徐勇 劉乾易 李勇 何哲 向運(yùn)琨 曾麟
摘要:大功率電解整流系統(tǒng)低壓側(cè)呈現(xiàn)出大電流特性,難以實(shí)施電能質(zhì)量治理措施,給整流變壓器造成極大危害。提出一種變壓器集成調(diào)控濾波系統(tǒng),有源濾波器通過變壓器特殊定制的第三繞組接入系統(tǒng)并向其注入補(bǔ)償電流,利用二次繞組之間的磁勢平衡抑制變壓器鐵芯諧波磁通。首先揭示了變壓器集成調(diào)控濾波系統(tǒng)的濾波機(jī)理,獲得補(bǔ)償電流指令量;建立其歐拉-拉格朗日模型,在無源控制律中增加虛擬注入阻尼實(shí)現(xiàn)其良好的跟蹤性能;進(jìn)一步地,在內(nèi)外部參數(shù)擾動情況下,分析了濾波系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性能;最后,仿真結(jié)果驗(yàn)證了理論分析,說明該系統(tǒng)能在變壓器二次繞組之間進(jìn)行諧波抑制,有利于改善變壓器的電磁環(huán)境。
關(guān)鍵詞:電能質(zhì)量;無源控制;有源濾波;整流變壓器
DOI:10.15938/j.emc.(編輯填寫)
中圖分類號:TM41 ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A ? ? ? ? ?文章編號:1007 -449X(2017)00-0000-00(編輯填寫)
Abstract:The low-voltage side of the large-power rectifier system has the characteristic of large current, which makes it hard for power quality management. It also has the negative effect on the rectifier transformer. This paper proposed a transformer integrated active filtering system. The active filter accesses to the system via the special designed transformer, and injects the compensating currents. The harmonic flux in the transformer is suppressed due to the magnetic potential balance between the secondary windings. First, the filtering mechanism was revealed, and the reference compensating current was obtained. The Euler-Lagrange model was then established. Virtual damping was added into the passive control law to realize the satisfactory tracking performance. Furthermore, the system stability was analyzed considering the internal and external disturbance. Finally, the theoretical analysis was verified by means of simulation results, which showed that the filtering system can suppress the harmonic between the secondary windings and improve the electromagnetic environment of the transformer.
Keywords: power quality; passive control; active filtering; rectifier transformer
0 引言
電解錳、電解鋁等大功率整流系統(tǒng)主要由移相變壓器、有載調(diào)壓整流變壓器和晶閘管可控整流橋構(gòu)成[1-3]。整流變壓器將電網(wǎng)220 kV或110 kV電壓變?yōu)?00 V或更低電壓等級,變壓器呈現(xiàn)出一次側(cè)低電流/高電壓、二次側(cè)大電流/低電壓的電氣特征。在此情況下,整流器附近接入濾波器會引發(fā)損耗較大的問題;通常做法是在變壓器網(wǎng)側(cè)接入濾波裝置[4-6],而諧波與無功電流流經(jīng)整流變壓器,造成變壓器運(yùn)行效率低下、損耗嚴(yán)重和容量利用率低等問題。綜上,如何在大功率電解整流系統(tǒng)中進(jìn)行電能質(zhì)量治理仍是一個尚待解決的技術(shù)難題。
文獻(xiàn)[7-10]提出了感應(yīng)濾波方法,在變壓器內(nèi)新增感應(yīng)濾波繞組并接入無源濾波裝置,適當(dāng)?shù)亟档土藶V波裝置的額定電流與接入電壓,并實(shí)現(xiàn)了諧波電流在變壓器二次繞組之間的抑制,提升變壓器的運(yùn)行效率,該方法已在工業(yè)整流系統(tǒng)、新能源并網(wǎng)電站實(shí)現(xiàn)工程應(yīng)用[10];為提高其動態(tài)濾波性能、增強(qiáng)阻尼諧波諧振能力,文獻(xiàn)[11-13]設(shè)計(jì)了一種基于LC耦合有源濾波方法的電力感應(yīng)調(diào)控濾波系統(tǒng)。有源濾波裝置在該系統(tǒng)中僅承擔(dān)增強(qiáng)無源濾波器濾波性能的責(zé)任,最主要的濾波任務(wù)還是依賴調(diào)諧濾波器,濾波性能的好壞在很大程度上仍取決于調(diào)諧濾波器的調(diào)諧準(zhǔn)確度、品質(zhì)因數(shù)的高低。
為充分挖掘有源濾波裝置的濾波潛能,本文提出一種諧波補(bǔ)償電流主動注入式的變壓器集成調(diào)控濾波系統(tǒng),為提高其指令電流動態(tài)跟蹤能力,設(shè)計(jì)了虛擬注入阻尼的無源控制策略;對其在內(nèi)外部參數(shù)擾動下的穩(wěn)定性能進(jìn)行了探究;最后,仿真結(jié)果驗(yàn)證了理論分析。
1 變壓器集成調(diào)控濾波理論
1.1 系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)
圖1示出了應(yīng)用于工業(yè)整流領(lǐng)域的變壓器集成調(diào)控濾波系統(tǒng)接線圖。為減少濾波設(shè)備運(yùn)行損耗、減低有源濾波器(APF)接入電壓等級,采用了濾波器通過變壓器第三繞組連接的方式接入系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)由一臺三繞組變壓器和一組混合有源濾波器組成,變壓器一次側(cè)采用Y形接線,二次采用延邊三角形接線。延邊繞組作為負(fù)載繞組連接整流負(fù)荷,APF接入點(diǎn)位于延邊繞組(W3)和三角繞組(W2)的公共端點(diǎn)處。
考慮跟蹤誤差在+20%的情況下,以電容/電抗參數(shù)偏差為自變量,繪制出圖5所示的曲面。從圖中可得,電容/電抗參數(shù)對?曲面幾乎沒有影響,并且?仍保持較大的收斂速度使跟蹤誤差能量函數(shù)向平衡點(diǎn)靠近。
4 仿真驗(yàn)證
為驗(yàn)證本文提出的變壓器集成調(diào)控濾波系統(tǒng)及其無源控制策略,采用PSCAD/EMTDC軟件搭建仿真模型,主要參數(shù)在表2和3中列出。
圖7和圖8給出了變壓器集成調(diào)控濾波系統(tǒng)的濾波性能測試結(jié)果。從圖7(a)和(d)中可以看出,當(dāng)在t1時刻投入濾波裝置,網(wǎng)側(cè)電流波形質(zhì)量得到大為改善。六脈波整流橋模擬的諧波源負(fù)載產(chǎn)生的5、7、11和13等次諧波含量大幅下降,此時,網(wǎng)側(cè)電流畸變率為3.96%。當(dāng)t2時刻,減少負(fù)載使得網(wǎng)側(cè)基波電流變大,濾波系統(tǒng)也能及時進(jìn)行跟蹤補(bǔ)償[見圖7(f)],體現(xiàn)了無源控制策略具備的良好動態(tài)跟蹤性能。此外,圖9示出了變壓器二次濾波和負(fù)載兩個繞組的電流波形,補(bǔ)償電流注入濾波繞組,在諧波頻率下滿足了變壓器二次繞組的磁勢平衡原理,實(shí)現(xiàn)諧波的二次側(cè)抑制。
仿真中模擬電抗/電容擾動為+20%情況下的濾波效果,如圖10所示。很明顯,仿真結(jié)果與理論分析一致,即網(wǎng)側(cè)電流在濾波器參數(shù)偏差情況下,仍能保持一個良好的濾波效果,并且波形與圖7(d)相似。此時,網(wǎng)側(cè)電流畸變率為4.01%。
進(jìn)一步地,仿真對比了變壓器集成調(diào)控系統(tǒng)在分別采用本文提出的無源控制策略和文獻(xiàn)[17]的傳統(tǒng)PI控制策略下的濾波效果,表4列出了網(wǎng)側(cè)諧波電流含量對比結(jié)果。可以看出相比于PI控制策略,本文所采用的方法在濾波效果上更具優(yōu)勢;對比結(jié)果說明:無源控制策略在跟蹤能力上的優(yōu)化提升,進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)了濾波系統(tǒng)的工作性能。
5 結(jié)論
針對大電流電解整流系統(tǒng)電能質(zhì)量治理問題,提出了一種變壓器集成調(diào)控濾波系統(tǒng)。本文研究工作主要有以下三點(diǎn)貢獻(xiàn):
1)提出諧波補(bǔ)償電流主動注入式的變壓器集成調(diào)控濾波系統(tǒng),設(shè)計(jì)其控制策略,用仿真結(jié)果驗(yàn)證其可行性和有效性。
2)建立了基于LC耦合有源濾波器的變壓器集成調(diào)控濾波系統(tǒng)的無源控制模型,通過反饋采樣濾波電容電壓和濾波電抗電流實(shí)現(xiàn)對補(bǔ)償電流的精準(zhǔn)控制;
3)在考慮內(nèi)外部參數(shù)擾動情況下,對變壓器集成調(diào)控濾波系統(tǒng)的跟蹤穩(wěn)定性進(jìn)行了判定,判定結(jié)果表明:該系統(tǒng)具有較強(qiáng)的魯棒性。
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