yù)后之間的關(guān)系,借此了解GPR35在肺腺癌發(fā)生發(fā)展及預(yù)后中的作用,以期為肺腺癌的早期診斷和治療提供理論依據(jù)。
1資料與方法
1.1 BioGPS數(shù)據(jù)庫分析GPR35的表達(dá) 利用BioGPS數(shù)據(jù)庫(http://biogps.org/)分析GPR35基因(210264_at)于人體各組織器官的表達(dá),見圖1。
1.2 Oncomine數(shù)據(jù)庫提取數(shù)據(jù) 根據(jù)需求在Oncomine數(shù)據(jù)庫中設(shè)定篩選和提取數(shù)據(jù)的條件。本研究在數(shù)據(jù)庫檢索界面輸入的篩選條件如下:①cancer type:lung adenocarcinoma;②gene:GPR35;③data type:mRNA;④Sample Type:Clinical Specimen;⑤analysis type:cancer vs normal analysis;⑥臨界值設(shè)定條件(P value<1E-4,fold change>2,gene rank=top 10%)。選擇柱狀圖展示結(jié)果。
1.3 Kaplan-Meier Plotter進(jìn)行患者生存周期分析 利用Kaplan-Meier Plotter數(shù)據(jù)庫(http://kmplot.com/analysis/)的肺腺癌數(shù)據(jù)集進(jìn)行在線生存分析。篩選條件如下:①cancer:Lung Cancer;②gene:GPR35;③survival:OS;④histology:lung adenocarcinoma。
1.4 Coexpedia數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行GPR35分子調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析 利用Coexpedia數(shù)據(jù)庫(http://www.coexpedia.org/)對(duì)GPR35進(jìn)行分子調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析。篩選條件如下:gene:GPR35。
2結(jié)果
2.1 GPR35在肺腺癌組織中的表達(dá) BioGPS數(shù)據(jù)庫顯示,GPR35在人體正常組織中均有表達(dá),其中胰腺組織和骨髓來源的CD33+細(xì)胞含量較高,見圖1。Oncomine數(shù)據(jù)庫顯示,相比于正常肺組織,GPR35基因在肺腺癌組織中呈現(xiàn)高表達(dá),而在肺鱗癌以及大細(xì)胞肺癌中,未見明顯變化,見圖2A。
2.2 GPR35的表達(dá)肺腺癌患者的性別、分期以及EGFR突變的關(guān)系 Oncomine數(shù)據(jù)庫顯示,GPR35基因在肺腺癌組織中,男性患者相對(duì)于女性患者呈現(xiàn)高表達(dá),見圖2B,而其表達(dá)在StageⅠ和StageⅣ均明顯上調(diào),且StageⅣ中GPR35的表達(dá)高于其他三期的患者,見圖2C;肺腺癌組織中存在EGFR L858R突變的患者,其GPR35的表達(dá)相對(duì)于無突變的患者明顯上調(diào),見圖2D。
2.3 GPR35的表達(dá)水平與肺腺癌患者預(yù)后的關(guān)系 Kaplan-Meier Plotter數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果顯示,GPR35的表達(dá)水平對(duì)肺腺癌患者的總生存時(shí)間有著顯著影響。與低表達(dá)組相比,GPR35高表達(dá)組肺腺癌患者的總存活時(shí)間降低(P=0.00069),見圖3A;GPR35的表達(dá)水平對(duì)LUSC患者的總生存時(shí)間未見顯著影響(P=0.51)。
2.4 Coexpedia數(shù)據(jù)庫分析GPR35的分子調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò) 分子生物網(wǎng)絡(luò)展現(xiàn)了分子之間的相互作用,可較為深入地反映基因間的表達(dá)調(diào)控關(guān)系,在組學(xué)機(jī)理的研究中尤為重要。本研究利用Coexpedia數(shù)據(jù)庫篩選出GPR35基因調(diào)控的分子調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò),GPR35參與調(diào)控多種分子網(wǎng)絡(luò),見圖4。
3討論
近年來,肺腺癌在我國以其高發(fā)病率、高死亡率和預(yù)后不佳等特點(diǎn)嚴(yán)重危害患者健康。超過70%的肺腺癌患者確診病情時(shí),已處于晚期[4],失去手術(shù)機(jī)會(huì)。盡管化療、放療及靶向治療的應(yīng)用使晚期患者的生存期有所延長,5年生存率仍不足30%[1]。由于臨床上缺乏肺腺癌特異性的分子靶標(biāo),不利于肺腺癌的早期診斷、治療方法的選擇及治療效果。這迫切要求從原發(fā)性腫瘤中尋找一些表達(dá)差異較大并有臨床意義的基因,來探討腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展機(jī)制,為臨床診斷、預(yù)后判斷尋求新的基因治療靶點(diǎn)提供理論依據(jù)。
GPR35是一類配體尚未完全明確的孤兒受體,屬于GPCR超家族,本研究利用BioGPS數(shù)據(jù)庫分析發(fā)現(xiàn),其在胃腸道、免疫器官以及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)等多種組織和細(xì)胞均有表達(dá)。研究表明,GPCRs參與了腫瘤的發(fā)生和進(jìn)展,包括細(xì)胞的分化、發(fā)育、凋亡、免疫逃逸、侵襲、血管生成以及轉(zhuǎn)移[3]。另外,Nieto Gutierrez A等人亦發(fā)現(xiàn),NSCLC中,GPCRs和EGFR二者協(xié)同促進(jìn)了腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)吉非替尼的抵抗[4]。GPCRs亦可以通過Smo-Gβγ信號(hào)通路誘導(dǎo)慢性粒細(xì)胞性白血病對(duì)化療藥物的抵抗[5]。通過對(duì)二型糖尿病耐藥患者基因組的單核苷酸多態(tài)性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),GPR35與患者的耐藥密切相關(guān)[4]。Oncomine數(shù)據(jù)庫是目前世界上最大的基因芯片數(shù)據(jù)庫和整合數(shù)據(jù)挖掘平臺(tái)。我們研究發(fā)現(xiàn),相對(duì)于肺鱗癌、大細(xì)胞肺癌和癌旁對(duì)照,GPR35基因在肺腺癌組織中表達(dá)升高。另外,GPR35在男性患者的表達(dá)水平亦顯著高于女性,有關(guān)GPR35與肺腺癌分期之間的相關(guān)性,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在Ⅰ期和Ⅳ期肺腺癌患者中,GPR35的表達(dá)相對(duì)較高。
本研究進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn),GPR35低表達(dá)有利于提高肺腺癌患者的總存活時(shí)間。而在肺鱗癌患者中,未見明顯影響。為了明晰GPR35參與調(diào)控的分子生物網(wǎng)絡(luò),我們利用Coexpedia數(shù)據(jù)庫對(duì)GPR35參與調(diào)控的網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行分析,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),GPR35參與調(diào)控多種分子調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò),如參與腫瘤生物轉(zhuǎn)化的S100P、TRIM15、CDHR5基因[4,6];參與卵巢癌發(fā)生發(fā)展的EPS8L3、CYP1A2、SPINK1等基因[7];參與非小細(xì)胞腺癌LGALS4、ACSL5、CDH17等基因[8,9]。
綜上所述,我們通過對(duì)肺癌組織中GPR35相關(guān)信息的深入挖掘,提出GPR35在肺腺癌組織中高表達(dá),且與肺腺癌預(yù)后相關(guān)。采用數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行大樣本分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)GPR35在肺腺癌和肺鱗癌患者中存在的差異,并進(jìn)一步明晰GPR35參與調(diào)控的分子網(wǎng)絡(luò),對(duì)臨床的早期診斷和治療提供重要理論依據(jù)。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]Sigel RL,Miller KD,Jemal A.Cancer statistics,2018[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2018,68(1):7-30.
[2]Resta F,Masi A,Sili M,et al.Kynurenic acid and zaprinast induce analgesia by modulating HCN channels through GPR35 activation[J].Neuropharmacology,2016,108(4):136-143.
[3]Nieto Gutierrez A,McDonald PH.GPCRs:Emerging anti-cancer drug targets[J].Cellular Signalling,2018,41(9):65-74.
[4]Wu TS,Tan CT,Chang CC,et al.B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 10 promotes oral cancer progression through STAT1/ATF4/S100P signaling pathway[J].Oncogene,2017,36(38):5440.
[5]Zhan X,Wang J,Liu Y,et al.GPCR-like signaling mediated by smoothened contributes to acquired chemoresistance through activating Gli[J].Molecular Cancer,2014,13(4):4.
[6]Cheng Y,Yan Z,Liu Y,et al.Analysis of DNA methylation patterns associated with the gastric cancer genome[J].Oncol Lett,2014,7(4):1021-1026.
[7]Rasanen K,Itkonen O,Koistinen H,et al.Emerging Roles of SPINK1 in Cancer[J].Clin Chem,2016,62(3):449-457.
[8]Hayashi T,Saito T,F(xiàn)ujimura T,et al.Galectin-4,a novel predictor for lymph node metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma[J].PLoS One,2013,8(12):e81883.
[9]Chen WC,Wang CY,Hung YH,et al.Systematic Analysis of Gene Expression Alterations and Clinical Outcomes for Long-Chain Acyl-Coenzyme A Synthetase Family in Cancer[J].PLoS One,2016,11(5):e0155660.
收稿日期:2018-8-21;修回日期:2018-9-11
編輯/雷華