Simon Musila,Ara Monadjem,Paul W.Webala,Bruce D.Patterson,Rainer Hutterer,Yvonne A.De Jong,Thomas M.Butynski,Geoffrey Mwangi,Zhong-Zheng Chen,Xue-Long Jiang

1Mammalogy Section,Department of Zoology,National Museums of Kenya,Nairobi 40658-00100,Kenya

2Department of Biological Sciences,University of Swaziland,Kwaluseni M201,Swaziland

3Mammal Research Institute,Department of Zoology&Entomology,University of Pretoria,Pretoria 0002,South Africa

4Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management,Maasai Mara University,Narok 861-20500,Kenya

5Integrative Research Center,Field Museum of Natural History,Chicago IL 60605-2496,USA

6Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig,Leibniz-Institut für Biodiversit?t der Tiere,Bonn 53113,Germany

7Eastern Africa Primate Diversity and Conservation Program,Nanyuki 149-10400,Kenya

8School of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies,Karatina University,Karatina 1957-10101,Kenya

9Sino-African Joint Research Center,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Nairobi 62000-00200,Kenya

10Kunming Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Kunming Yunnan 650223,China

ABSTRACT Kenya has a rich mammalian fauna.We reviewed recently published books and papers including the six volumes of Mammals of Africa to develop an up-to-date annotated checklist of all mammals recorded from Kenya.A total of 390 species have been identified in the country,including 106 species of rodents,104 species of bats,63 species of even-toed ungulates(including whales and dolphins),36 species of insectivores and carnivores,19 species of primates,five species of elephant shrews,four species of hyraxes and odd-toed ungulates,three species of afrosoricids,pangolins,and hares,and one species of aardvark,elephant,sirenian and hedgehog.The number of species in this checklist is expected to increase with additional surveys and as the taxonomic status of small mammals(e.g.,bats,shrews and rodents)becomes better understood.

Keywords:Checklist;Rodents;Bats;Ungulate;Carnivores;Shrews;Kenya

INTRODUCTION

Kenya lies astride the equator on the eastern coast of Africa.It is a medium-sized country,covering an area of about 582 646 km2.The geography of Kenya is highly diverse,with various landforms that include coastline,lake basins,plains,hills,high mountains,and deserts. Similarly,the Kenyan climate is diverse and varies with geographical location.For example,rainfall and temperature are influenced by changes in altitude and distance to the coast and Lake Victoria.The Kenyan coast(0-100 m a.s.l.)is warm and humid,receiving about 1 000 mm of rainfall per year;the central highlands(1 000-2 500 m a.s.l.) are cool and humid,receiving the highest rainfall(over 2 000 mm per year)in Kenya;the hot and dry regions of northern and eastern Kenya(200-700 m a.s.l.)receive the lowest rainfall(＜300 mm per year)(Bennun&Njoroge,1999).Frost regularly occurs above 2 400 m a.s.l.,with the hottest area(mean maximum temperature of 34°C)being Lake Turkana(Bennun&Njoroge,1999).The variations in rainfall,temperature,topography and landuse together influence the biomes and ecoregions of Kenya.Due to the complex topography,vegetation types and variation in climate,Kenya harbors a large diversity of organisms,with about 25 000 species of fauna and 7 000 species of flora currently recorded,along with at least 2 000 species of fungi and bacteria(NBU,1992).

Over 10%of the country’s land area is presently gazetted as a national park,national reserve or forest reserve(Bennun&Njoroge,1999).However,these protected areas were primarily established because they:(1)contain considerable populations of‘big game’(i.e.,large mammals),which attract visitors;(2)are important water catchment areas;(3)support valuable timber for exploitation;or(4)contain few resident people at the time of establishment(Bennun&Njoroge,1999).Thus,these protected areas were typically not established for the conservation of Kenya’s many smaller mammalian species such as hedgehogs,bats,rodents,otter-shrews,shrews,hares and elephant-shrews.More than 80%of Kenya’s land area is not under legal protection and is predominantly comprised of degraded vegetation,agriculture and settlement,resulting in ongoing loss of suitable natural habitats for mammals.However,a small but signi fi cant proportion of the unprotected zones are conserved as privately or community owned ranches and conservancies,which can support relatively undisturbed natural habitats,providing important refuges for some mammals. For many of Kenya’s protected areas,conservancies and ranches,only checklists of larger mammals are typically available.The remoteness,difficulty of access and security concerns in northern and some parts of eastern Kenya have made this region difficult to survey.For example,an apparently new giant sengi(Rhynchocyonsp.)was recorded in the Boni-Dodori Forest(Andanje et al.,2010)but the risk of attack and kidnappings by Somalia-based Al-Shabaab militants has prevented any further research on the species.The study of small mammals in Kenya,as elsewhere on the continent,is also hampered by a shortage of experienced taxonomists.Hence,compared with large mammals,there is a dearth of knowledge on the distribution and ecology of small mammals in Kenya.

Species checklists constitute alpha-diversity descriptors of the taxonomic richness of a given country(Whittaker,1972),and are important tools for the effective conservation of threatened species at the national level(Amori et al.,2011).Past checklists of Kenyan mammals were published in the 1920s to early 1990s. These included checklists for Insectívora,Chiroptera,and Carnivora(Hollister,1918),Chiroptera (Aggundey&Schlitter,1984),Insectivora and Macroscelidea (Aggundey& Schlitter,1986),Kingdon’s volumes of East African Mammals(Kingdon,1974a,1974b,1977,1982a,1982b,1984),Kingdon’s Field Guide to African Mammals(Kingdon,1997),Mammals of East Africa,including Kenya(Davies&Vanden Berghe,1994),and Key to Bats of East Africa(Patterson&Webala,2012).However,these checklists are now outdated and incomplete. In the past 24 years since the last checklist(Davies&Vanden Berghe,1994),no attempt has been made to compile and publish a revised checklist of mammals in Kenya,even though a good deal of research has been conducted during the same period.Therefore,an updated complete checklist of mammal species is both warranted and of great conservation importance.This current checklist attempts to update the list of all mammals recorded in Kenya,and thus re fl ects recent advances in research of Kenyan mammals.

METHOD OF CHECKLIST PREPARATION

The current checklist was compiled by reviewing the six volumes of theMammals of Africa(MOA):Vol.1(Introductory Chapters and Afrotheria: Kingdon et al.,2013),Vol. 2(Primates:Butynski et al.,2013),Vol.3(Rodents,Hares and Rabbits: Happold D,2013a),Vol. 4(Hedgehogs,Shrews and Bats:Happold M&Happold D,2013),Vol.5(Pigs,Hippopotamuses,Chevrotain,Giraffes,Deer and Bovids:Kingdon&Hoffman,2013a),and Vol.6(Carnivores,Pangolins,Equids and Rhinoceroses:Kingdon&Hoffman,2013b);Rodents of Sub-Saharan Africa:A Biogeographic and Taxonomic Synthesis(Monadjem et al.,2015),Keys to the Bats(Mammalia:Chiroptera)of East Africa(Patterson&Webala,2012),and the IUCN website(IUCN Red List of Threatened Species,2017)(only for Cetaceans). Prior changes in the taxonomy of each taxon are not included in this checklist because respective volumes of the MOA provide detailed information on the same.However,changes stemming from more recent literature are noted.Nomenclature follows the MOA,except where noted. We recognized the families Miniopteridae(Miller-Butterworth et al.,2007)and Rhinonycteridae (Foley et al.,2015)for bats and Heterocephalidae for rodents(Patterson&Upham,2014).The checklist,which covers both terrestrial and aquatic(freshwater and marine)species,is presented by order,family,genus,scientific name,species authority,preferred common English,Swahili(English Coastal Swahili Dictionary online(ECSDO),2016;Kingdon,1974a,1974b,1977,1982a,1982b,1984,1997),and Chinese names(mostly following Wang et al.,2001),distributional range in Africa and Kenya,and the broad habitat types where it occurs.Cetacean species(IUCN Red List of Threatened Species,2017)were included in the list if their distribution range encompassed the shallow marine habitat over the continental shelf and deep sea of the Indian Ocean along Kenya’s coastline.Introduced species without a wild breeding population,those not confirmed to occur in Kenya,and those locally extinct are not included in the list.

CHECKLIST OF MAMMALS

ORDER HYRACOIDEA(Hyraxes-four species)Family PROCAVIIDAE

Genus DendrohyraxGray,1868.Tree Hyraxes

1.Dendrohyrax arboreusA.Smith,1827. English:Southern Tree Hyrax.Swahili:Perere.Chinese:南樹蹄兔.Recorded from southern and eastern Africa,including E and SE DR Congo. Well-developed woodlands or forests.In Kenya,recorded from W-S Kenya along the Kenya-Tanzania border,as well as C Kenya(Milner&Gayland,2013).

2.Dendrohyrax validusTrue,1890. English:Eastern Tree Hyrax.Swahili:Perere.Chinese:坦桑樹蹄兔.Recorded only from Kenya and Tanzania.Moist lowland and montane forests,and in a wide altitudinal range from sea level to 3070 m a.s.l.on Mt Kilimanjaro.In Kenya,recorded from the SE(Taita Hills)(Roberts et al.,2013).

Genus HeterohyraxGray,1868.Bush Hyraxes

3.Heterohyrax bruceiGray,1868.English:Bush Hyrax;Yellow-spotted Hyrax. Swahili:Perere Mawe;Pimbi Madoa.Chinese:小齒蹄兔.Recorded from Sudan and Eritrea from the east and Horn of Africa to South Africa,as well as SW DR Congo.In rocky kopjes,sheer cliffs or precipices,and piles of large boulders with openings,as well as in forests along rivers.In Kenya,widespread(Barry&Hoeck,2013).

Genus ProcaviaStorr,1780.Rock Hyraxes

4.Procavia capensis(Pallas,1766).English:Rock Hyrax.Swahili:Pimbi/Pimbe.Chinese:巖蹄兔.Recorded from S Mauritania through S Algeria and Libya to Egypt,western through to East Africa,including the Horn of Africa,as well as southern Africa.In a wide range of habitats,from arid deserts to rainforest,and from sea level to the alpine zone of Mt Kenya(3 200-4 300 m a.s.l.).In Kenya,widely distributed(Hoeck&Bloomer,2013).

ORDER PROBOSCIDEA(African Elephant-one species)Family ELEPHANTIDAE

Genus LoxodontaAnonymous,1827.African Elephant

5.Loxodonta africanaBlumenbach,1797. English:African Bush Elephant.Swahili:Ndovu;Tembo.Chinese:非洲草原象.Recorded from many countries in Africa S of the Sahara.In a wide variety of habitats,including sub-deserts to swamps,lowland rainforests,gallery and montane forests,upland moors, fl ood-plains,savannas and various woodlands.Widespread in Kenya(Poole et al.,2013).

ORDER SIRENIA(Dugongs-one species)Family DUGONGIDAE

Genus DugongLacépède,1799.Dugongs

6.Dugong dugonMüller,1776.English:Dugong.Swahili:Nguva.Chinese:儒艮.Recorded from the Red Sea in Egypt through the Gulf of Aden to Mozambique.In wide shallow protected bays,wide shallow mangrove channels and large inshore islands over the continental shelf.In Kenya,recorded along the coast from the border with Tanzania to Somalia(Marsh&Dutton,2013).

ORDER AFROSORICIDA(Tenrecs and Golden Moles-three species)

Family TENRECIDAE

Genus PotamogaleDu Chaillu,1860.Giant Otter-shrew

7.Potamogale veloxdu Chaillu,1860.English:Giant

Otter-shrew;Swahili:unavailable. Chinese:大獺鼩.Recorded from E Nigeria and Cameroon,Gabon,DR Congo,N Angola,W Uganda and extreme W-C Kenya.Small,slow flowing streams in equatorial rainforests,forest pools and mountain torrents.In Kenya,recorded only in Kakamega(Mt.Elgon,Cherangani Hills)(Vogel,2013).

Family CHRYSOCHLORIDAE

Genus ChrysochlorisLacépède,1799.Golden-moles

8.Chrysochloris stuhlmanniMatschie,1894. English:Stuhlmann’s Golden-mole;Swahili:unavailable.Chinese:斯氏金毛鼴.Recorded in small fragmented populations in Cameroon,E DR Congo,Uganda,Kenya and Tanzania. Montane habitats,including grasslands,bamboo thickets,ericaceous vegetation,andPodocarpusandHagenia/Hypericumwoodlands(Bronner,2013).In Kenya,recorded only on Mt.Elgon and the Cherangani Hills(Bronner,2013).

9.Chrysochloris fosteri(St.Leger,1931).English:Elgon Golden-mole;Swahili:unavailable.Chinese:埃爾貢金毛鼴.Previously included inChrysochloris stuhlmanniMatschie,but distinctly larger than any other species in that genus.Thorn and Kerbis Peterhans(2009)elevated it to species level.Montane habitats in Kenya and Uganda up to 4 000 m a.s.l.In Kenya,recorded only on Mt.Elgon and the Cherangani Hills(Bronner,2013 asChrysochloris stuhlmanni).

ORDER MACROSCELIDEA(Sengis-five species)Family MACROSCELIDIDAE

Genus Elephantulus Thomas and Schwann,1906.Sengis

10.Elephantulus brachyrhynchusA.Smith,1836.English:Short-snouted Sengi.Swahili:Sengi.Chinese:短吻象鼩.Recorded throughout eastern and southern Africa,from Uganda and Kenya to S DR Congo,Angola,Zambia,Malawi,Zimbabwe and N South Africa.Savanna habitats with thick cover.In Kenya,widespread mostly W of the Rift Valley(Perrin,2013a).

11.Elephantulus rufescensPeters 1878.English:Rufous Sengi.Swahili:Sengi.Chinese:赤褐象鼩.Recorded from SE South Sudan,E Ethiopia,Somalia,E Uganda,Kenya and Tanzania. Dry woodlands and bushlands,open wooded steppe and grasslands. In Kenya,widespread in drier habitats(Perrin&Rathbun,2013).

Genus PetrodromusPeters,1846.Four-toed Sengis

12.Petrodromus tetradactylusPeters,1846. English:Four-toed Sengi.Swahili:Isanje.Chinese:四趾巖象鼩.Recorded in DR Congo(S of Zaire River)and in Kenya,Tanzania,Zambia,Malawi,Mozambique,SE Zimbabwe and N South Africa.Woody thickets in forests,woodlands and rocky habitats.In Kenya,recorded only in the SE(Rathbun,2013a).

Genus RhynchocyonPeters,1847.Giant Sengis

13.Rhynchocyon chrysopygusGünther,1881.English:Golden-rumped Giant Sengi.Swahili:Njule ya Gedi/Fugu.Chinese:黃臀象鼩. Endemic to Kenya. Coastal semi-decidous forests,woodlands with thick canopy and coastal rag scrub.In Kenya,recorded in small area S of the Tana River to the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest and Rabai near Mombasa(Rathbun,2013b).

14.Rhynchocyon petersiBocage, 1880. English:Black-and-Rufous Giant Sengi. Swahili Sengi/Njule.Chinese:黑象鼩.Recorded in only a few localities in coastal S Kenya and NE Tanzania(also Zanzibar and Mafia Islands).Evergreen semi-deciduous forests,dense woodlands,coral rag scrub and overgrown agricultural lands. In Kenya,recorded in several forests S of Mombasa(Shimba Hills,Mrima,Marenji,Gongoni and Dzombo Forests)(Rathbun,2013c).

ORDER TUBULIDENTATA(Aardvark-one species)Family ORYCTEROPODIDAE

Genus OrycteropusG.Cuvier,1798.Aardvark

15.Orycteropus aferPallas,1766. English:Aardvark.Swahili:Mhanga;Kukukifuku;Fundi-Mchanga.Chinese:土豚.Recorded from many countries in Africa S of the Sahara. In a wide range of habitats,including semi-arid Karoo areas of Southern Africa,grasslands,all savanna types,rainforests,woodlands and thickets.In Kenya,widely distributed in dry and moist habitats with well-drained soils(Taylor,2013).

ORDER PRIMATES(Primates-19 species)Family HOMINIDAE

Genus Homo(Linnaeus,1758).Humans

16.Homo sapiens Linnaeus,1758.English:Modern Human.Swahili:Mtu.Chinese:人.Most of the world,including all of Kenya(Kingdon,2013).

Family CERCOPITHECIDAE

Genus ColobusIlliger,1811. Black-and-White Colobus Monkeys

17.Colobus angolensisSclater,1860.English:Angola Colobus. Swahili:Mbega. Chinese:安哥拉疣猴.Recorded from C Congo Basin,E to the Rwenzori Mts and L.Victoria,S-W Rwanda,W Burundi,and NW of Lake Tanganyika,as well as S-NW Angola. In montane,mid-altitude,lowland and coastal forests.One subspecies recognized in Kenya:Colobus a.palliatusPeters’s Angola Colobus. In Kenya, only recorded S of Mombasa (Shimba, Kinondo, Gongoni, Mrima, Nzombo and Marenji Forest) and other forests in the SE (Bocian & Anderson, 2013).

18.Colobus guerezaRüppel,1835. English:Guereza Colobus. Swahili:Mbega. Chinese:東黑白疣猴.Recorded from E Nigeria,N of the Congo Basin to E Africa,Gabon,Congo and E Ethiopia.In a wide array of forest types,including lowland and medium-altitude moist forest,montane forest,swamp forest,dry forest,gallery forest and disturbed forest. Four subspecies recognized in Kenya:Colobus g.matschieiNeumann,1899,Mau Forest Guereza,recorded from CW Kenya,W of the Eastern Rift Valley;Colobus g.kikuyuensisL?nnberg,1912,Mount Kenya Guereza,endemic to the Central Highlands of Kenya,E of the Eastern Rift Valley;Colobus g.percivaliHeller,1913,Mount Uarges Guereza,endemic to Mathews Range,C Kenya(Fashing&Oates,2013);andColobus g.caudatusOldfield Thomas,1885,Mount Kilimanjaro guereza,restricted to Kitobo and Loitokitok Forest Reserves(Butynski&De Jong,2015).

Genus Procolobusde Rochebrune,1887.Olive Colobus Monkey,Red Colobus Monkey

19.Procolobus rufomitratus(Peters,1879). English:Eastern Red Colobus.Swahili:Mbega.Chinese:東綠疣猴.Recorded from western,S-N Central African Republic,E Kenya,Southern Sudan,S-N Zambia and SW Tanzania.In forest-miombo mosaics,swamp,gallery,lowland and mid-altitude forests,montane moist forests and degraded secondary forests.One subspecies recognized in Kenya:Procolobus r.rufomitratus(Peters,1879),Tana River Red Colobus.Recorded from SE Kenya in floodplain forests of the lower Tana River(Struhsaker&Grubb,2013).

Genus Cercocebusé.Geoffroy,1812.Drill-Mangabeys

20.Cercocebus galeritus Peters,1879.English:Tana River Mangabey.Swahili:unavailable.Chinese:塔納白眉猴.Endemic to Kenya.In floodplain forests and adjacent woodland and bushland along the lower Tana River.In Kenya,recorded only from Kanjonja in the N to Tana Delta in the S(Wieczkowski&Butynski,2013).

Genus PapioErxleben,1777.Baboons

21.Papio cynocephalus(Linnaeus,1766).English:Yellow Baboon. Swahili:Nyani Njano. Chinese:黃狒狒.Recorded from Angola,through S DR Congo,to E Kenya,SE Ethiopia,C Somalia,Tanzania,Malawi,Zambia and N Mozambique.In open miombo and savanna woodland.One subspecies recognized in Kenya:Papio c.ibeanusThomas,1893,Ibean Yellow Baboon.Recorded from SE Kenya(Altmann et al.,2013).

22.Papio anubis(Lesson,1827).English:Olive Baboon.Swahili:Nyani. Chinese:東非狒狒.Recorded from Mauritania to N Cameroon,E-C Ethiopia and SW lowlands of Eritrea,East Africa as well as SE DR Congo.In a wide variety of habitats but typically in open habitats.Widespread in W,C,N and SW Kenya(Palombit,2013).

Genus ErythrocebusTrouessart,1897.Patas Monkey

23.Erythrocebus patas(Schreber,1775).English:Patas Monkey.Swahili:Kima.Chinese:赤猴.Recorded from NW Senegal through Sudan to W Ethiopia to N DR Congo,and East Africa. In wooded savanna and woodland-grassland margins(Isbell,2013). One subspecies recognized in Kenya:Erythrocebusp.pyrrhonotus(Hemprich&Ehrenberg,1829),Eastern Patas Monkey.Patchily distributed in W,C and S Kenya(De Jong et al.,2008).

Genus Chlorocebus Gray,1870.Savanna Monkeys

24.Chlorocebus tantalus(Ogilby,1841).English:Tantalus Monkey.Swahili:Tumbili;Ngendere.Chinese:坦塔羅斯綠猴.Recorded from Mali,Burkina Faso,Ghana,southern Sudan,NE DR Congo,N Uganda and NW Kenya. In a variety of habitats,including savanna woodlands,swamp forests,gallery forests and forest edge.One subspecies recognized in Kenya:Chlorocebus t.budgetti(Pocock,1907),Budgett’s Tantalus.Recorded in SW of Kenya(W of Lake Turkana)(Nakagawa,2013).

25.Chlorocebus pygerythrus(F.Cuvier,1821).English:Vervet Monkey.Swahili:Tumbili;Ngendere.Chinese:青腹綠猴.Recorded from S Somalia,S Ethiopia,east Africa,Malawi,Zambia,Mozambique,N and E Botswana and South Africa.In savanna-woodlands,primarily along water-courses,swamps and lakeshores.Two subspecies recognized in Kenya;Chlorocebus p.excubutor(Schwarz,1926),Manda Vervet Monkey,recorded only in SE Kenya(Manda and Patta islands);andChlorocebus p.hilgerti(Neumann,1902),Hilgert’s Vervet Monkey,patchily distributed throughout most of Kenya(Isbell&Enstam-Jaffe,2013).

Genus CercopithecusLinnaeus,1758.Arboreal Guenons

26.Cercopithecus neglectusSchlegel,1876.English:De Brazza’s Monkey. Swahili:Kalasinga. Chinese: 德氏長(zhǎng)尾猴. Recorded from E Cameroon,Equatorial Guinea,N Central African Republic,N Gabon,NE Angola,southern Sudan,SW Ethiopia and C Kenya.In riverine,gallery and swamp forests,including secondary forest.In Kenya,patchily distributed in SW and C regions(Mathews Range)(Gautier-Hion,2013).

27.Cercopithecus mitisWolf,1822. English:Gentle Monkey.Swahili:Kima.Chinese:青長(zhǎng)尾猴.Recorded from W Angola,N Ethiopia,SE Sudan,S Somalia,East Africa,E DR Congo,NE Zambia,N Mozambique,Zimbabwe and South Africa.In a wide range of habitats,including lowland,mid-altitude,montane,riverine,gallery,coastland bamboo forests,bushland and woodland(Lawes et al.,2013). Four subspecies recognized in Kenya:Cercopithecus m.albogularis(Sykes,1831),Zanzibar Sykes’s Monkey,recorded from SE Kenya,S of Galana River,W to Kibwezi and Tsavo West National Park(NP)(De Jong&Butynski,2012);Cercopithecus m.stuhlmanniMatschie,1893,Stuhlmann’s Blue Monkey,recorded from SW Kenya,W of the Eastern Rift Valley;Cercopithecus m.albotorquatusPousargues,1896,Pousargues’s Monkey,near-endemic to the N coast of Kenya,N to at least Boni National Reserve(NR)and Dodori NR,and inland along Tana River to Meru NP(De Jong&Butynski,2011);andCercopithecus m.kolbiNeumann,1902,Kolb’s Monkey,endemic to the Kenyan Highlands,E of the Eastern Rift Valley.

28.Cercopithecus ascanius(Audebert,1799). English:Red-tailed Monkey. Swahili:Kima. Chinese:肯尼亞長(zhǎng)尾猴.Recorded from N Angola,DR Congo and Central African Republic eastwards to W Kenya and NW Tanzania.In lowland,mid-elevation,montane,swamp,riverine and gallery forests,including secondary forests.One subspecies recognized in Kenya:Cercopithecus a.schmidtiMatschie,1892,Schmidt’s Red-tailed Monkey,recorded from SW Kenya,W of the Eastern Rift Valley(Cords&Sarmiento,2013).

Family LORISIDAE

Genus PerodicticusBennett,1831.Pottos

29.Perodicticus potto(Müller,1766). English: Potto.Swahili:Kami. Chinese:樹熊猴. Recorded from Upper Guinea,S in DR Congo to E and C Kenya.In lowland,mid-elevation,montane and swamp forests,including secondary forests(Pimley&Bearder,2013).Two subspecies recognized in Kenya:Perodicticus p.ibeanusThomas,1910,Eastern Potto,recorded from SW Kenya(Butynski&De Jong,2007);andPerodicticus p.stockleyi(Butynski&De Jong,2007),Mount Kenya Potto,endemic to Mt.Kenya(Butynski&De Jong,2007).

Family GALAGIDAE

Genus OtolemurCoquerel,1859.Greater Galagos

30.Otolemur crassicaudatus(é.Geoffroy,1812).English:Large-eared Greater Galago.Swahili:Komba.Chinese:粗尾嬰猴. Recorded from Angola,DR Congo,NW Tanzania,S Kenya,Malawi,Zambia,E Zimbabwe,E Botswana,E South Africa and Swaziland.In woodlands,savannas,thickets and forests(Bearder&Svoboda,2013).Two subspecies recognized in Kenya:Otolemur c.monteiri(Bartlett in Gray,1863),Miombo Silver Galago recorded from SE Kenya;andOtolemur c.argentatus(L?nnberg,1913),Northern Silver Galago from SW Kenya.

31.Otolemur garnettii(Ogilby,1838).English:Small-eared Greater Galago.Swahili:Komba Mkubwa.Chinese:小耳大嬰猴. Recorded from Somalia,C-SE Kenya,SE Tanzania and S-N Mozambique. In coastal,mid-elevation and montane forests(0-2 400 m a.s.l)and forest-agriculture mosaics(Harcourt&Perkin,2013a).Three subspecies recognized in Kenya:Otolemur g.lasiotis(Peters,1876),White-tailed Small-eared Galago recorded from the Kenyan coast;Otolemur g.panganiensisMatschie,1905,Pangani Small-eared Galago from extreme CS Kenya;andOtolemur g.kikuyuensis(L?nnberg,1912),Kikuyu Small-eared Galago from the Kenyan highlands E of the Eastern Rift Valley.

Genus Galago é.Geoffroy,1796.Lesser Galagos

32.Galago senegalensisé.Geoffroy,1796. English:Northern Lesser Galago.Swahili:Komba ya Senegali.Chinese:北小嬰猴.Recorded from Senegal to the Gulf of Aden and much of eastern Africa.In savanna,woodland,bushland,closed forest and riverine woodland(Nash et al.,2013).Three subspecies recognized in Kenya:Galago s.senegalensisé.Geoffroy,1796,Senegal Lesser Galago recorded from Mt.Elgon,Kenya;Galago s.braccatusElliot,1907,Kenya Lesser Galago from NW,C and SE Kenya;andGalago s.sotikaeHollister,1920,Uganda Lesser Galago from SW Kenya.

33.Galago gallarumThomas,1901.English:Somali Lesser Galago.Swahili:Komba Somali.Chinese:索馬里小嬰猴.Recorded from S Ethiopia,NE Kenya and NE Somalia.InAcacia-Commiphorabushland and thickets.In Kenya,recorded from the coastal strip of NE Kenya to the lower Tana River(Butynski&De Jong,2013).

Genus ParagalagoMaster et al.,2017.Dwarf Galagos Previously placed withinGalagoidesA.Smith,1833(Dwarf Galagos)asGalagoides cocosbut now moved to newly proposed genusParagalago(Master et al.,2017).

34.Paragalago cocos(Heller,1912).English:Kenya CoastDwarf Galago.Swahili:Komba.Chinese:肯尼亞海岸倭叢猴.Recorded from Kenya and NE Tanzania.In dry mixed coastal forests,thickets and fl ood-plain forests.In Kenya,recorded from coastal forests in Kenya as far as the lower Tana River forests(Butynski et al.,2006;Harcourt&Perkin,2013b asGalagoides cocos).

ORDER RODENTIA(Rodents-106 species)Family SCIURIDAE

Genus HeliosciurusTrouessart,1880.Sun Squirrels

35.Heliosciurus gambianus(Ogilby,1835). English:Gambian Sun Squirrel.Swahili:Kindi.Chinese:太陽(yáng)松鼠.Widespread from Senegal to southern Sudan,South Sudan and eastern Ethiopia,also in parts of Angola,DR Congo and Zambia.Wooded savannas(Happold D,2013b).In Kenya,recorded from Lodwar and W of Lake Turkana.

36.Heliosciurus rufobrachium(Waterhouse, 1842).English: Red-legged Sun Squirrel. Swahili: Kindi.Chinese:紅腿太陽(yáng)松鼠. Widespread in West and Central Africa from Senegal to Kenya and Uganda;In DR Congo,only N of the Zaire River.Lowland moist rainforests,secondary and plantation forests with large trees(Emmons,2013a).In Kenya,recorded only from Mt.Elgon.

37.Heliosciurus undulatus(True,1892).English:Zanj Sun Squirrel.Swahili:Kindi.Chinese:小太陽(yáng)松鼠.Recorded only in SE Kenya and NE Tanzania,including Ma fi a and Zanzibar islands.Coastal forests and riverine vegetation(Schennum&Thorington,2013a).

Genus ParaxerusForsyth Major,1893.Bush Squirrels

38.Paraxerus fl avovittis(Peters,1852).English:Striped Bush Squirrel.Swahili:Kindi Vichaka.Chinese:黃紋叢松鼠.Recorded from SE Kenya,eastern Tanzania,N Mozambique and SE Malawi.Savannas,forests and cultivations with hardwood trees with holes(Schennum&Thorington,2013b).In Kenya,recorded along coast S of Mombasa(Msambweni).

39.Paraxerus ochraceus(Huet,1880).English:Ochre Bush Squirrel.Swahili:Kindi Vichaka.Chinese:赭叢松鼠.Widespread in Kenya and NE Tanzania,with a few records from S Somalia and S South Sudan.Wide variety of habitats,including mountain forests,riverine forests,coasal forests,thickets and urban gardens(Thorington&Schennum,2013).In Kenya,recorded from W,E and C,including the Tana River and Nairobi.

40.Paraxerus palliatus(Peters,1852).English:Red Bush Squirrel.Swahili:Kindi Vichaka.Chinese:南非紅叢松鼠.Recorded from coastal Somalia to extreme NE of South Africa,including parts of E-C Tanzania and along the Zambezi/Shire Rivers to Malawi. Coastal,dunes and riverine forests(Thorington et al.,2013).In Kenya,recorded in coastal habitats.

41.Protoxerus stangeri(Waterhouse,1842). English:Forest Giant Squirrel.Swahili:Kindi.Chinese:非洲巨松鼠.Widely distributed in West and Central Africa from Sierra Leone to Uganda and W Kenya,with outliers in S DR Congo and Angola.Rainforests and secondary forests in rainforest zones(Emmons,2013b).In Kenya,recorded from Kakamega Forest and N and S Nandi Forests.

Genus XerusHemprich and Ehrenberg,1833. Ground Squirrels

42.Xerus erythropus(E.Geoffroy,1803).English:Striped Ground Squirrel.Swahili:Kindi.Chinese:條紋地松鼠. Widely distributed in West and Central Africa S of the Sahara,from Senegal and Mauritania to eastern Sudan.Semi-deserts,savanna woodlands,clearings in rainforests,and cultivated fi elds(Waterman,2013a).In Kenya,recorded in NW extending southwards in the Rift Valley.May be sympatric withX.rutilansin the Rift Valley(Kingdon,1974b).

43.Xerus rutilus(Cretzschmar,1828).English:Unstriped Ground Squirrel.Swahili:Kindi.Chinese:赤地松鼠.Recorded from the Horn of Africa from coastal Sudan,E Ethiopia and Somalia to NE Tanzania.Dry,semi-arid areas including agricultural fi elds in Kenya(Waterman,2013b).In Kenya,widely distributed in dry habitats.

Family GLIRIDAE

Genus GraphiurusSmuts,1832.Dormice

The taxonomy of dormice in Africa is controversial and species are dif fi cult to identify.

44.Graphiurus kelleni(Reuvens,1890).English:Kellen’s African Dormouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:卡倫非洲睡鼠.Widespread in disjunct populations in West,East and southern Africa,and in the Horn of Africa.Woodland savannas,riverine woodlands and rocky areas(Holden,2013a).In Kenya,widely distributed,except in the NE.

45.Graphiurus microtis(Noack,1887).English:Noack’s African Dormouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:小非洲睡鼠.Widely distributed in the eastern half of Africa from Sudan to South Africa,Botswana and Namibia.Woodland habitats(Holden,2013b).In Kenya,recorded from the NW(Lotikipi),SW and E(Narok,Kajiado,Taita).

46.Graphiurus murinus(Desmarest,1822). English:Forest African Dormouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:非洲林睡鼠.Widely distributed in the eastern half of Africa from Ethiopia to South Africa.Afroalpine,riverine and coastal forests(Holden,2013c).In Kenya,widespread in western half and in the SE,including Mt.Gargues,Mathews Range,Mt.Nyiru,Marsabit and Karissia Hills.

Family SPALACIDAE

Genus TachyoryctesRuppell,1835.Root-rats

The taxonomy of this genus is complex and not yet resolved. Musser&Carleton(2005)consideredT.ankoliae,T.annectens,T.audax,T.daemon,T.ibeanus,T.naivashae,T.rex,T.ruandae,T.ruddi,T.spalacinusandT.storeyias valid species in Kenya,whereas Jarvis(2013a)considered these as synonyms ofT.splendens.We have followed Monadjem et al.(2015)who consideredT.rex,T.annectens,T.ibeanus,T.spalacinusandT.ruddias valid species in Kenya based on morphometric analysis and the distinct biogeographic and ecological distributions of each species.

47.Tachyoryctes annectens(Thomas,1981). English:Mianzini Root-rat.Swahili:Fuko/Mizizi Panya.Chinese:美茲尼鼴鼠. Included withinT.splendensby Jarvis(2013a).Endemic to Kenya.Subterranean in well-drained soils in savanna habitats.In Kenya,recorded at Mianzini and E of Lake Naivasha(Musser&Carleton,2005).

48.Tachyoryctes ibeanusThomas,1900.English:Kenyan Root-rat. Swahili:Fuko/Mizizi Panya. Chinese:肯尼亞鼴鼠. Included withinT.splendensby Jarvis(2013a).Musser&Carleton(2005)recognized the taxaT.storeyandT.naivashaeas speci fi cally distinct fromT.ibeanus.However,based on skull morphometrics and biogeography,Monadjem et al.(2015)considered these three taxa to be conspeci fi c.Thus,pending molecular studies,we have treated these three taxa as conspeci fi c.Endemic to Kenya.Subterranean in well-drained soils in savanna habitats.In Kenya,recorded near Nairobi and on the western part of the Athi Plains(Musser&Carleton,2005;Monadjem et al.,2015).

49.Tachyoryctes rexHeller,1910.English:King Root-rat.Swahili:Fuko/Mizizi Panya.Chinese:小鼴鼠.Included withinT.splendensby Jarvis(2013a). Endemic to Kenya. In montane and alpine habitats. In Kenya,recorded only on the higher slopes of Mt.Kenya(ca.2 600-3 500 m a.s.l.)(Musser&Carleton,2005).

50.Tachyoryctes ruddiThomas,1909.English:Rudd’s African Root-rat.Swahili:Fuko/Mizizi Panya.Chinese:拉德鼴鼠.Included withinT.splendensby Jarvis(2013a).Recorded in a small area of W Kenya,SW Uganda and NW Tanzania.In tropical rainforests and montane forests.In Kenya,recorded in Kakamega and the lower slopes of Mt.Elgon(Monadjem et al.,2015,Musser&Carleton,2005).

51.Tachyoryctes spalacinusThomas,1909.English:Embi African Root-rat.Swahili:Fuko/Mizizi Panya.Chinese:高山鼴鼠.Included withinT.splendensby Jarvis(2013a).Endemic to Kenya. In montane forests. In Kenya,recorded on the lower slopes of Mt.Kenya and on the plains and foothills S and W of Mt.Kenya(Monadjem et al.,2015,Musser&Carleton,2005).

Family NESOMYIDAE

Genus BeamysThomas,1909.Long-tailed Pouched Rats

52.Beamys hindeiThomas,1909.English:Long-tailed Pouched Rat.Swahili:unavailable.Chinese:長(zhǎng)尾巨鼠.Recorded in scattered localities in Kenya,Tanzania,Malawi and Zambia.Evergreen and slightly deciduous forests and riverine forests close to streams.In Kenya,recorded S of Mombasa and in the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest(Happold D,2013c).

Genus CricetomysWaterhouse,1840.Giant Pouched Rats

53.Cricetomys ansorgeiThomas,1904.English:Southern Giant Pouched Rat.Swahili:Panya Buku.Chinese:非洲巨鼠. Previously included withinC.gambianus(Duplantier,2013),but shown to be speci fi cally distinct(Olayemi et al.,2012).Widely distributed in southern and eastern Africa from SW Kenya and northern Tanzania to S DR Congo,Angola,Zambia,Malawi,Mozambique,Zimbabwe and South Africa(Musser&Carleton,2005),although western limits are not yet known may extend into Uganda.Forests,savanna and human-modi fi ed habitats.Widespread in W and SE Kenya(Monadjem et al.,2015).

Genus SaccostomusPeters,1846.Pouched Mice

54.Saccostomus mearnsiHeller,1910.English:Mearns’Pouched Mouse.Swahili:unavailable.Chinese:東岸囊鼠.Recorded from SW Ethiopia to Kenya,S Somalia,E Uganda and NE Tanzania(Keesing,2013,Mikula et al.,2016).Savanna woodlands.In Kenya,widely distributed,except in parts of the SE(Keesing,2013).

55.Saccostomus umbriventerMiller,1910. English:Brown-bellied Pouched Mouse. Swahili:unavailable.Chinese:褐腹囊鼠. Included withinS.mearnsiby Musser&Carleton(2005)and Keesing(2013).Recorded only from a narrow region in N Tanzania and SW Kenya(Mikula et al.,2016).Dry savanna habitats.In Kenya,dry savanna habitats in the SW.

Genus DendromusSmith,1829.Climbing Mice

56.Dendromus insignis(Thomas,1903).English:Montane African Climbing Mouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:異攀鼠.Recorded from a few small and scattered populations in W DR Congo,Uganda,Kenya and Tanzania.Grassy patches,marshes and moist herbaceous vegetation in montane and highland habitats.In Kenya,recorded from the Mathews Range,Mt.Kenya,Aberdare Ranges,Mau Escarpment and Cherangani Hills(Dieterlen,2013a).

57.Dendromus melanotisSmith,1834. English:Grey African Climbing Mouse. Swahili:Panya. Chinese:黑背攀鼠. Widely distributed in southern Africa,with small outlier populations in Ethiopia,Liberia,Togo,Nigeria,Uganda,Kenya and Tanzania. Wide range of habitats from grasslands to woodlands(Monadjem,2013a;Monadjem et al.,2015).In Kenya,restricted to the S and W.

58.Dendromus messorius(Thomas,1903). English:Banana African Climbing Mouse. Swahili: Panya.Chinese:湯氏攀鼠. Recorded from very small and highly scattered populations in Ghana,Togo,Cameroon,NE DR Congo,Uganda and Kenya.Forested areas and grasslands,as well as banana plantations and cultivated areas(Happold D,2013d).In Kenya,recorded from Mt.Elgon(asD.mysticalis ruddi-see Musser and Carleton,2005)

59.DendromusmystacalisHeuglin,1863. English:Chestnut African Climbing Mouse. Swahili: Panya.Chinese:須攀鼠.Recorded in many countries on the eastern side of Africa,from Ethiopia to South Africa.Grassland and savanna habitats.In Kenya,recorded in the SE(Monadjem,2013b).

Genus SteatomysPeters,1846.Fat Mice

60.Steatomys parvusRhoads,1896.English:Tiny African Fat Mouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:矮肥鼠.Disjunct and separate distributions in Zambia,Botswana,Angola and eastern Africa.(Monadjem,2013c).Dry grasslands,woodlands and open scrublands.In Kenya,recorded in the S(Monadjem,2013c).

Family CRICETIDAE

Genus LophiomysMilne-Edwards,1867.Maned Rats

61.Lophiomys imhausiMilne-Edwards,1867. English:Maned Rat. Swahili:Panya. Chinese: 東 非 冠鼠.Disjunct distribution in E Sudan,Djibouti,Ethiopia,Somalia,Uganda and Kenya.Recorded in rocky areas and dry woodlands,but also in moist and montane forests in Kenya(Happold D,2013e).In Kenya,recorded from C and W regions,especially the Central Highlands and on Mt.Elgon(Kingdon,1974b).

Family MURIDAE

Genus AcomysI.Geoffroy,1838.Spiny Mice

62.AcomyscineraceusHeuglin and Fitzinger,1866.English:Grey Spiny Mouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:灰刺毛鼠.Recorded in Sudan,South Sudan,Ethiopia and N Kenya.Dry rocky habitats and semi-arid areas.In Kenya,recorded from the W and E of Lake Turkana(Dieterlen,2013b).

63.Acomys ignitusDollman,1910.English:Fiery Spiny Mouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:焰刺毛鼠.Endemic to SE Kenya and extreme NE Tanzania.Rocky habitats in dry savanna grasslands.In Kenya,known from Voi and Tsavo NP(Dieterlen,2013c).

64.Acomys kempiDollman,1911.English:Kemp’s Spiny Mouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:肯氏刺毛鼠.Recorded from Kenya,S Ethiopia,S Somalia and extreme NE Tanzania.Rocky habitats in dry savanna and semi-desert.In Kenya,widely distributed in dry areas E of the Rift Valley(Dieterlen,2013d).

65.Acomys percivaliDollman,1911.English:Percival’s Spiny Mouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:佩氏刺毛鼠.Recorded in small areas of S Sudan,SW Ethiopia,N Uganda and NE Kenya(extending southwards along the Rift Valley).Rocky habitats.In Kenya,widespread in the NW(e.g.,Chandler’s Falls-Nyiro)and in the Rift Valley(Takata,2013a).

66.Acomys wilsoniThomas,1892.English:Wilson’s Spiny Mouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:威氏刺毛鼠.Recorded in South Sudan,S Ethiopia and Somalia,Kenya and N Tanzania.Rocky habitats and grasslands with shrubs.In Kenya,widely distributed in most of the country,except W to C Kenya(Takata,2013b).

Genus LophuromysPeters,1874.Brush-furred Rats

The taxonomy of the genus is controversial(Dieterlen,2013e)and has not yet been resolved.Following Musser&Carleton(2005)and Monadjem et al.(2015),we recognize three species here.

67.Lophuromys ansorgeide Winton,1986. English:Ansorge’s Brush-furred Rat.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:安氏剛毛鼠.Included withinL.sikapusiby Dieterlen(2013f).Recorded from E DR Congo(close to Zaire River),W DR Congo,Rwanda,W Uganda and Kenya.Widely distributed in rainforests and montane forests.In Kenya,recorded from Nyanza close to Lake Victoria(Monadjem et al.,2015).

68.LophuromysmargarettaeHeller,1912. English:Margaretta’s Brush-furred Rat.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:馬氏剛毛鼠. Included withinL. fl avopunctatusby Dieterlen(2013g). Recorded in Kenya,Uganda and southern South Sudan.Highland forests and grasslands.In Kenya,recorded widely in the southern highlands,including Mt. Kenya(lower elevations)and Aberdare Ranges(Monadjem et al.,2015).

69.Lophuromys zenaDollman,1909. English:Zena’s Brush-furred Rat.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:澤娜剛毛鼠.Included withinL. fl avopunctatusby Dieterlen(2013g).In Kenya,it is sympatric withL.margarettaeon Mt.Kenya and the Aberdare Ranges(Monadjem et al.,2015),but typically occurs at higher elevations than the latter species(Verheyen et al.,2007).

Genus UranomysDollman,1909.Brush-furred Rats

70.Uranomys ruddiDollman,1909. English:Rudd’s Brush-furred Rat. Swahili:Panya. Chinese:白腹蓬毛鼠. Widely distributed in West Africa,but also discrete populations in Central,East and southern Africa.Moist savannas,grasslands and oil plantations(in West Africa)(Happold D,2013f).The presence of this species in Kenya is only known by the type specimen from“Kirui,southern foothills of Mt.Elgon,Kenya”(Delany,1975).Due to possible confusion regarding the exact locality mentioned in Dollman(1909),the presence of this species in Kenya requires con fi rmation.

Genus GerbilliscusThomas,1897.Gerbils

71.Gerbilliscus boehmi(Noack,1887).English:Boehm’s Gerbil.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:波氏大沙鼠.Formerly placed in the genusTatera.Recorded from S Uganda,Rwanda,Burundi,W Tanzania,Malawi,W Mozambique,NW Zambia,S DR Congo and E Angola,with isolated populations in S Kenya.Brachystegiawoodlands with good grass and herb cover(Happold D,2013g).In Kenya,recorded from areas near the Lower Ewaso Ng’iro River in the SW(Musser&Carleton,2005).

72.Gerbilliscus kempi(Wroughton,1906).English:Kemp’s Gerbil.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:凱氏大沙鼠.PreviouslyTatera kempi,but now placed in the genusGerbilliscus.Recorded from Gambia and Sierra Leone eastwards to S Sudan,N DR Congo,Uganda,Kenya,Rwanda and Burundi.Savanna grasslands with good grass and shrub cover,as well as abandoned farmlands(Happold D,2013h).In Kenya,recorded in the NE.

73.Gerbilliscus nigricaudus(Peters,1878). English:Black-tailed Gerbil.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:黑尾沙鼠.Formerly placed in the genusTatera.Recorded from S Ethiopia,S Somalia,Kenya and NE Tanzania.Dry savanna woodlands and grasslands(Happold D,2013i).In Kenya,widespread,although distribution is patchy.

74.Gerbilliscus phillipsi(de Winton,1898). English:Phillips’s Gerbil.Swahili:Panya.Chinese: 菲利普大沙鼠.Formerly placed in the genusTatera.Recorded disjunctively in C and S Ethiopia,Somaliland and Kenya.Dry arid savannas and semi-deserts(Happold D,2013j).In Kenya,known only from near Baringo in the Rift Valley.

75.Gerbilliscus vicinus(Peters,1878).English:Vicinus Gerbil. Swahili:Panya. Chinese:維奇尼大沙鼠.Formerly placed in the genusTatera;included withinGerbilliscus robustusby Happold D(2013k).Recorded from Tanzania and Kenya.Dryland areas(Monadjem et al.,2015).In Kenya,found widely throughout the country but appears to be absent from the drier regions in the NE and highlands of the SW.

Genus GerbillusDesmarest,1804 Gerbils

76.Gerbillus cosensiDollmann,2014 English:Cosen’s Gerbil.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:飾小沙鼠.Sometimes considered as a synonym ofG.agag(Musser&Carleton,2005).Endemic to NE Uganda and NW Kenya.Dry semi-arid habitats. In Kenya,recorded in the region of Lake Turkana(Turkwel Valley,Lodwar,Lokori)and Archer’s Post(Happold D,2013l).

77.Gerbillus harwoodiThomas,1901.English:Harwood’s Gerbil. Swahili: Panya. Chinese哈伍德小沙鼠.Recorded from Kenya and N-C Tanzania.Grasslands inAcacia-savanna(Happold D,2013m).In Kenya,recorded from the highlands and the Rift Valley in the S.

78.Gerbillus pusillusPeters,1878.English:Least Gerbil.Swahili:Panya.Chinese;肯尼亞小沙鼠.Small isolated population.Recorded disjunctively from C Ethiopia,South Sudan,Somalia,Kenya and N Tanzania. Short dry grasslands on sandy soils.In Kenya,recorded from near Lake Turkana and in the SE(Happold D,2013n).

Genus TaterillusThomas,1910.Taterils

79.Taterillus emini(Thomas,1892).English:Emin’s Tateril.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:乍得小裸掌沙鼠.Recorded in Sudan,South Sudan,Ethiopia,Somalia,NE DR Congo.Kenya and N Tanzania.Dry and moist savanna habitats(Granjon&Dobigny,2013).In Kenya,widely distributed in suitable habitats.

Genus AethomysThomas,1915.Veld Rats

80.Aethomys chrysophilus(de Winton,1897).English:Red Veld Rat.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:金毛蹊鼠.Recorded from Kenya southwards to Angola,Namibia,Botswana,Mozambique and N South Africa.Savannas woodlands.Separate population ranges occur in N and SE Kenya(Linzey et al.,2013a).

81.Aethomys hindei(Thomas,1902).English:Hinde’s Veld Rat.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:中非蹊鼠.Widely distributed in Central and East Africa in rocky areas,dense grass and bush cover,moist and disturbed habitats(Linzey et al.,2013b).In Kenya,recorded from south of Lake Turkana and in the coastal SE.

82.Aethomys kaiseri(Noack,1887). English:Kaiser’s Veld Rat. Swahili: Panya. Chinese: 凱氏蹊鼠.Recorded from E Angola eastwards to Uganda,Kenya and Tanzania.Savanna habitats with trees and shrubs.In Kenya,restricted to a narrow band in the S along the Kenya-Tanzania border(Linzey et al.,2013c).

Genus ArvicanthisLesson,1842.Grass Rats

83.Arvicanthis nairobaeJ.A.Allen,1909.English:Nairobi Grass Rat. Swahili:Panya. Chinese:肯尼亞壟鼠.Recorded in S-C Kenya and N-C Tanzania.Grasslands and savanna habitats,mostly in highlands,especially where habitat is dense(Takata,2013c). In Kenya,recorded mostly in highlands east of the Rift Valley.

84.Arvicanthisneumanni(Matschie1894). English:Neumann’s Grass Rat.Swahili:Panya.Chinese: 諾伊曼壟鼠.Recorded in E Ethiopia,Somalia,Kenya and N-C Tanzania.Recorded in dry bush and savanna habitats(Bekele,2013).In Kenya,found only in the NE(Mandera,Marsabit)and extreme SE.

85.Arvicanthis niloticus(é.Geoffroy,1803). English:Nile Grass Rat. Swahili:Panya. Chinese:尼 羅壟鼠. Widely distributed from Senegal to E Sudan and Ethiopia,extending southwards in eastern Africa to Tanzania and Zambia. Savanna grasslands near water sources,shrublands and cultivations(Granjon et al.,2013).In Kenya,recorded in western half of the country.

Genus ColomysThomas and Wroughton,1907. African Water Rat

86.Colomys goslingiThomas&Wroughton,1907.English:African Water Rat. Swahili:Panya. Chinese:居鼠. Recorded disjunctively in Cameroon,DR Congo(N of Zaire River),Burundi,Uganda and Kenya,with isolated populations also in Angola and Zambia.Streams and waterways in rainforest and montane forest riverine habitats(Dieterlen,2013h).In Kenya,recorded in the SW highland areas,including Kakamega Forest and Mt.Elgon.

Genus DasymysPeters,1875.Shaggy Rats

87.Dasymysincomtus(Sundevall,1847). English:Common Shaggy Rat.Swahili Panya.Chinese:非洲水鼠.Widely distributed in eastern and southern Africa,as well as Ethiopia,Sudan and South Sudan.Reed-beds,long grass close to water,and damp areas on drainage lines(Pillay,2013).In Kenya,widely distributed in the W and S,mostly west of the Rift Valley.

Genus GrammonysThomas,1915.Thickets Rats

88.Grammomys brevirostrisKrystufek,2008. English:Short-snouted Thicket Rat.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:短吻線鼠. Endemic to Kenya. Savanna grasslands(Krystufek 2008).In Kenya,only known from type locality(Lemesikio,Loliondo,Loita plains).

89.Grammomys canicepsHutterer&Dieterlen,1984.English:Gray-headed Thicket Rat. Swahili:Panya.Chinese:灰頭線鼠.Recorded from Somalia and Kenya,only along coastal regions.Dry coastal savanna with trees and palms(Hutterer,2013a).In Kenya,recorded from the coast N of Mombasa(Malindi).

90.Grammomys dolichurus(Smuts,1832). English:Common Thicket Rat.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:南非線鼠.Recorded widely in the eastern half of Africa from Uganda and Kenya to South Africa,extending westwards S of the Congo basin to Angola.Woodland savanna and gallery forests(Happold D,2013o).In Kenya,recorded from the SW,mostly W of the Rift Valley,with a narrow extension to the coast in the extreme SE.

91.Grammomys gigasDollman,1911. English:Giant Thicket Rat.Swahili:Panya.Chinese.巨線鼠.Endemic to Kenya.Afro-alpine habitat.In Kenya,recorded only from the type locality at Solai,Mt.Kenya(2 740 m a.s.l.)(Dieterlen,2013i).

92.Grammomys ibeanus(Osgood,1910).English:East African Thicket Rat.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:莫洛線鼠.Recorded from disjunct small areas from South Sudan,Uganda,Kenya,Tanzania and Malawi.Evergreen montane forests and dense thickets(Dieterlen,2013j).In Kenya,recorded from Mt.Elgon,Mt.Gargues,Mathews Range,Karissia Hills and Mt. Nyiru and along the escarpments of the Rift Valley.

93.Grammomys macmillani(Wroughton,1907).English:Macmillan’s Thicket Rat.Swahili:unavailable.Chinese:馬氏線鼠.Recorded from small and scattered areas in Sierra Leone,Central African Republic,South Sudan,Kenya,Uganda,S Ethiopia and Tanzania. Forests,riverine forests,grasslands and undergrowth(Dieterlen,2013k). In Kenya,recorded only in the extreme SE(Msambweni and Lunga Lunga).

Genus HylomyscusThomas,1926.Wood Mice

94.Hylomyscus endorobae(Thomas,1906). English:Endorobo Wood Mouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:高山柔毛鼠.Placed withinHylomyscus denniaeby Dieterlen(2013l).Endemic to Kenya.Afro-montane forests.In Kenya,recorded from upper and lower slopes of Mt.Kenya,Aberdare Ranges and Mau Escarpment(Carleton&Byrne,2006).Specimens from Mt Elgon(asH.denniae;Clausnitzer,2003)and Cherangani Hills may belong to this species.

95.Hylomyscus kerbispeterhansiDemos,Agwanda&Hickerson,2014. English:Kerbispeterhans’s Wood Mouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:克氏柔毛鼠.Endemic to Kenya.Montane habitats.In Kenya,recorded from Aberdare Ranges,Cherangani Hills and Mt. Elgon(Demos et al.,2014).

96.Hylomyscus kaimosae(Heller,1912).English:Kaimosi Wood Mouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:凱莫斯柔毛鼠. Placed withinHylomyscus stellaby Dieterlen(2013m).Recorded from isolated populations in W Kenya,C Tanzania and S South Sudan.Montane and upland forests.In Kenya,recorded in the Kakamega Forest and other forests near Lake Victoria(Dieterlen,2013m,asHylomyscus stella).

Genus LemniscomysTrouessart,1881.Grass Mice

97.Lemniscomys macculus(Thomas&Wroughton,1910).English:Buffoon Grass Mouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:花草鼠.Recorded in NE DR Congo,and parts of Uganda,SE Sudan,N Kenya and SW Ethiopia.Open grasslands withAcaciatrees andEuphorbia candelabra,rocky areas and dry river beds(Dieterlen,2013n).In Kenya,recorded from some parts of the NE.

98.Lemniscomysrosalia(Thomas,1904). English:Single-striped Grass Mouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:薔薇草鼠.Recorded widely in southern Africa and small areas of Kenya and Tanzania in savanna habitats and cultivated areas(Monadjem,2013d).In Kenya,recorded in the SE,S of Mombasa.

99.Lemniscomys striatus(Linnaeus,1758). English:Striated Grass Mouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:斑草鼠. Recorded from Sierra Leone to eastern Africa and C Ethiopia,and in S DR Congo,N Zambia and N Angola.Grasslands,woodland savanna,farmlands and open grassy areas in rainforest(Happold D,2013p).In Kenya,recorded widely in the W.

100.Lemniscomys zebra(Heuglin,1864).English:Zebra Grass Mouse. Swahili:Panya. Chinese:休氏草鼠.Recorded from Senegal to S Sudan,South Sudan,Uganda,Kenya and Tanzania. Dry grasslands and wooded grasslands with low rainfall.In Kenya,recorded in the W and S to W of the Rift Valley(Happold D&Dieterlen,2013).

Genus MastomysThomas,1915.Multimammate Mice

101.Mastomys erythroleucus(Temminck,1853).English:Guinea Multimammate Mouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:紅乳鼠.Recorded over a wide area from Senegal and Mauretania to Uganda,Kenya,Tanzania and Ethiopia.Grasslands,secondary forests,agricultural fi elds and foodstores(Leirs,2013a).In Kenya,recorded in the C and NW.

102.Mastomys natalensis(Smith,1834).English:Natal Multimammate Mouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:南非乳鼠.Recorded over most of sub-Saharan Africa,except the extreme SW of the continent(parts of Namibia,Botswana and South Africa).Grasslands,wooded savannas, fi elds,thickets and human-modi fi ed habitats(Leirs,2013b).In Kenya,recorded throughout most of country.

103.Mastomys pernanus(Kershaw,1921).English:Dwarf Multimammate Mouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:倭乳鼠.Recorded from small areas of N Tanzania and S Kenya.Brachystegiawoodlands(Leirs,2013c).In Kenya,recorded from the extreme SW(Mara River region).

Genus MusLinnaeus,1758.Old World Mice and Pygmy Mice

104.Mus mahometRhoads,1896.English:Mahomet Pygmy Mouse. Swahili:Panya. Chinese:索馬里小家鼠.Recorded in Eritrea and Ethiopia,and perhaps in SW Kenya and SW Uganda(status uncertain). Montane forests,scrublands and grasslands(Ethiopia)(Yalden,2013a).In Kenya,presence uncertain,with no locality records currently available.

105.Mus minutoidesSmith,1834.English:Tiny Pygmy Mouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:南非小家鼠.Based on molecular characterization,this species has been recorded widely throughout sub-Saharan Africa,including West Africa(see Monadjem et al.,2015).The similar and closely relatedMus musculoides(West African Pygmy Mouse)is widely recorded from West Africa,where it is sympatric withM.minutoides.Hence,recent molecular studies have clari fi ed some of the confusion raised and discussed in theMammals of Africaaccounts(Happold D,2013q;Monadjem,2013e). Savanna woodlands,grasslands,rocky areas,broad-leaved woodlands and farmlands.In Kenya,recorded in the NW and S.

106.Mus musculusLinnaeus,1758.English:House Mouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:小家鼠.Exotic species in Africa.Recorded in many well-separated locations on the continent and inland in some places.Human habitations and some human-modi fi ed environments(Happold D,2013r). In Kenya,recorded from urban centers(e.g.,Nairobi).

107.Mus sorella(Thomas,1909).English:Thomas’s Pygmy Mouse. Swahili:Panya. Chinese:烏干達(dá)小家鼠.Recorded in a few discrete areas of the E DR Congo,Uganda,Kenya and Tanzania.Savanna grasslands and woodlands close to gallery forests(Petter,2013a).In Kenya,recorded only on Mt.Elgon.

108.Mus tenellus(Thomas,1903).English:Delicate Pygmy Mouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:嬌小家鼠.Recorded mainly from Ethiopia,with isolated populations in C Sudan,South Sudan,Kenya and Tanzania.Grasslands with thicket clumps(Petter,2013b). In Kenya,single records in C and S regions.

109.Mus triton(Thomas,1909). English: Gray-bellied Pygmy Mouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:海神小家鼠.Recorded from South Sudan,Uganda,Kenya,Tanzania,E DR Congo,Malawi and Zambia. Grasslands with dense cover,forest edges and cultivations,especially in montane regions(Dieterlen&Happold D,2013).In Kenya,recorded in the S and W.

Genus MylomysThomas,1906.Three-toed Grass Rat

110.Mylomys dybowskii(Pousargues,1893). English:Dybowski’s Three-toed Grass Rat. Swahili: Panya.Chinese:非洲溝齒鼠.Recorded disjunctly from West Africa to Kenya.Rainforest-savanna mosaics and forest edges(Dieterlen,2013o).In Kenya,recorded in the C and W.

Genus MyomyscusShortridge,1942.Meadow Mice

111.Myomyscus brockmani(Thomas,1908). English:Brockman’s Meadow Mouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:布氏軟毛鼠.Recorded in E DR Congo,South Sudan,Uganda,Kenya and Tanzania,with isolated populations in W Sudan,Central African Republic,SW Ethiopia and NW Somalia.Rocky habitats and boulders in high altitude areas(Happold D,2013s).In Kenya,widely distributed W of the Rift Valley.

Genus OenomysThomas,1904.Rufous-nosed Rats

112.Oenomys hypoxanthus(Pucheran,1855). English:Common Rufous-nosed Rat.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:褐鼻鼠.Recorded widely from Nigeria,Cameroon and Gabon to DR Congo and East Africa,with isolated populations in W Ethiopia,Angola and Tanzania.Moist dense grasslands,forest edges,montane habitats and cultivated areas(Dieterlen,2013p).In Kenya,recorded in the W and C(Aberdare Ranges).

Genus OtomysF.Curvier,1824.Vlei Rats The numberofspecies in this genus increased dramatically with recent molecular studies (see Monadjem et al.,2015). Taylor(2013a)recognized 15 species in Africa,which was increased to 31 species by Monadjem et al.(2015).Of these,eight species have been recorded in Kenya.

113.Otomys angoniensisWroughton,1906.English:Angoni Vlei Rat.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:阿貢沼鼠.Recorded from Kenya to South Africa,including Angola and Zambia.Mesic grasslands and savanna woodland habitats near swamps and water(Taylor,2013b).In Kenya,recorded widely in the S and W at higher elevations.

114.Otomys barbouriLawrence&Loveridge,1953.English:Barbour’s Vlei Rat.Swahili:Panya.Chinese: 巴氏沼鼠.Endemic to Kenya and Uganda.Alpine heath on upper slopes(above 3 200 m a.s.l.).In Kenya,recorded only on Mt.Elgon(Clausnitzer,2013).

115.Otomys dollmaniHeller,1912.English:Dollman’s Vlei Rat.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:道氏沼鼠.Included withinO.tropicalisby Taylor(2013c).In the past,placed as a subspecies ofO.irroratusorO.tropicalisbut considered as a valid species(Carleton&Byrne,2006).Endemic to Kenya.Highland forests.In Kenya,recorded only from Mount Gargues(Urguess)in the Mathews Range.

116.Otomys jacksoniThomas,1891.English:Jackson’s Vlei Rat.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:杰氏沼鼠.Included withinO.typusby Yalden(2013b)but as a valid species by Musser&Carleton(2005).Endemic to Kenya and Uganda.Alpine habitats(3 300-4 200 m a.s.l.).In Kenya,recorded only on Mt.Elgon(Monadjem et al.,2015).

117.Otomys orestesThomas,1900.English:Afroalpine Vlei Rat.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:非洲高山沼鼠.Formerly considered a synonym ofO.irroratus,O.tropicalisorO.typusbut now considered as a valid species(Carleton&Byrne,2006).Endemic to Kenya in alpine habitats.In Kenya,recorded only on Mt.Kenya and the Aberdare Ranges(Musser&Carleton,2005;Taylor et al.,2011).

118.Otomys thomasiOsgood,1910.English:Thomas’Vlei Rat.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:托氏沼鼠.Endemic to Kenya.Afro-alpine grasslands,scrub and heathland at higher altitudes(Monadjem et al.,2015).In Kenya,recorded from higher elevations of the Mau Escarpment(2 450-2700 m a.s.l.)and the Uasin Gishu Plateau W of the Rift Valley(Monadjem et al.,2015).

119.Otomys tropicalisThomas,1902.English:Tropical Vlei Rat.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:熱帶沼鼠.Recorded in scattered localities in South Sudan,E DR Congo,Uganda,Burundi,Uganda and Kenya. Afro-alpine grasslands,scrub and heathland at higher elevations(Taylor,2013c).In Kenya,recorded widely from Mt.Elgon to the Kenyan Rift(Monadjem et al.,2015).

120.Otomys typus(Heuglin,1877).English:Ethiopian Vlei Rat.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:橫沼鼠.Recorded from N and C Ethiopia,with small disjunct populations in Kenya,Uganda,Tanzania and N Malawi.Moist grasslands and swamps at higher elevations.In Kenya,recorded on Mt.Elgon(Yalden,2013b).

Genus PelomysPeters,1852.Creek Rats

121.Pelomys fallax(Peters,1852).English:East African Creek Rat. Swahili:Panya. Chinese:溝齒澤鼠.Recorded from N Angola and DR Congo to Uganda,Kenya and Tanzania,and south to Zambia,Malawi and Mozambique.Creeks,savannas with thick moist grass,swamps and where water is available for most of the year(Dieterlen,2013q).In Kenya,recorded from the S,close to the Kenya-Tanzania border.

122.Pelomys hopkinsiHayman,1955.English:Hopkins’s Creek Rat. Swahili:Panya. Chinese:盧安達(dá)澤鼠.Recorded in small and isolated areas around Lake Victoria(SW Uganda,C and S Rwanda and W Kenya).Occurs in papyrus swamp areas.In Kenya,restricted to papyrus swampy areas around Lake Victoria(Dieterlen,2013r).

Genus PraomysThomas,1915.Soft-furred Mice

The taxonomy of the genusPraomysis controversial and has been the subject of debate for many years.The de fi nition of the genus and constituent species are still uncertain(Happold D,2013t).For Africa as a whole,16 species are recognized(Happold D,2013t),with three species occurring in Kenya.

123.Praomys delectorum(Thomas,1910).English:East African Soft-furred Mouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:赤道柔毛鼠. Recorded in Kenya,Tanzania,Malawi and Mozambique.Montane forests in isolated highland regions(Happold D,2013u).In Kenya,recorded from the Shimba Hills.

124.Praomysjacksoni(de Winton,1897). English:Jackson’s Soft-furred Mouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:杰氏柔毛鼠.Recorded from Nigeria to eastern East Africa,including parts of South Sudan,Zambia,Uganda and Kenya.Rainforests,lowland montane forests and secondary forests(Dieterlen,2013s).In Kenya,recorded in a few localities in the W.

125.Praomys misonneiVan der Straeten and Dieterlen,1987.English:Misonne’s Soft-furred Mouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:米氏柔毛鼠.Widespread from the Volta River,Central Africa,N to W DRC and parts of East Africa in lowland rainforests.In Kenya,recorded from the W to Kakamega Forest(Monadjem et al.,2015).

Genus RattusFischer,1803.Rats

126.Rattus rattus(Linnaeus,1758). English:Black Rat.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:黑家鼠.Exotic species in Africa.Widespread in coastlines and inland within large urban areas and cities,especially those close to railway lines(Happold D,2013v).In Kenya,restricted to the S and W.

Genus RhabdomysThomas,1916.Four-striped Grass Mice

127.Rhabdomys dilectus(de Winton,1897).English:Mesic Four-striped Grass Mouse.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:紋鼠.Included withinRhabdomys striatusby Happold D(2013w)but now considered as a separate species(Monadjem et al.,2015). Recorded from Zimbabwe,Malawi,Zambia,Tanzania,Angola,Kenya and E Uganda(Monadjem et al.,2015).Grassy and shrubby habitats mostly in highland areas.In Kenya,recorded widely from the highlands in the SW.

Genus ThallomysThomas,1920.Acacia Rats

128.Thallomys loringi(Heller,1909). English:Loring’s Acacia Rat.Swahili:Panya.Chinese:洛林青毛鼠.Recorded from W,C and SW Kenya and N Tanzania.Arboreal inAcaciatrees,shrubby woodlands and brushy thickets in savanna habitats(Carleton,2013).In Kenya,recorded from scattered localities in the Rift Valley.

129.Thallomys paedulcus(Sundevall,1846). English:Sundevall’s Acacia Rat.Swahili:Panya.Chinese: 松德瓦爾青毛鼠.Recorded from S Ethiopia and S Somalia through eastern and Central Africa.Savanna habitats,especiallyAcaciawoodlands(Perrin,2013b).In Kenya,widely distributed in the S,E and N,but its relationship withT.loringiremains unresolved.

Genus ZelotomysOsgood,1910.Broad-headed Mice

130.Zelotomys hildegardeae(Thomas,1902). English:Hildegarde’s Broad-headed Mouse. Swahili:Panya.Chinese: 妒鼠. Recorded from SE Central Africa Republic and South Sudan through East Africa to Zambia,S DR Congo and Angola.Moist grassland savanna,edge of swamps and forests,and grasslands(Nel,2013).In Kenya,occurs widely in the SW.

Family ANOMALURIDAE

Genus AnomalurusWaterhouse,1842.Anomalures

131.Anomalurus derbianus(Gray,1842).English:Lord Derby’s Anomalure.Swahili:unavailable.Chinese: 鱗尾松鼠. Recorded widely in West,Central and East Africa.Rainforests,secondary forests and riverine forests,cultivations with large forest trees,and savannas with relict forests.In Kenya,restricted to highland forests in the W(Ray,2013a).

Family PEDETIDAE

Genus PedetesIlliger,1811.Springhares

132.Pedetes surdaster(Thomas,1902). English:East African Springhare.Swahili:Kamendengere.Chinese:東非跳兔.Recorded in SC Kenya and C Tanzania.Semi-arid grassland and open habitats(Butynski&Kalina,2013).In Kenya,recorded from S of Nairobi on grassland plateaux,including Amboseli NP and Masai Mara NR.

Family BATHYERGIDAE

Genus HeliophobiusPeters,1846.Silvery Mole-rats

133.Heliophobius argenteocinereusPeters,1846.English:Silvery Mole-rat.Swahili:Fuko.Chinese:霜鼠.Recorded from S Kenya,SE DR Congo,N Zambia,Malawi and N and C Mozambique.Combretum-Brachystegiawoodlands,rocky hillsides and agricultural fi elds. In Kenya,recorded from C and S regions(Jarvis,2013b).

Family HETEROCEPHALIDAE

Thesinglegenusandspeciesinthisfamilywas previously placed in the family Bathyergidae(Jarvis,2013c)but is now placed in the newly recognized family Heterocephalidae(Patterson&Upham,2014).

Genus HeterocephalusRuppell,1842.Naked Mole-rats

134.Heterocephalus glaberRüppell,1842.English:Naked Mole-rat.Swahili:Fuko.Chinese:裸鼢鼠.Recorded from Somalia,E Ethiopia and N and SE Kenya.Semi-deserts and arid habitats with hard soil.In Kenya,recorded widely from the NE(Jarvis,2013c).

Family HYSTRICIDAE

Genus AtherurusF.Cuvier,1829.Brush-tailed Porcupines

135.Atherurus africanusGray,1842. English:African Brush-tailed Porcupine.Swahili:Njiko.Chinese:非洲帚尾豪豬.Recorded widely from Senegal to Uganda and Kenya,including Cameroon,Gabon and C DR Congo.Rainforests,secondary forests,gallery forests and relict rainforests(Happold D,2013x).In Kenya,recorded in the W.

Genus HystrixLinnaeus,1758.Crested Porcupines

136.Hystrix africaeaustralisPeters,1852.English:Cape Crested Porcupine.Swahili:Nungunungu Kusi.Chinese:南非豪豬. Recorded widely from S DR Congo,Uganda and Kenya throughout the southern part of Africa.Wooded savannas,semi-arid habitats,forests and farmlands(Happold D,2013y).In Kenya,recorded only from the SW.

137.Hystrix cristataLinnaeus,1758.English:North African Crested Porcupine. Swahili: Nungunungu Kishugi.Chinese:非洲冕豪豬.Recorded widely in NE Africa(Morocco,N Algeria)and from Senegal through N Nigeria,Central African Republic and NE DR Congo to Kenya and Tanzania,with isolated populations in Eritrea and Ethiopia.Semi-deserts,woodland and grassland savannas,rocky hillsides and caves(Happold D,2013z). In Kenya,widespread.

Family THRYONOMYIDAE

Genus ThryonomysFitzinger,1867.Cane Rats

138.Thryonomys gregorianus(Thomas,1894). English:Lesser Cane Rat.Swahili:Ndezi.Chinese:草原蔗鼠.Recorded from South Sudan,Uganda and Kenya southwards to Zambia,Malawi and Zimbabwe,with isolated populations in S Chad,Ethiopia,S DR Congo and perhaps Mozambique.Grasslands and rocky habitats in savannas(Happold D,2013za).In Kenya,recorded widely in the S and W.

139.Thryonomys swinderianus(Temminck,1827).English:Greater Cane Rat.Swahili:Ndezi.Chinese:南撒哈拉蔗鼠.Recorded from Senegal across West Africa to the Central African Republic,Uganda and Kenya,and south to Zambia,Botswana,Zimbabwe and South Africa.Swamps,reedbeds,long grass where damp,sugar cane plantations,and agricultural fi elds(Happold D,2013zb).In Kenya,mainly in the W and S,where it is sympatric withT.gregorianus,but typically occurs in wetter habitats than the latter species.

Family MYOCASTORIDAE

Genus MyocastorKerr,1792.Coypu

140.Myocastor coypus(Molina,1782). English:Coypu.Swahili:unavailable.Chinese:河貍鼠.Exotic species in Africa.Introduced into aquatic habitats in southern and eastern Africa.Swamps,rivers,farm ponds and dams.In Kenya,recorded in C regions(e.g.,Laikipia,Nanyuki,Aberdare Ranges,Lake Naivasha)(Happold D,2013zc).

ORDERLAGOMORPHA(HaresandRock-hares-three species)

Family LEPORIDAE

Genus LepusLinnaeus,1758.Hares and rock-hares

141.Lepus capensisLinnaeus,1758.English:Cape Hare;Swahili:Sungura.Chinese:草兔.Recorded throughout most of the continent,except in desert(and other arid areas)and rainforest;not present from Angola westwards to Mozambique.Grasslands and other open habitats(Happold D,2013zd).In Kenya,recorded in most of the country,except the NE.

142.Lepus victoriaeThomas,1893. English: African Savanna Hare;Swahili:Sungura. Chinese:海角兔.Recorded from Mauritania through western Africa to Sudan,then southwards through Uganda and Kenya to Angola,Zambia,Zimbabwe,and parts of Botswana and South Africa.Scrubland,bushland and grassland habitats,preferring less open areas toL.capensis(Happold D,2013ze).In Kenya,recorded W of the Rift Valley,with an isolated population on Mt.Kenya(Flux&Flux,1983).

GenusPronolagusLyon,1904.Rock-Hares

143.Pronolagus rupestris(A.Smith,1834).English:Smith’s Red Rock-hare;Swahili:Sungura ya Mawe.Chinese:紅兔.Recorded in two disjunct areas:(1)Kenya,Tanzania,NE Zambia and Malawi in a narrow band and bordering the Rift Valley;(2)NW South Africa. Rocky hillsides with boulders and rocky crevices(Happold D,2013zf).In Kenya,recorded in the SW,including the Ngong Hills.

ORDER ERINACEOMORPHA(Hedgehogs-one species)Family ERINACEIDAE

Genus AtelerixPomel,1848.Hedgehogs

144.Atelerix albiventris(Wagner,1841).English:Whitebellied Hedgehog;Swahili:Kalunguyeye/Nungunungu.Chinese:白腹刺猬.Recorded from Senegal eastwards acrossWestAfricatoSudan,Somaliaandlower elevations of Ethiopia,and then southwards through Kenya,Uganda,TanzaniatoMalawiandZambia.Savanna and semi-arid habitats,including fi elds and suburban gardens.In Kenya,recorded throughout most of the country(Happold D,2013zg).

ORDER SORICOMORPHA(Shrews-36 species)

The Swahili name for the cryptic,unobtrusive and hard-to-see shrew species of this order is ‘Kirukanjia/Njule’

Family SORICIDAE

Genus CrociduraWagler,1832.White-toothed Shrews

145.Crocidura allexOsgood,1910.English:East African Highland Shrew.Chinese:肯尼亞麝鼩.Recorded from Kenya and N Tanzania.In alpine grasslands and swamp habitats.In Kenya,recorded from C regions(Mau Forest,Aberdare Range,Mt.Kenya)(Hutterer,2013b).

146.Crocidura bottegiThomas,1898.English:Bottego’s Shrew. Chinese:博氏麝鼩. Recorded from Kenya and Ethiopia. InAcacia-Commiphorabushlands and arid habitats.In Kenya,recorded from the N(Marsabit)(Hutterer,2013c).

147.Crocidura elgoniusOsgood,1910. English. Elgon Shrew.Chinese:埃爾貢麝鼩.Recorded from Kenya and Tanzania.In highland and montane habitats.In Kenya,recorded in C(Muguga Nairobi)and W regions(Cherangani,Mt.Elgon,Nakuru,Eldoret,Kakamega Forest)(Stanley,2013a).

148.Crocidura fi scheriPagenstecher,1885. English:Fischer’s Shrew.Chinese: 費(fèi)氏麝鼩.Recorded from Kenya and N Tanzania.In grasslands ofAcaciasavanna woodlands,with scattered dominantAcacia tortilistrees.In Kenya,recorded from S regions(Nguruman,N of Lake Natron)(Hutterer,1986;Oguge,2013a).

149.Crocidurafulvastra(Sundevall,1843). English:Savanna Shrew.Chinese:金色麝鼩.Recorded from Mali,N Nigeria,S and C Sudan,Ethiopia and N Kenya.In drier savanna and arid habitats.In Kenya,recorded in the N(around Lake Turkana)(Church fi eld&Jenkins,2013a).

150.Crocidura fumosaThomas,1904.English.Smoky White-toothed Shrew.Chinese:煙色麝鼩.Endemic to Kenya and restricted to moist montane forest habitats of the E slopes Mt. Kenya and Aberdare Ranges(Church fi eld&Jenkins,2013b). Specimens from Mt.Kenya were studied genetically by Stanley et al.(2015).

151.Crocidura fuscomurina(Heuglin,1865). English:Bicoloured Musk Shrew.Chinese:紡錘麝鼩.Recorded from many countries in West,East,East-Central and southern Africa.In woodland savannas and semi-arid habitats. In Kenya,widely distributed(Dippenaar&Baxter,2013).

152.CrocidurahildegardeaeThomas,1904. English:Hildegarde’s Shrew.Chinese:尼日利亞麝鼩.Recorded from SE Cameroon and Congo to Kenya and Tanzania.In dry forests and wetter forests of montane and highland areas.In Kenya,recorded W of the Rift Valley from the NW-SE(Stanley,2013b).

153.Crocidura jacksoniThomas,1904.English:Jackson’s Shrew.Chinese:杰克遜麝鼩.Recorded from Uganda,Kenya,N Tanzania and E DR Congo.In moist forests,wet bushlands and cultivated areas.In Kenya,widely found W of the Rift Valley(Oguge,2013b).

154.Crocidura littoralisHeller,1910.English:Naked-tail Shrew.Chinese:濱海麝鼩.Recorded from SW Central African Republic,Cameroon,Congo,DR Congo,Uganda and Kenya.In closed-canopy rainforests.Restricted to W Kenya(Ray&Hutterer,2013).

155.Crocidura lunaDollman,1910.English:Moonshine Shrew. Chinese:新月麝鼩. With more than one species,this complex needs taxonomic revision(Castiglia et al.,2009).Recorded from NE DR Congo,Uganda,Kenya,most of Tanzania,Zambia,SE DR Congo,WC Mozambique,Malawi and Mozambique.In moist,cool areas,typically on the fringes of montane forests with dense cover and in matted grass along streams.In Kenya,recorded from the S and W(Baxter&Dippenaar,2013a).

156.Crocidura macarthuriSt. Leger,1934. English:MacArthur’s Shrew.Chinese:麥?zhǔn)削挈?Recorded from S Kenya(Nguruman)and C Somalia.In wooded grasslands with widely scatteredAcaciatrees,e.g.,Acacia tortilis,interspersed withThemeda,HyparrheniaandCenchrusgrasses(S Kenya)(Oguge,2013c)and Meru National Park(Hutterer,unpublished data).

157.Crocidura macowiDollman,1915.English:Nyiro Shrew.Chinese:麥考麝鼩.Endemic to Kenya and recorded from Mt.Nyiro and S of Lake Turkana in tropical forests(Church fi eld&Jenkins,2013c).

158.Crocidura monaxThomas,1910.English:Kilimanjaro Shrew.Chinese:僧麝鼩.Recorded from N Mt.Pare and Mt.Kilimanjaro in Tanzania,and also possibly present on the Kenyan side of Mt.Kilimanjaro(Stanley et al.,2015).In moist montane forest habitats.

159.Crocidura montisThomas,1906.English:Montane White-toothed Shrew.Chinese:山林麝鼩.This species is possibly restricted to Mt.Rwenzori,DR Congo(Stanley et al.,2015).Other populations in East Africa may represent different species,which require revision. In montane grasslands.In Kenya,recorded under this name from C and W regions(Hutterer,2013d).

160.Crocidura nanillaThomas,1909.English:Savanna Dwarf Shrew. Chinese:西非麝鼩. Recorded from Mauritania to E Africa(Happold D,2013zh).Species may be composite;Thorn&Kerbis Peterhans(2009)restricted the type locality ofC.nanillato the“Rift Valley of central Kenya,probably near Kinangop,approximately S0°45′E36°30′.

161.Crocidura nigrofuscaMatschie,1895.English:African Black Shrew.Chinese:非洲黑麝鼩.Recorded from East Africa as well as S Ethiopia,southern Sudan,Zambia,Angola,C and S DR Congo,Zambia and Malawi.In damp habitats near water courses.In Kenya,widely distributed(Hutterer,2013e;Oguge et al.,2004).

162.Crocidura olivieri(Lesson,1827). English:African Giant Shrew.Chinese:非洲大麝鼩.Very widespread,but polytypic African shrew recorded from western to southern Africa,including Egypt. In a wide variety of habitats.In Kenya,widespread(Church fi eld&Hutterer,2013;Jacquet et al.,2015).

163.CrociduraparvipesOsgood, 1910. English:Small-footed Shrew.Chinese:小足麝鼩.Recorded from East,Central and southern Africa.In dry savanna,mixed forest and gallery forest habitats.In Kenya,widely distributed W of the Rift Valley(Hutterer,2013f).

164.Crocidura raineyiHeller,1912.English:Rainey’s Shrew.Chinese:雷氏麝鼩.Endemic to Kenya and recorded from Mt.Gargues and Matthews Range.In montane forests and along creeks(Hutterer,2013g).

165.Crocidura selinaDollman,1915. English:Uganda Lowland Shrew. Chinese: 甘藍(lán) 麝鼩. Recorded from Uganda and SE(Chyulu Hills)Kenya.In lowland evergreen forest habitats(Hutterer,2013h).Specimens from Chyulu Hills are similar but not yet fully studied(Oguge et al.,2004).

166.Crocidura turbaDollman,1910.English:Turbo Shrew.Chinese:安哥拉麝鼩.Recorded from NW Cameroon to Kenya southwards to Zambia and Angola. In dry forest,montane forests,riverine habitats,bushlands and grasslands.In Kenya,recorded from W of the Rift Valley(Oguge,2013d).

167.Crocidura ultimaDollman,1915. English:Ultimate Shrew.Chinese:罕麝鼩.Endemic to Kenya and recorded from the Jombeni Range,near Nyeri.In montane tropical moist forest(Church fi eld&Jenkins,2013d).

168.Crocidura viaria(I.Geoffroy,1834).English:Savanna Path Shrew. Chinese:路麝鼩. Recorded from S Morocco to Senegal and eastwards to Sudan,W Ethiopia and Kenya.In cultivated fi elds,sand dunes and dense shrubby vegetation.In Kenya,widely distributed(Hutterer,2013i).

169.Crocidura voiOsgood,1910. English:Voi Shrew.Chinese:沃伊麝鼩.Recorded from Kenya,Somalia,Ethiopia and Sudan,including a single record in Nigeria and Mali.In very dry savannas and coastal forests.In Kenya,widely distributed(Happold D,2013zi).

170.Crocidura xantippeOsgood,1910.English:Xanthippe’s Shrew.Chinese:尼魯麝鼩.Recorded from SE Kenya and Tanzania.In a wide variety of habitats(Stanley,2013c).

171.CrocidurayankariensisHutterer& Jenkins,1980.English:Yankari Shrew.Chinese:博契麝鼩.Recorded from Nigeria,Cameroon,Sudan,Ethiopia,Kenya and Somalia.In dry savannas.In Kenya,recorded from the NW(W Turkana,Lotikipi area).(Hutterer,2013j).

172.Crocidura zaphiriDollman,1915. English:Zaphir’s Shrew.Chinese:扎氏麝鼩.Taxonomical status unknown.Recorded from S Ethiopia and W Kenya(Kaimosi and Kisumu). In tropical forests(Church fi eld&Jenkins,2013e).

Genus SuncusEhrenberg,1832.Pygmy and House Shrews

173.Suncus aequatorius(Heller,1912).English:Taita Dwarf Shrew.Chinese:泰塔臭鼩.Recorded from SE Kenya(Taita Hills-Summit of Mt.Sagalla and Chawia Forest)and N Tanzania.In disturbed remnant forest in highland areas(Oguge&Hutterer,2013).

174.Suncus in fi nitesimus(Heller,1912).English:Least Dwarf Shrew. Chinese: 肯尼亞臭鼩. Recorded from South Africa,Kenya,Central African Republic and Cameroon.In primary montane forests and grasslands,savannas and mixed bushveld.In Kenya,recorded from C regions(Rumuruti and Rongai)(Baxter&Dippenaar,2013b).

175.Suncus megalura(Jentink,1888).English:Climbing Shrew. Chinese: 大尾臭鼩. Allocation to genusSuncusprovisional(Hutterer,2005). Recorded from West,Central and East Africa and southwards into E Zimbabwe,C Mozambique and Angola.In a wide variety of habitat but mostly associated with moist savanna.In Kenya,restricted to the S and W(Baxter&Dippenaar,2013c).

176.Suncus murinus(Linnaeus,1766). English:Asian House Shrew.Chinese:臭鼩.Introduced exotic species in disturbed and natural habitats along the coast from Egypt to Tanzania,as well as around Lake Victoria(Duplantier,2013).In Kenya,recorded along the coast and Lake Victoria.

Genus SurdisorexThomas,1906.Mole-shrews

177.Surdisorex norae(Thomas,1906).English:Aberdare Mole-shrew.Chinese:肯尼亞聾鼠鼩鼱.Endemic to Kenya and recorded from C regions(Aberdare Ranges).In swamps in moorlands(Happold D,2013zj).

178.Surdisorex polulusHollister,1916. English:Mount Kenya Mole-shrew.Chinese:小聾鼠鼩鼱.Endemic to Kenya and recorded from C regions(W of Mt.Kenya)inPodocarpus-bamboo and swamps near forests(Happold D,2013zk).

179.SurdisorexschlitteriKerbis Peterhans, Stanley,Hutterer,Demos&Agwanda,2009.English:Schlitters’s Mole-shrew.Chinese:施氏鼠鼩鼱.Recorded from Mt.Elgon sides of Kenya and Uganda.In montane habitats(Kerbis et al.,2009).

Genus SylvisorexThomas,1904.Forest Shrew

180.Sylvisorex mundusOsgood 1910.English:Osgood’s Forest Shrew.Chinese:奧氏林鼩鼱.Demos et al.(2014,2015)justi fi ed use of this name for Kenyan populations,formerly treated asS.granti.Recorded from East Africa.In swamps,montane forests and damp bushy vegetation above 1 500 m.In Kenya,recorded from W(Mt.Elgon,Cherangani Hills)and C regions(Mt.Kenya,Aberdare Ranges)(Dieterlen,2013t asS.granti).

ORDER CHIROPTERA(Bats-104 species)

The Kenyan bat fauna includes members of all 11 families of bats known from Africa(Patterson&Webala,2012).The Swahili name for bat is “Popo”,and currently no other name exists for different species of bats found in Kenya.

Family PTEROPODIDAE

Genus EidolonRa fi nesque,1815.Straw-coloured Fruit Bats

181.Eidolonhelvum(Kerr,1792). English: African Straw-coloured Fruit Bat.Chinese:黃毛果蝠.Recorded widely in sub-Saharan Africa.In all forests and woodland savannas with trees producing enough fruit.In Kenya,recorded from W and C regions and in wetter areas along the Kenya-Tanzania border from the SW to the coastal strip as far as Pate Island,Lamu(Thomas&Henry,2013a).

Genus EpomophorusBennett,1835.Epauletted Fruit Bats

182.Epomophorus labiatus(Temminck,1837). English:Little Epauletted Fruit Bat. Chinese: 小頸囊果蝠.Recorded disjunctly from NE Nigeria,S Chad and S Congo,and in some areas from C Sudan to Eritrea,Ethiopia and Djibouti and southwards to N Zambia and S Malawi.Found in a wide variety of woodland savannas(Happold M,2013a).In Kenya,recorded from the W and SE half of the coastal strip.

183.Epomophorus minimusClaessen&De Vree,1991.English:Least Epauletted Fruit Bat.Chinese:侏頸囊果蝠.Recorded disjunctly in eastern Africa,including S Sudan and Ethiopia.Found in a wide variety of habitats,usually near rivers or highlands in the E(Happold M,2013b).In Kenya,recorded disjunctly from N,C and E regions(Claessen&De Vree,1991).

184.Epomophorus wahlbergi(Sundevall,1846).English:Wahlberg’s Epauletted Fruit Bat.Chinese: 韋氏頸囊果蝠.Recorded widely in Central,eastern and southern Africa;in various woodland and forests habitats(Happold M,2013c).In Kenya,widely distributed,mostly W of the Rift Valley and along the coastal strip.

Genus HypsignathusH.Allen,1861.Hammer-headed Fruit Bat

185.Hypsignathus monstrosusH.Allen,1861. English:Hammer-headed Fruit Bat.Chinese:錘頭果蝠.Recorded from West Africa to Uganda and W Kenya(with outliers in W Ethiopia),and southwards to NW Angola and DR Congo. Found mostly in lowland rainforests,swamp forests and surrounding mosaics of these forests and secondary grasslands,but also in palm forests,riverine forests and mangroves(Happold M,2013d).In Kenya,recorded only in the W and near Kakamega Forest(Aggundey&Schlitter,1984).

Genus MicropteropusMatschie,1899.Lesser Epauletted Fruit Bats

186.Micropteropuspusillus(Peters,1868). English:Peters’s Lesser Epauletted Fruit Bat. Chinese: 非 洲小狐蝠. Recorded from Senegal to W Ethiopia and southwards(disjunctly)to Angola and S DR Congo;mostly from low-elevation savanna-forestecotones(uncommon in closed rainforest)(Thomas&Henry,2013b).In Kenya,recorded only in the W(Aggundey&Schlitter,1984;Patterson&Webala,2012).

Genus MyonycterisMatschie,1899.Collared Fruit Bats

187.Myonycteris angolensis(Bocage,1898). English:Angolan Collared Fruit Bat. Chinese: 安哥拉領(lǐng)果蝠. This species was formerly referred to asLissonycteris angolensis,but a recent molecular review of the tribe Myonycterini placedLissonycteriswithin the genusMyonycteris(Nesi et al.,2013). Disjunct records from Senegal to the Ethiopian highlands,and southwards to S20°. Found in rainforests,montane forests,forest-savanna mosaics and,to a lesser extent,woodland savanna habitats(Happold M,2013e asLissonycteris angolensis).In Kenya,recorded from the W,C and SE.

188.MyonycterisrelictaBergmans, 1980. English:Bergmans’Collared Fruit Bat. Chinese:孤領(lǐng)果蝠.Disjunct records from SE Kenya,coastal and C Tanzania and E Zimbabwe.Found in forests of the East African coastal mosaics and inland lowland forests(but not in East African savannas)(Taylor,2013d). In Kenya,recorded S of Mombasa City in the SE(Shimba Hills,Lukore area-Makanda River).

Genus RousettusGray,1821.Rousettes

189.Rousettus aegyptiacus(é.Geoffroy,1810).English:Egyptian Rousette.Chinese:北非果蝠.Disjunct records from the Nile Valley in Egypt and from most(but not all)countries in sub-Saharan Africa.Found in a wide variety of habitats where caves and fruiting trees are present(Happold M,2013f).In Kenya,widely distributed in the western half of the country,C and extending to the southern half of the coastal strip.

Genus StenonycterisAndersen,1912.Long-haired Rousette

The genusStenonycterishas recently been validated as distinct from the genusRousettus(Nesi et al.,2013).

190.Stenonycteris lanosus(Thomas,1906). English:Long-haired Rousette.Chinese:狹齒果蝠.Recorded from eastern Africa from SW Ethiopia to S Sudan,E DC Congo,W Kenya,E Tanzania and N Malawi.Found mostlyin ornearafro-montane vegetation,but also recorded in mosaics of evergreen bushland and secondaryAcaciawoodland,and occasionally in drier lowland rainforest,miombo woodland and various bushland and thicket habitats(Happold M,2013g asRousettus lanosus).In Kenya,recorded from several C and W localities.

Family RHINOLOPHIDAE

Genus RhinolophusLacépède,1799.Horseshoe Bats

191.Rhinolophus clivosusCretzschmar,1828. English:Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bat. Chinese: 佐 氏 菊 頭 蝠.Disjunct records from northern,central,eastern and southern Africa,including the Horn of Africa.Found in a wide variety of habitats(Bernard&Happold M,2013a).In Kenya,recorded widely in the NW and mid-W to C(including in caves in Naivasha and Mt Elgon National Park)and SE regions(Taita Hills)(López-Baucells et al.,2016).

192.Rhinolophus deckeniiPeters,1868.English:Decken’s Horseshoe Bat.Chinese:德氏菊頭蝠.Recorded only in East Africa,including Ma fi a,Zanzibar and Pemba islands and Mozambique.Found mostly in coastal forests(Happold M,2013h;Monadjem et al.,2010).In Kenya,recorded only in coastal forests in the East African coastal forest mosaics.

193.Rhinolophus eloquensK.Andersen,1905.English:Eloquent Horseshoe Bat. Chinese:烏干達(dá)菊頭蝠.Recorded only from eastern Africa,including E DR Congo,Rwanda,South Sudan and Somalia.Semi-arid savannas(includingAcacia-Commiphoradeciduous bushland and thickets,and mosaicsofevergreen bushland and secondaryAcaciawooded grassland),mesic woodland savannas and montane forests(Cotterill,2013a). In Kenya,widely distributed,mostly W of the Rift Valley.

194.RhinolophusfumigatusRüppell,1842. English:Rüppell’s Horseshoe Bat.Chinese:達(dá)馬拉菊頭蝠.Highly disjunct records from Senegal to Cameroon in West Africa,and also disjunctions from NE Gabon and N Congo southwards to Angola and Namibia,and from Eritrea,E Sudan,Ethiopia and NE DR Congo southwards to NE South Africa. Found in woodland savannas(Cotterill&Happold M,2013a).In Kenya,widely distributed in N-C regions(including Laikipia,Meru and Marsabit)and extending to the southern half of the coastal strip,mostly inAcacia-Commiphoradeciduous bushland and thickets.

195.Rhinolophus hildebrandtiiPeters,1878. English:Hildebrandt’s Horseshoe Bat. Chinese: 希氏菊頭蝠.Currently considered to occur only in S Ethiopia and East Africa;in semi-arid and mesic woodland savannas and riverine forests(Taylor et al.,2012;Cotterill&Happold M,2013b).Previous records from further S are now considered to represent other species(Taylor et al.,2012).In Kenya,widely recorded W of the Rift Valley and extending to the SE(including Chyulu Hills).

196.RhinolophuslanderiMartin,1837(publ. 1838).English:Lander’s Horseshoe Bat. Chinese: 蘭 德 菊頭蝠.Widespread but disjunct records in sub-Saharan Africa from Senegal to Ethiopia and southwards to NE South Africa.Found in a very wide variety of habitats(Happold M,2013i).A recent study showed that savanna populations in South and East Africa represent a distinct species ofR.lobatus(Taylor et al.,2018),which is likely widely distributed in Kenya.

197.Rhinolophus simulatorK.Andersen,1904.English:Bushveld Horseshoe Bat. Chinese:布什維爾德菊頭蝠. Highly disjunct records in West Africa(Guinea to W Cameroon)and also disjuncts from C Ethiopia and S Sudan to NE South Africa. Found in various habitats,including rainforests,montane forests,wetter woodland savannas,coastal mosaics and valley bushveld,but probably only near caves and/or abandoned mines(Cotterill&Happold M,2013c).In Kenya,recorded from the W and SE.

Family HIPPOSIDERIDAE

Species traditionally treated as within the genusHipposideroshave been recently allocated to three different genera,namelyHipposideros,DoryrhinaandMacronycteris(Foley et al.,2017).

Genus DoryrhinaPeters,1871.Leaf-nosed Bats Foley etal.(2017)placedHipposideroscyclopsinDoryrhina, buttheirstudy did notincludeH.camerunensis.Becausecyclopsandcamerunensisare traditionally considered to be very closely related,we provisionally placedcamerunensisinDoryrhina;however,this needs con fi rmation.

198.Doryrhina camerunensis(Eisentraut,1956).English:Cameroon Leaf-nosed Bat. Chinese;喀麥隆蹄蝠.Originally described asHipposideros camerunensisbut see GenusDoryrhinaabove. Disjunct records from S Cameroon,E DR Congo and W Kenya.Found in montane and lowland rainforests(Happold M,2013j asHipposideros camerunensis).In Kenya,recorded only from North Nandi and Kakamega forests in the W,in degraded montane forest and intermediate evergreen forest,respectively.

199.Doryrhina cyclops(Temminck,1853).English:Cyclops Leaf-nosed Bat. Chinese: 大 眼 蹄 蝠. Disjunct records from Senegal to coastal Kenya and Tanzania.Found mostly in lowland rainforests,but also in coastal,montane,swamp and mangrove forests(Fahr,2013a asHipposideros cyclops). In Kenya,recorded only from small areas in the SW and SE.

Genus HipposiderosGray,1831.Old World Leaf-nosed Bats

200.Hipposideroscaffer(Sundevall,1846). English:Sundevall’s Leaf-nosed Bat. Chinese: 松 氏 蹄 蝠.Widespread in many African countries. Found in woodland savannas(Bernard&Happold M,2013b).In Kenya,H.cafferis widely distributed from W of the Rift Valley to the C and E along the coastal strip.However,taxonomic revision is required asH.caffer is considered to be a species complex(Kock et al.,2008;Vallo et al.,2008).Three subspecies were listed by Simmons(2005),including:H.c.angolensisSeabra,1898;H.c.nanusJ.A.Allen,1917;andH.c.tephrusCabrera,1906.However,a study by Vallo et al.(2008)revealed two distinct clades,H.c.cafferandH.c.tephrus,respectively,inhabiting southern Africa and the Maghreb,West Africa and Arabian Peninsula.Whether East African populations belong to either of the two clades or to a distinct one requires investigation.

201.Hipposideros megalotis(Heuglin,1862). English:Large-eared Leaf-nosed Bat. Chinese: 串耳蹄蝠.Recorded from Eritrea,Ethiopia,Djibouti and Kenya.Found in afro-montane vegetation and various wooded grasslands,bush lands and thickets,and semi-desert grasslands(Happold M,2013k).In Kenya,recorded in W and C regions.

202.Hipposideros ruber(Noack,1893).English:Noack’s Leaf-nosed Bat. Chinese:諾氏蹄蝠. Vallo et al.(2008)recognized several species lineages within thecaffer-rubercomplex throughout Africa,a view supported by Monadjem et al. (2013b). Molecular data are,therefore,required to resolve the taxonomy of the group.In fact,according to Vallo et al.(2008),H.ruberis only found in East Africa. In Kenya,the species is only recorded from the W and SE(Happold M,2013l).

Genus MacronycterisGray,1866.Leaf-nosed Bats

203.Macronycteris gigas(Wagner,1845).English:Giant Leaf-nosed Bat.Chinese:巨蹄蝠.Recorded disjunctly from West,Central and East Africa.Found in lowland tropical rainforests,East African coastal forests and wetter woodland savannas. In Kenya,recorded only from the SE in the coastal strip(Happold M,2013m asHipposideros gigas).

204.Macronycteris vittata(Peters,1852).English:Striped Leaf-nosed Bat.Chinese:大白紋蹄蝠.Highly disjunct records from N Nigeria and N Cameroon,from the eastern side of Africa(from Ethiopia and Somalia to NE South Africa),and from SW Angola.Found in a wide variety of habitats.In Kenya,recorded only in the SE,in coastal forests and adjacent bushland(Happold M,2013n asHipposideros vittatus).

Family RHINONYCTERIDAE

Following Foley et al. (2015,2017),we recognize the family Rhinonycteridae as distinct from the family Hipposideridae,to which we allocate the generaCloeotisandTriaenops.

Genus CloeotisBlyth,1848.Percival’s Trident Bat

205.Cloeotis percivaliThomas,1901.English:Percival’s Trident Bat.Chinese:珀氏三叉蝠.Disjunct records in Kenya,Ma fi a Island,Tanzania,and also from SE DR Congo to Swaziland and NE South Africa.Mostly found in undifferentiated woodlands,wetter and drier miombo woodlands and mopane woodlands(Jacobs,2013).In Kenya,only recorded in coastal forests N and S of Mombasa.

Genus TriaenopsDobson,1871.Trident Bat

206.Triaenops aferDobson,1871.English:African Trident Bat.Chinese:非洲三叉蝠.Highly disjunct records from S Central African Republic Africa to NW Angola,and from Ethiopia,NE DR Congo and Somalia southwards to E Zimbabwe and S Mozambique.Found in various habitats,including coastal forests,riverine forests and farmlands with patches of miombo woodland and/or remnant rainforest(Happold M,2013o). In Kenya,recorded widely from the NW to SE,as well as coastal forests and drier habitats,includingAcacia-Commiphoradeciduous bushland and thickets.

Family MEGADERMATIDAE

Genus CardiodermaPeters,1873.Heart-nosed Bat

207.Cardioderma cor(Peters,1872).English:Heart-nosed Bat.Chinese:非洲假吸血蝠.Recorded widely with disjunctions from Sudan,Eritrea,Djibouti,Ethiopia and Somalia to Uganda,Kenya and NE Tanzania,including Zanzibar Island. Found in dry and moist habitats inAcacia-Commiphoradeciduous bushland and thickets,semi-desert grasslands and coastal forests(Happold M,2013p).In Kenya,very widespread from the NW to SE.

Genus LaviaGray,1838.Yellow-winged Bat

208.Lavia frons(é.Geoffroy,1810).English:Yellow-winged Bat. Chinese: 黃翼蝠. Widespread but disjunct records from Senegal to Eritrea and W Somalia(although not most of Ethiopia)and southwards to Gabon,DR Congo,C Zambia,N Malawi and Tanzania. Mostly found in woodland savannas with abundant acacias,but also various other habitats(excluding closed rainforest)(Happold M,2013q).In Kenya,widely distributed W of the Rift Valley and along the coastal strip.

Family RHINOPOMATIDAE

Genus Rhinopomaé.Geoffroy,1818.Mouse-tailed Bats

209.RhinopomamacinnesiHayman,1937. English:Macinnes’s Mouse-tailed Bat. Chinese: 麥 氏 鼠 尾蝠. Recorded only from S Eritrea,NE Somalia and NW Kenya.Found in semi-desert vegetation,including grasslands,shrublands,Acacia-Commiphoradeciduous bushland and thickets(Aulagnier,2013). In Kenya,recorded in a narrow band from areas around Lake Turkana to Lake Baringo.

Family EMBALLONURIDAE

Genus ColeuraPeters,1867.Sheath-tailed Bats

210.Coleuraafra(Peters, 1852). English: African Sheath-tailed Bat.Chinese:非洲鞘尾蝠.Disjunct records from parts of West Africa,and in an area bounded by the Central African Republic,Red Sea coast in Sudan,W Tanzania and SE Kenya(but not everywhere),and also in mid-W Angola and W Mozambique.Found in coastal habitats,woodland savannas,drier bushlands and thicket-scrubs(Happold M,2013r).In Kenya,moderately widespread from the western border and across C parts to the coastal strip.

Genus SaccolaimusTemminck,1838.Pouched Bats

211.Saccolaimus peli(Temminck,1853). English:Pel’s Pouched Bat.Chinese:貝爾墓蝠.Disjunct records from parts of West and Central Africa(including DR Congo and Angola),and from Uganda and W Kenya.Found in rainforest zones,mostly in lowland,coastal and swamp forests but also in montane forests,mangroves,forest-savanna mosaics and(rarely)in miombo woodland andIsoberliniawoodland(Fahr,2013b). In Kenya,recorded only in the W(Nandi Forest and Kaimosi).

Genus Taphozousé.Geoffroy,1818.Tomb Bats

212.TaphozoushamiltoniThomas, 1920. English:Hamilton’s Tomb Bat.Chinese:蘇丹墓蝠.Highly disjunct records from S Chad,S Sudan,NE Somalia,Uganda,NW and C Kenya and NW Tanzania.Found in various woodlands,wooded grasslands,deciduous bushland and thickets,and semi-desert grassland and shrubland(Happold M,2013s).In Kenya,recorded from NW(near Lake Turkana)and C regions(Lake Baringo).

213.Taphozous hildegardeaeThomas,1909. English:Hildegarde’s Tomb Bat.Chinese: 肯尼亞墓蝠.Recorded in SE Kenya and NE Tanzania,perhaps including Zanzibar Island. Found near the coast(McWilliam&Happold M,2013).In Kenya,recorded in the SE near coral caves in remnant coastal forest:two inland records need con fi rmation(McWilliam&Happold M,2013).

214.Taphozous mauritianusé.Geoffroy,1818. English:Mauritian Tomb Bat.Chinese:南非墓蝠.Recorded widely throughout most of sub-Saharan Africa(except Ethiopia and Horn of Africa). Found in woodland savannas,large open areas within rainforests,and scattered areas in Sahel savanna(Happold M,2013t).In Kenya,widespread in the NW,W and S,and along the coastal strip.

215.Taphozous nudiventrisCretzschmar,1830.English:Naked-rumped Tomb Bat.Chinese:裸腹墓蝠.Widely scattered records N of the Equator(but not in all countries)and from N Tanzania. Found in woodland savannas,Acacia-Commiphoradeciduous bushland and thickets,and more arid semi-desert and desert habitats(Happold M,2013u).In Kenya,recorded only in the NW.

216.Taphozous perforatusé.Geoffroy,1818. English:Egyptian Tomb Bat.Chinese:埃及墓蝠.Highly disjunct records in parts of West Africa W of NW Nigeria,and in eastern Africa(excluding most of the Horn of Africa)from the Nile Delta to S Zimbabwe.Mostly found in open woodland savannas,moist habitats along the Nile Valley and Okavango Swamp in Botswana,and the East African coastal mosaics(Taylor,2013e).In Kenya,recorded only in the NW,C and SE along the coastal strip.

Family NYCTERIDAE

Genus NycterisG.Cuvier and é.Geoffroy,1795.Slit-faced Bats.

217.Nycteris argeThomas,1903.English:Bates’s Slit-faced Bat.Chinese:淡色凹臉蝠.Widespread but disjunct records from Sierra Leone to South Sudan,SW Kenya and NW Tanzania,and southwards to N Angola and S DR Congo.Mostly found in lowland rainforests,coastal forests and forest-savanna mosaics,but also in montane and swamp forests,in or near relict and riverine forests in the Guinea Savanna,Acacia-Commiphoradeciduous bushland and thickets,and miombo woodland(Fahr,2013c).In Kenya,recorded only from the W(Yala River,Kavirondo).

218.Nycterisaurita(K.Andersen, 1912). English:Andersen’s Slit-faced Bat.Chinese:安氏凹臉蝠.Disjunct records from Ethiopia,Somalia,Kenya and Tanzania.Found inAcacia-Commiphoradeciduous bushland and thickets(sometimes near rivers and riverine forests)and coastal forests(Van Cakenberghe&Happold M,2013a).In Kenya,recorded from the NW and coastal strip.

219.Nycteris grandisPeters,1865.English:Large Slit-faced Bat. Chinese: 魁凹臉蝠. Recorded widely from Senegal to NE DR Congo(in rainforest and rainforest mosaics),with apparently separate populations in Kenya and Tanzania(in East African coastal forest mosaics)and some scattered records in Zambia,S Malawi and S Mozambique(in woodlands and riverine forests near large rivers)(Happold M,2013v).In Kenya,recorded from the SE in coastal forest mosaics.

220.Nycteris hispida(Schreber,1775). English:Hairy Slit-faced Bat.Chinese:粗毛凹臉蝠.Recorded very widely in sub-Saharan Africa(except the Horn of Africa and most of south-western Africa).Found in a wide range of vegetation types(Happold M,2013w).In Kenya,very widely distributed except in the NE.

221.Nycteris macrotisDobson,1876.English:Large-eared Slit-faced Bat.Chinese:大耳凹臉蝠.Recorded widely(but with large gaps)in sub-Saharan Africa as far S as NE Angola,NE Botswana,N Zimbabwe and S Mozambique,and also along the River Nile in the Sudan.Found in lowland rainforest,savanna habitats coastal forests and woodlands(Cotterill&Happold M,2013d).In Kenya,recorded in the NW and widely in the southern half of the country in various habitats,includingAcacia-Commiphoradeciduous bushland and thickets,and coastal forests.

222.Nycteris nana(K.Andersen,1912).English:Dwarf Slit-faced Bat. Chinese:侏凹臉蝠. Highly disjunct records from C?te d’Ivoire and Ghana,Cameroon,parts of Central Africa,and Uganda and Kenya. Found in lowland rainforests,rainforest-savanna mosaics and montane forests,and less often in woodland savannas and coastal forests(Fahr,2013d).In Kenya,recorded from the W.

223.Nycteris thebaicaé.Geoffroy,1818.English:Egyptian Slit-faced Bat.Chinese:非洲凹臉蝠.Recorded widely in many African countries.Found in a wide variety of habitats(although only marginally in rainforest)(Bernard&Happold M,2013c).In Kenya,recorded widely,except in the NE.

Family MOLOSSIDAE

African molossids are represented by at least six genera,includingTadarida. Traditionally,Tadaridacontained several subgenera,includingChaerephonandMops(cf.Happold M,2013x).However,most subsequent phylogenetic work treated them as separate genera,a course adopted here following Lamb et al.(2011),Gregorin&Cirranello(2016)and Naidoo et al.(2016).

Genus ChaerephonDobson,1874.Free-tailed Bats

224.Chaerephonansorgei(Thomas,1913). English:Ansorge’s Free-tailed Bat.Chinese:安氏犬吻蝠.Highly disjunct records in sub-Saharan Africa from NE Ghana to Ethiopia,N Angola,and East Africa to E South Africa.Found mostly in woodland savannas and montane habitats(Cotterill,2013b asTadarida ansorgei).In Kenya,recorded only W of the Rift Valley.

225.Chaerephon bemmeleni(Jentink,1879). English:Gland-tailed Free-tailed Bat. Chinese:腺尾犬吻蝠.Disjunct records from some parts of West Africa,from one locality in C DR Congo,and from S South Sudan,E DR Congo,S Uganda,SW Kenya and N Tanzania.Found in lowland rainforests and semi-deciduous forests,forest-savanna mosaics,montane grassland,Isoberliniawoodland andAcacia-Commiphoradeciduous bushland(Fahr,2013e asTadarida bemmeleni). In Kenya,recorded from the SW to SE(but not the coastal strip).

226.Chaerephonbivittatus(Heuglin,1861). English:Spotted Free-tailed Bat.Chinese:斑犬吻蝠.Disjunct records from eastern Africa from Eritrea to Zimbabwe(excluding the Horn of Africa).Mostly found in savanna woodlands and montane habitats(Cotterill,2013c asTadarida bivittata).In Kenya,recorded from the SW to C and in the SE.

227.Chaerephon chapiniJ.A.Allen,1917.English:Pale Free-tailed Bat. Chinese:查平犬吻蝠. Recorded disjunctly in several countries in sub-Saharan Africa.Found in woodland savannas and mosaics of rainforest and secondary forests.In Kenya,recorded in the NW(Happold M&Cotterill,2013 asTadarida chapini).

228.Chaerephonmajor(Trouessart,1897). English:Lappet-eared Free-tailed Bat. Chinese: 垂耳犬吻蝠.The relationship betweenmajorand other species ofChaerephonlisted here needs further investigation.Recorded very disjunctly in West Africa(from W Liberia to Nigeria,and perhaps Senegal),from the Nile Valley in Sudan and South Sudan,and from two separate areas in East Africa.Mostly found in woodland and grassland savannas,and riverine habitats along the River Nile and its tributaries(Happold M,2013y asTadarida major).In Kenya,recorded disjunctly from the area around Lake Victoria and from the SE(coastal strip).

229.Chaerephonpumilus(Cretzschmar, 1830-1831).English:Little Free-tailed Bat. Chinese:小犬吻蝠.Recorded from most of West Africa,and from parts of eastern,Central and southern Africa but with many gaps.Mostly found in woodland savannas and forest-savanna mosaics(Happold M,2013zasTadaridapumila).Probably absent from arid areas,except near rivers.In Kenya,widespread,except in most of the N.

230.Chaerephon russatusJ.A.Allen,1917.English:Russet Free-tailed Bat.Chinese:赤犬吻蝠.Recorded from fi ve widely separated localities in West,Central and East Africa,from C?te d’Ivoire to Kenya.Mostly in Guinea woodlands at the edge of rainforests(Happold M,2013za asTadarida russata).In Kenya,recorded from Hell’s Gate Canyon in the mosaic of East African evergreen bushland and secondaryAcaciawooded grassland.

Genus MopsLesson,1842.Free-tailed Bats

231.Mopsbrachypterus(Peters, 1852). English:Short-winged Free-tailed Bat. Chinese: 短翼犬吻蝠.Disjunct records from West Africa,NE DR Congo and Uganda,and from SE Kenya to NE Mozambique(including Zanzibar and Mozambique islands).Found in lowland rainforests,rainforest-ecotone,rainforest and secondary grassland mosaics and coastal forest mosaics(Happold M,2013zb asTadarida brachyptera).In Kenya,recorded only from the SE(coastal strip).

232.Mops condylurus(A.Smith,1833).English:Angolan Free-tailed Bat.Chinese:安哥拉犬吻蝠.Widespread but disjunct records from much of sub-Saharan Africa.Mostly found in woodland savannas but also in rainforest and secondary grassland mosaics and coastal mosaics(Happold M,2013zc asTadarida condylura).In Kenya,recorded widely in the W and S and along the coastal strip.

233.Mops midas(Sundevall,1843). English: Midas Free-tailed Bat.Chinese:米達(dá)犬吻蝠.Widespread but highly disjunct records in sub-Saharan Africa. Mostly found in woodland savannas close to rivers and wetlands(Cotterill&Happold M,2013e asTadarida midas).In Kenya,recorded at one locality in the NW(Freeman,1981).

234.Mops nanulusJ.A.Allen,1917. English: Dwarf Free-tailed Bat.Chinese:侏犬吻蝠.Disjunct records from several countries in West Africa,as well as Central and eastern Africa,including S Sudan,W Ethiopia,Uganda and Kenya.Mostly found in various habitats near the edges of lowland rainforests,but occasionally in woodland savannas and riverine forests(Happold M,2013zd asTadarida nanula).In Kenya,recorded only in the W.

235.Mops thersites(Thomas,1903). English: Railer Free-tailed Bat. Chinese:無(wú)畏犬吻蝠. Somewhat disjunct records in small parts of West,Central and East Africa(excluding Tanzania). Found in lowland rainforestsand secondaryforests,invasive Guinea woodland savannas,and rainforestand secondary grassland mosaics(Happold M,2013ze asTadarida thersites).In Kenya,recorded only from the SW.

Genus OtomopsThomas,1913.Giant Mastiff Bats

236.Otomops harrisoniRalph,Richards,Taylor,Napier&Lamb,2015. English:Harrison’s Giant Mastiff Bat.Chinese:哈氏巨犬吻蝠.Otomops harrisoniwas previously included inOtomops martiensseni.Disjunct records in Djibouti,Ethiopia and Kenya in a wide range of habitats(Ralph et al.,2015).In Kenya,found in a narrow central band from the NW to SE(Yalden&Happold M,2013 asOtomops martiensseni).

237.Otomops martiensseni(Matschie,1897). English:Large-eared Giant Mastiff Bat.Chinese:大耳犬吻蝠.Widely scattered localities from Guinea-Bissau to Kenya,Uganda and south to Angola and South Africa.In Kenya,known with certainty only from forests in Marsabit but may occur broadly in Kenya(Patterson et al.,2018).

Genus PlatymopsThomas,1906.Peters’s Flat-headed Bat

238.Platymops setiger(Peters,1878).English:Peters’s Flat-headed Bat.Chinese:彼德犬吻蝠.Recorded from S Sudan and SW Ethiopia in a narrow band to SE Kenya.Mostly found inAcacia-Commiphoradeciduous bushland and thickets,and mosaics of East African evergreen bushland and secondary grassland(Happold M,2013zf).In Kenya,recorded in a wide band from Turkana in the NW through the Nuu Hills,Kitui,Makindu and Kibwesi to the Taita Hills in the SE,mostly from dry stony areas and areas with rocky hills(Aggundey&Schlitter,1984;Happold M,2013zf).

Genus TadaridaRa fi nesque,1814.Free-tailed Bats

239.Tadarida aegyptiaca(é.Geoffroy,1818). English:Egyptian Free-tailed Bat. Chinese: 北非犬吻蝠.Recorded from widespread but very disjunct localities in Africa(including North-West and North-East Africa and the Sahara,C Nigeria and eastern Africa)but with most records from southern Africa. Mostly found in open woodland and bushland savannas(Bernard&Happold M,2013d).Found in some very arid areas but probably only where drinking water,insects and suitable day-roosts are available.In Kenya,recorded in the SE.

240.Tadaridafulminans(Thomas, 1903). English:Madagascan Free-tailed Bat. Chinese: 島犬吻蝠.Recorded from several disjunct areas and localities from Kenya to Zimbabwe in woodland savannas(Cotterill,2013d).In Kenya,recorded only from the mid-W and mid-SW.

241.Tadarida lobata(Thomas,1891).English:Big-eared Free-tailed Bat.Chinese:大耳犬吻蝠.Highly disjunct records only from Kenya and Zimbabwe. Found in woodland savannas(Cotterill,2013e).In Kenya,recorded from several localities in the W,and from one locality in the SE(in fl at open thorn scrubland with scattered rocky hills,including Maungu Hill)(Cotterill,2013e).

242.Tadarida ventralis(Heuglin,1861). English:Giant Free-tailed Bat.Chinese:非洲大犬吻蝠.Recorded from several localities in eastern and southern Africa,from Eritrea and Ethiopia to E Zambia,W Mozambique,S Malawi,Zimbabwe and NE South Africa(but not most of Tanzania and Mozambique). Mostly found in dry woodland savannas but also in some montane habitats(Cotterill,2013f). Most records are from Kenya. In Kenya,widely recorded except in the NE and E,in the Kenyan Highlands,semi-desert grassland and shrubland near Lake Turkana,andAcacia-Commiphorabushland(Cotterill,2013f).

Family MINIOPTERIDAE

Previously considered to be a subfamily of Vespertilionidae(see also Simmons,2005),but now recognized as a valid family(e.g.,Hoofer&Van Den Bussche,2003;Miller-Butterworth et al.,2007).

Genus MiniopterusBonaparte,1837.Long- fi ngered Bats

243.Miniopterus africanusSanborn,1936.English:African Long- fi ngered Bat.Chinese:非洲長(zhǎng)翼蝠.Previously considered a subspecies ofM.in fl atus,but its speci fi c status was con fi rmed by Juste et al.(2007).Recorded from Eritrea,Ethiopia,Kenya and Tanzania in various dry habitats.In Kenya,recorded from the W,S and SE and in the Rift Valley and comparatively dry savanna habitats(Happold M,2013zg asM.i.africanus).

244.Miniopterus fraterculusThomas and Schwann,1906.English:Lesser Long- fi ngered Bat.Chinese:小長(zhǎng)翼蝠.Disjunct records from E DR Congo,Kenya,Tanzania and W Zambia,and contiguously from NE Zimbabwe and S Malawi to S Mozambique and the coastal belt of South Africa(Bernard&Happold M,2013e).In Kenya,recorded from the SW and SE,mostly inAcacia-Commiphoradeciduous bushland and thickets.

245.Miniopterus in fl atusThomas,1903.English:Greater Long- fi ngered Bat.Chinese:大長(zhǎng)翼蝠.Recorded from very isolated and small localities in sub-Saharan Africa,from Liberia to Kenya and south to N Nambia,Zimbabwe,Malawi and Mozambique.Found in dry savanna habitats,Acaciascrubs,montane forests and lowland rainforests(Happold M,2013zh).In Kenya,recorded from a narrow area in the W-SW in wetter habitats than that ofM.africanus.

246.Miniopterus minorPeters,1867. English: Least Long- fi ngered Bat.Chinese:侏長(zhǎng)翼蝠.Recorded from very isolated localities in the Congo(near Congo R.)and DR Congo,and also from the coastal strip near the Kenya-Tanzania border.Western records are from woodland savanna near caves,eastern records are from coastal savanna and forest mosaics(Happold M,2013zi).In Kenya,recorded only from SE and N of Mombasa.

247.MiniopterusmossambicusMonadjem,Goodman,Stanley&Appleton,2013. English: Mozambican Long- fi ngered Bat.Chinese:莫桑比克長(zhǎng)翼蝠.Recorded from Mozambique andTaitaHillsinKenyaina wide variety of habitats(López-Baucells et al.,2016;Monadjem et al.,2013c).

248.Miniopterus natalensis(A.Smith,1834).English:Natal Long- fi ngered Bat.Chinese:納塔爾長(zhǎng)翼蝠.Recorded widely in eastern,south-central and southern Africa,from South Sudan and Ethiopia,and from Kenya southwards through part of Tanzania,to Zambia,Zimbabwe,Namibia,NE Botswana,S Mozambique and parts of South Africa;in various habitats but not forests(Bernard&Happold M,2013f).In Kenya,currently recorded in a band from the mid-W to SE,mostly inAcacia-Commiphoradeciduous bushland and thickets.However,identi fi cation/af fi nities of specimens from wetter habitats(including afro-montane vegetation and forest-savanna mosaics)in the W and SE need con fi rmation(Bernard&Happold M,2013f).

Family VESPERTILIONIDAE

Genus EptesicusRa fi nesque,1820.Serotines

249.Eptesicus hottentotus(A.Smith,1833). English:Long-tailed Serotine. Chinese:長(zhǎng)尾棕蝠. Disjunct records from Kenya,N Zambia,and much of Central and southern Africa(excluding Botswana). Found in woodland savannas and along rivers with permanent water in deserts(Cotterill&Happold M,2013f).In Kenya,recorded only from C areas(Naivasha,Hell’s Gate)in rocky gorges near water.

Genus GlauconycterisDobson,1875.Butter fl y Bats

250.Glauconycteris argentata(Dobson,1875). English:Common Butter fl y Bat.Chinese:銀蝶蝠.Disjunct records in Central and East Africa,from Cameroon and N Angola to Kenya,Tanzania and N Malawi.Found in rainforest habitats,miombo woodland and coastal forests(Happold M,2013zj).In Kenya,recorded only from the W(including near Kakamega Forest).

251.Glauconycteris humeralisJ.A.Allen,1917.English:Spotted Butter fl y Bat.Chinese:花蝶蝠.Recorded from a narrow band of localities extending from N DR Congo to Uganda and W Kenya,and from one locality in E DR Congo.Found in rainforests and rainforest-savanna mosaics(Eger&Schlitter,2001;Happold M,2013zk;Heller et al.,1994).In Kenya,recorded from Kakamega Forest in the W,where there are numerous grassy glades in extensive stands of tall evergreen forest.

252.Glauconycteris kenyacolaPeterson,1982. English:Kenyacola Butter fl y Bat.Chinese:肯尼亞蝶蝠.Endemic to Kenya.As yet,recorded only from coastal forest at the mouth of Tana River,where it is known only from its type specimen(Happold M,2013zl).

253.Glauconycteris variegata(Tomes,1861). English:Variegated Butter fl y Bat.Chinese:彩蝶蝠.Widespread but highly disjunct records in sub-Saharan Africa.Mostly found in savanna habitats,including woodland savannas and open bush country(Happold M,2013zm).In Kenya,recorded in the W(Kakamega Forest)but also from Garissa(Aggundey&Schlitter,1984).

Genus HypsugoKolenati,1856.Pipistrelle Bats Van Cakenberghe&Happold M(2013b)provisionally treatedHypsugoand all other African pipistrelles as membersofthegenusPipistrellus. Wefollowed Monadjem et al.(2013a)in treatingHypsugoas distinct.

254.Hypsugocrassulus(Thomas, 1904). English:Broad-headed Pipistrelle.Chinese:寬首伏翼.Disjunct records from Guinea,Liberia and C?te d’Ivoire in West Africa(H.c.bellieri)and from SW Cameroon,Congo,NE DR Congo,South Sudan,Uganda,W Kenya and NE Angola(H.c.crassulus).Found in lowland rainforests,swamps,and coastal and montane forests(Fahr,2013f asPipistrellus crassulus).In Kenya,recorded only from the W(Rondo in Kakamega Forest).

Genus KerivoulaGray,1842.Woolly Bats

255.Kerivoula argentataTomes,1861.English:Damara Woolly Bat.Chinese:銀彩蝠.Disjunct records from some parts of Central,eastern and southern Africa.Found in evergreen and riverine forests,and both mesic and dry woodland savannas(Cotterill,2013g).Two records from Angola need con fi rmation.In Kenya,recorded from the SE.

256.Kerivoula lanosa(A.Smith,1847).English:Lesser Woolly Bat. Chinese:小彩蝠.Disjunct records from Liberia and Guinea to Ethiopia,and from E DR Congo and Kenya southwards to South Africa.Found in a wide variety of habitats(Cotterill,2013h).In Kenya,recorded in C regions and parts of the E and S(Cotterill,2013h).

257.Kerivoula smithiiThomas,1880. English:Smith’s Woolly Bat.Chinese:史密斯彩蝠.Disjunct records in a narrow band from SE Nigeria,Cameroon,N and NE DR Congo and Uganda to Kenya.Found in lowland rainforests,swamp forests,mangroves,and montane and riverine forests(Fahr,2013g).In Kenya,recorded from the E Aberdare Ranges and Bura(near Garissa)on the Tana River.

Genus LaephotisThomas,1901.African Long-eared Bats

258.Laephotis wintoniThomas,1901.English:De Winton’s Long-eared Bat.Chinese:溫氏長(zhǎng)耳蝠.Highly disjunct records from Ethiopia,Kenya,Tanzania and South Africa.Found in a wide variety of habitats(Kearney,2013a).In Kenya,recorded in a narrow band from C to CS regions(Nanyuki,Samburu,Nyeri,Kitui and Namanga).

Genus MimetillusThomas,1904.Moloney’s Mimic Bat

259.Mimetillusmoloneyi(Thomas,1891). English:Moloney’s Mimic Bat.Chinese: 非洲扁顱蝠.Disjunct records in sub-Saharan Africa from Sierra Leone to W Ethiopia and Kenya and S to Angola,Zambia and Mozambique.Found along the edges of rainforests and in forest-savanna mosaics,woodlands and coastal forests(Fahr,2013h).In Kenya,recorded disjunctly from the W,E and S.

Genus MyotisKaup,1829.Mouse-eared Bats

260.Myotis bocagii(Peters,1870).English:Rufous Myotis.Chinese:棕紅鼠耳蝠.Disjunct records in sub-Saharan Africa(except the Horn of Africa)and from C Angola,Namibia,Zimbabwe to most of South Africa. Found in lowland rainforests,rainforest-savanna mosaics,and woodland savannas and coastal forests,but probably only within reach of open water(Happold M,2013zn). In Kenya,recorded from the SW.

261.Myotis tricolor(Temminck,1832).English:Temminck’s Myotis.Chinese:南非鼠耳蝠.Widespread but highly diisjunct records in sub-Saharan Africa from Ethiopia to South Africa in the eastern half of the continent,and from two isolated localities in Senegal and SW DR Congo.Found in a wide variety of habitats.In Kenya,recorded from the W to C and towards the SE but not reaching the coast;in rainforest,montane forest andAcacia-Commiphoradeciduous bushland and thickets(Bernard,2013).

262.Myotis welwitschii(Gray,1866).English:Welwitsch’s Myotis.Chinese:魏氏鼠耳蝠.Disjunct records from Ethiopia to South Africa,and isolated localities in Guinea,Cameroon and N Angola.Found in a wide variety of habitats,often close to mountains but not con fi ned to high altitudes(Happold M,2013zo).In Kenya,recorded in the W(including in Nandi,Kakamega,Kisumu)in montane forests.

Genus NycticeinopsHill and Harrison,1987.Schlieffen’s Twilight Bat

263.Nycticeinops schlieffeni(Peters,1859). English:Schlieffen’s Twilight Bat.Chinese:施氏墓蝠.Widespread but disjunct records from S Mauritania to Sudan(with outlying localities in N Egypt),and southwards(mostly on E side of continent)to NE South Africa.Found in semi-arid grasslands,shrublands,various woodlands and some coastal habitats(Happold M,2013zp).In Kenya,recorded very widely from the NW to S and E,mostly inAcacia-Commiphoradeciduous bushland and thickets and semi-arid grassland.

Genus NeoromiciaRoberts,1926.Pipistrelle Bats

Van Cakenberghe&Happold M(2013b)provisionally treatedNeoromiciaand all other African pipistrelles as members of the genusPipistrellus.Here we followed Goodman et al.(2012)and Monadjem et al.(2013a)in treating them as distinct genera.

264.Neoromicia capensis(A.Smith,1829).English:Cape Pipistrelle.Chinese:南非伏翼.Recorded very widely(but with large gaps)in sub-Saharan Africa from West Africa to Eritrea and southwards to South Africa.Found in most vegetation zones,except large deserts and some coastal habitats(Kearney,2013b asPipistrellus capensis).In Kenya,widespread.

265.Neoromiciacf.heliosauctorum non Heller,1912.English:Samburu Pipistrelle. Chinese:桑布魯伏翼.The taxonomy of cf.heliosis uncertain.It is not yet known whether or not some Kenyan bats referred to ashelios(e.g.,by Hill&Harrison,1987)or studied in Kenya by O’Shea(1980)asPipistrellus nanusbelong to a species that is distinct from the type ofhelios(Heller,1912)(Happold M&Van Cakenberghe,2013 asPipistrelluscf.helios).Many characteristics distinguish cf.heliosfromNeoromicia nana,including roosting behavior,social behavior,tail glands,bacular morphology and lower molars. However,the confusion betweenhelios,cf.heliosandnanacalls for further molecular investigation.Recorded in eastern Africa from S Somalia,S Sudan,Uganda,Kenya and NE Tanzania,with an outlying record from Djibouti needing con fi rmation.Found in a variety of habitats(Happold M&Van Cakenberghe,2013 asPipistrelluscf.helios).In Kenya,widespread except in the N and NE,mostly inAcacia-Commiphoradeciduous bushland and thickets and semi-desert grassland and shrubland,but also in montane vegetation,rainforest and secondary grassland mosacis,and East African coastal forest mosaics.

266.Neoromicia nana(Peters,1852). English:Banana Pipistrelle.Chinese:香蕉伏翼.Recorded throughout most of sub-Saharan Africa(except the Horn of Africa and the SW,including most of Namibia,Botswana,W Zimbabwe and South Africa).Found in diverse forests,savanna and sub-desert steppe habitats,but possibly only where banana plants and/or other musaceous plants are found(Happold M,2013zq asPipistrellus nanus).In Kenya,recorded only in a narrow band along the Kenya-Tanzania border from Uganda to the coastal strip.

267.Neoromicia rendalli(Thomas,1889).English:Rendall’s Pipistrelle. Chinese:任氏伏翼. Disjunct records in sub-Saharan Africa from Senegal to S Somalia and southwards to South Africa,but not in all countries.Mostly found in woodland savannas and degraded lowland rainforest habitats on the rainforest zone border(Van Cakenberghe&Happold M,2013c asPipistrellus rendalli).In Kenya,recorded in some C to SE areas,mostly inAcacia-Commiphoradeciduous bushland and thickets.

268.Neoromicia somalica(Thomas,1901).English:Somali Pipistrelle. Chinese: 索 馬里伏翼. Recorded in sub-Saharan Africa from Gambia to Djibouti,N and S Somalia,Kenya and N Tanzania,with isolated records from Congo and DR Congo.Mostly found in savanna habitats,rainforest-savanna mosaics,bushlands,riverine forests and the East African coastal forest mosaics(Van Cakenberghe&Happold M,2013d asPipistrellus somalicus).Possibly also occurs southwards to Namibia,Botswana,Mozambique and South Africa but this needs con fi rmation because of confusion betweenN.somalicaandN.zuluensis(Van Cakenberghe&Happold M,2013d asPipistrellus somalicus). In Kenya,recorded from the SW to SE and along the coastal strip,mostly in areas of dense thorn scrub(dominated byCombretum,CommiphoraandAcacia)with scattered patches of grassland,but also in riverine woodland along the Athi River and in coastal forest mosaics.

269.Neoromiciatenuipinnis(Peters,1872). English:White-winged Pipistrelle.Chinese:白翼伏翼.Disjunct records in sub-Saharan Africa from West Africa to eastern Africa and some parts of Central Africa.Mostly found in lowland rainforests and swamp and coastal forests,but also in mangroves,montane forests,forest-savanna mosaics and various woodland savannas(Fahr,2013i asPipistrellus tenuipinnis).In Kenya,recorded only from the SW.

270.Neoromicia zuluensis(Roberts,1924).English:Zulu Pipistrelle.Chinese:祖魯伏翼.Neoromicia zuluensiswas formerly treated as a synonym ofN.somalica(e.g.,Koopman,1984).However,karyotypic data con fi rmedzuluensisas distinct fromsomalica(Rautenbach et al.,1993),though some records in East Africa may re fl ect the former synonymy of these taxa.Additionally,while much of the literature indicates that isolated populations ofN.zuluensisoccurin drysavanna habitatsofAcacia-Commiphoradeciduous bushland and thickets in Ethiopia,S.Sudan,E Uganda,W and E Kenya and southern Africa(e.g.,Happold M et al.,2013),doubt exists as to whether the species occurs N of southern Africa from where the type specimen comes.Therefore,a comprehensive revision of the two species in eastern Africa is required.

Genus PipistrellusKaup,1829.Pipistrelle Bats

271.Pipistrellus aeroHeller,1912.English:Mt.Gargues Pipistrelle.Chinese:東非伏翼.Recorded from three widely separated localities in Ethiopia(Lavrenchenko et al.,2004)and from Kenya(Van Cakenberghe&Happold M,2013e).In Kenya,recorded in the N,C and S at Mt.Gargues,Lake Marsabit and Ngong(Aggundey&Schlitter,1984);in montane forests,evergreen bushland and secondaryAcacia-wooded grassland mosacis,and near afro-montane vegetation.

272.Pipistrellus grandidieri(Dobson,1876).English:Yellow Pipistrelle.Chinese:黃伏翼.Recorded from isolated localities in Cameroon,Uganda,Burundi,S Somalia,SE Kenya,NE coast of Tanzania,Zanzibar Island,C Angola and S Malawi.Found in montane forests,riverine habitats and woodlands(Van Cakenberghe&Happold M,2013f).In Kenya,recorded only in the extreme SE in coastal forests.

273.Pipistrellus hesperidus(Temminck,1840). English:Dusk Pipistrelle.Chinese:暗黑伏翼.Recorded from Cameroon and Bioko Island(and perhaps Liberia and C?te d’Ivoire),further away in Angola and W Zambia,and from Eritrea to South Africa and N Somalia.Found in diverse habitats(Kearney,2013c).In Kenya,recorded in C and from SW to SE regions along the Kenya-Tanzania border(Aggundey&Schlitter,1984 asPipistrellus kuhlii fuscatus)in diverse habitats.

274.Pipistrellus nanulusThomas,1904. English:Tiny Pipistrelle.Chinese:中非小伏翼.Disjunct records in western and Central Africa(from Senegal to Cameroon,Bioko Island and Gabon)and also in E DR Congo,Uganda and Kenya. Found in rainforests,woodland savannas and riverine habitats(Van Cakenberghe&Happold M,2013g).In Kenya,recorded only in the W near Kakamega Forest.

275.Pipistrellusrueppellii(Fischer, 1829). English:Rüppell’s Pipistrelle.Chinese: 呂氏伏翼.Widespread butdisjunctrecords from mostAfrican countries.Mostly found in woodland and grassland savannas but occasionally in desert habitats,montane forests and along some river systems in rainforest zones(Happold M,2013zr).In Kenya,recorded only from the SW.

276.Pipistrellus rusticus(Tomes,1861).English:Rustic Pipistrelle. Chinese: 銹色伏翼. Disjunct records from Senegal and Gambia to Ethiopia(but not in all countries)and from W Kenya,E Tanzania,S Zambia,Namibia,Botswana,Zimbabwe and NE South Africa.Found in montane and riverine forests,woodland and dry savannas,and coastal forest and scrub(Kearney,2013d).In Kenya,only recorded from the mid-W on the border with Uganda.

Genus ScotoecusThomas,1901.Lesser House Bats

In Africa,there are light-winged and dark-winged forms.The taxonomy of the four dark-winged forms recognized by Hill(1974)needs revision because sexual dimorphism was not considered when they were distinguished and,in some cases,subsequently placed in distinct species(Happold M,2013zs). Aggundey&Schlitter(1984)referred to extensive records ofScotoecus hindei hindeiandS.h.albigulafrom across Kenya.Monadjem et al.(2010)groupedS.albigulaandS.hindeias they could not differentiate them.They suggested that the two species were probably conspeci fi c,but this requires genetic/molecular con fi rmation.Until this taxonomic issue is resolved,we only recognized one dark-winged species.

277.Scotoecus albofuscus(Thomas,1890). English:Light-winged Lesser House Bat.Chinese:淡翼寬吻蝠.Recorded from widespread localities from Gambia to Cameroon in West Africa,and from Uganda and Kenya to NE South Africa(but not in all countries within these ranges).Found in woodland savannas,grassland and thicket mosaics,and in various forests and woodlands(but not in rainforest zones)(Happold M,2013zt). In Kenya,recorded only from the SE in the East African coastal mosaics.

278.Scotoecushirundo(deWinton,1899). English:Dark-winged Lesser House Bat.Chinese:暗翼寬吻蝠.Recorded from many widespread but disjunct localities from Senegal to Sudan,Ethiopia and S Somalia and southwards(mostly on the E side of continent)to E Angola,Zambia and S Malawi.Mostly found in open woodlands in West Africa,in woodlands and deciduous thicket and bushland in the E,and in wetter and drier miombo woodland in the S(Happold M,2013zu).In Kenya,widespread except in the N and E.

Genus ScotophilusLeach,1821.Yellow house Bats

ManyKenyanrecordsofyellow housebatshave traditionally been referred to eitherScotophilus dinganiiorS.viridis.Both taxa were originally described from southern Africa.Trujillo et al.(2009)showed that these Kenyan bats clearly belonged to clades that differed from typicalS.dinganiiandS.viridis.Brooks&Bickham(2014)proposed four new species for clades de fi ned by Trujillo et al.(2009)but failed to distinguish their new taxa from various older names,especiallycoliasThomas,1904,which has a type locality of Fort Hall(Muranga)in Kenya.

279.Scotophilus andrewewboriiBrooks&Bickham,2014.English:Andrew Rebori’s House Bat.Chinese: 安氏黃蝠.Formerly listed asS.dinganii.As yet,only recorded from Kenya where it is widespread from the W of the country to coastal areas,in a wide range of savanna and woodland habitats(Brooks&Bickham,2014).

280.Scotophilus leucogaster(Cretzschmar,1830).English:White-bellied House Bat.Chinese:白腹黃蝠.Disjunct records from West Africa to Sudan and W Ethiopia and southwards to southern Africa(but not all countries).Found in a wide variety of habitats(Van Cakenberghe&Happold M,2013h).In Kenya,recorded from four disjunct localities in the NW,NC,SW and SE.

281.Scotophilus livingstoniiBrooks& Bickham,2014.English:Livingstone’s House Bat.Chinese: 利文斯頓黃蝠.Formerly listed asS.dinganii.Known from W Kenya and Ghana(Brooks&Bickham,2014).

282.Scotophilus nigrita(Schreber,1774).English:Giant House Bat. Chinese:非洲大黃蝠. Highly disjunct localites in West Africa(C?te d’Ivoire to SW Nigeria)and in Sudan,SE DR Congo,SE Kenya,NE Tanzania,S Malawi,E Zimbabwe and S Mozambique.Mostly found in dry woodland savannas near rivers and riverine forests(Happold M,2013zv).The apparently disjunct distribution might re fl ect inadequate collection of this hard-to-catch species.In Kenya,recorded only from the Shimba Hills in the SE in coastal forest mosaics.

283.Scotophilus nuxThomas,1904.English:Nut-coloured House Bat.Chinese:喀麥隆黃蝠.Disjunct records from Sierra Leone to SE Nigeria,SW Nigeria and Cameroon,and NW DR Congo to W Kenya. Found in lowland rainforests and rainforest clearings(and swamp forests in C?te d’Ivoire)(Van Cakenberghe&Happold M,2013i).In Kenya,recorded only from the SW in forests near the Kakamega Forest.

284.Scotophilus trujilloiBrooks&Bickham,2014.English:Trujillo’s House Bat.Chinese: 特魯黃蝠.Formerly listed asS.viridis(Van Cakenberghe&Happold M,2013j).Recorded only from SE Kenya(Shimba Hills NP and Taita District)Brooks&Bickham,2014),but probably also occurs in NE Tanzania.Found in woodland and coastal forest habitats and human-modi fi ed habitats.

ORDER CARNIVORA(Carnivorans-36 Species)Family CANIDAE

Genus CanisLinnaeus,1758.Jackals and Wolves

The Golden Jackal is restricted to Asia and does not occur in Africa.Recent taxonomy on Golden Jackals(Atickem et al.,2017;Gaubert et al.,2012;Viranta et al.,2017)considers the entire African “golden jackal”group to be the African Wolf(Canis lupaster).In addition,Gaubert et al.(2012)suggested that an African Golden Jackal(distinct from both the Asian Golden Jackal andC.lupaster)may exist in Africa,but there is no clear evidence for this.

285.Canis lupasterHemprich and Ehrenberg,1832.English:African Wolf. Swahili:Mbweha. Chinese:非洲狼.Previously known asCanis aureus(Moehlman&Jhala,2013),though the name was recently changed toC.lupaster(Atickem et al.,2017;Viranta et al.,2017)after molecular review.Recorded from northern Africa,including Senegal to Morocco through to the Horn of Africa as well as East Africa(Moehlman&Jhala,2013 asC.aureus).In desert and semi-desert habitats as well as savanna woodlands.In Kenya,con fi rmed records in the Solio Ranch in the SE Laikipia County as well as in the N part of the country.

Genus LupulellaHilzheimer,1906.African Jackals Following Viranta et al.(2017)and Atickem et al.(2017),we recognise the genusLupulella.

286.Lupulella adustaSundevall,1847.English:Side-striped Jackal.Swahili:Mbweha Miraba.Chinese:側(cè)紋胡狼. Formerly referred to asCanis adustus;however,recent molecular review of the genus placed the species withinLupulella(Atickem et al.,2017;Viranta et al.,2017).Recorded from many African countries S of the Sahara.In a wide variety of habitats.In Kenya,widely distributed(Loveridge&Macdonald,2013 asCanis adustus).

287.LupulellamesomelasSchreber,1775. English:Black-backed Jackal. Swahili: Mbweha Shaba/Nyekundu/Fedha.Chinese:黑背胡狼.Formerly referred to asCanis mesomelas,but now placed within the genusLupulella.Two isolated population ranges of two subspecies:Canis m.mesomelasin southern African andCanis m.schmidtiin East Africa and the Horn of Africa.In a wide variety of habitats.In Kenya,widely distributed(Loveridge&Nel,2013 asCanis m.mesomelas).

Genus LycaonBrookes,1827.African Wild Dog

288.Lycaon pictus(Temminck,1820). English:African Wild Dog:Swahili:Mbwa Mwitu. Chinese:非洲野犬. Recorded from North,East and southern Africa and Ethiopia.In short-grass plains,semi-deserts,bushy savannas and upland forests.In Kenya,recorded from the S(Tsavo East and West NPs),E and N(some Laikipia ranches)(McNutt&Woodroffe,2013).

Genus OtocyonMüller,1835.Bat-eared Fox

289.Otocyonmegalotis(Desmarest,1822). English:Bat-eared Fox.Swahili:Mbweha Masikio.Chinese:大耳狐.Two subspecies with isolated population ranges:Otocyon m.megalotisrecorded from southern Africa andOtocyon m.virgatusin East Africa,including Ethiopia,Somalia and South Sudan.In open grasslands,especially short-grass plains,open scrub vegetation,arid and semi-arid areas and open arid savannas.In Kenya,widely distributed(Nel&Mass,2013).

Family MUSTELIDAE

GenusIctonyxKaup 1835.Zorilla

290.Ictonyx striatus(Perry,1810).English:Zorilla.Swahili:Kicheche.Chinese:非洲艾虎.Widespread in many African countries S of the Sahara.In a wide variety of habitats.In Kenya,widely distributed(Stuart&Stuart,2013a).

Genus PoecilogaleThomas,1883.Africa Striped Weasel

291.Poecilogale albinucha(Gray,1864).English:Africa Striped Weasel.Swahili:Chororo.Chinese:白頸鼬.Recorded from S of the Equator,from SW Uganda and Kenya to the Western Cape in South Africa.In savanna habitat associations.In Kenya,recorded from the SW-W(Stuart&Stuart,2013b).

Genus AonyxLesson,1827.Clawless Otters

292.Aonyx capensis(Schinz,1821). English: African Clawless Otter.Swahili:Fisi Maji Mkubwa.Chinese:非洲小爪水獺.Widespread in many African countries S of the Sahara.In freshwater aquatic habitats but also in marine habitats where fresh water is accessible(Somers&Nel,2013).In Kenya,recorded mainly W of the Rift Valley.

Genus HydrictisPocock,1921.Spotted-necked Otter

293.Hydrictis maculicollisLichtenstein,1835. English:Spot-necked Otter.Swahili:Fisi Maji Mdogo.Chinese:斑頸水獺.Recorded from West,Central,East and southern Africa,including Ethiopia and South Sudan.In freshwater habitats where water is unstilted,unpolluted,and rich in small fi sh.In Kenya,recorded in the S and W(Carranza&Rowe-Rowe,2013).

Genus MellivoraStorr,1780.Ratel

294.Mellivora capensis(Schreber,1776).English:Ratel,Honey Badger.Swahili:Nyegere.Chinese:蜜獾.Very widespread in Africa,except in some countries in North Africa.In a wide variety of habitats from deserts to moist rainforests. In Kenya,widely distributed(Begg et al.,2013).

Family NANDINIIDAE

Genus NandiniaGray,1843.Two-spotted Palm Civet

295.Nandinia binotata(Gray,1830).English:Two-spotted Palm Civet.Swahili:Ngawa.Chinese:雙斑椰子貓.Recorded from West to East Africa,including Malawi,W Mozambique,E Zimbabwe and NE Zambia.In deciduous forests,lowland rainforests and mountains. In Kenya,recorded W of the Rift Valley and in some C regions(Van Rompaey&Ray,2013).

Family FELIDAE

Genus PantheraOken,1816.Roaring Cats

296.Panthera leo(Linnaeus,1758).English:Lion.Swahili:Simba.Chinese:獅.Recorded from many countries in Africa S of the Sahara.In all habitat types,except in rainforests and the interior of the Sahara Desert.In Kenya,recorded in the N,S and E(West&Packer,2013).

297.Panthera pardus(Linnaeus,1758).English:Leopard.Swahili:Chui. Chinese:豹. Recorded from many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In a wide variety of habitats.In Kenya,widely distributed(Hunter et al.,2013).

Genus ProfelisSevertzov,1858.African Golden Cat

298.Profelis aurata(Temminck,1827). English:African Golden Cat. Swahili:Paka. Chinese:非洲金貓.Recorded from West Africa,Central to East Africa,including South Sudan and Ethiopia.In undisturbed and disturbed tropical forests.Widespread in S Kenya(Ray&Butynski,2013).

Genus CaracalGray,1843.Caracal

299.Caracal caracal(Schreber,1776). English:Caracal.Swahili:Simba Mangu.Chinese:獰貓.Recorded in many countries in Africa both N and S of the Sahara.In semi-deserts to relatively open savanna,scrubland to moist woodlands and thickets. In Kenya,widely distributed(Stuart&Stuart,2013c).

Genus LeptailurusSevertzov,1858.Serval

300.Leptailurus serval(Schreber,1776).English:Serval.Swahili:Mondo.Chinese:藪貓.Recorded from many African countries S of the Sahara.In a wide variety of habitats with permanent water sources.In Kenya,widely distributed(Hunter&Bowland,2013).

Genus AcinonyxBrookes,1828.Cheetah

301.Acinonyx jubatusSchreber,1775.English:Cheetah.Swahili:Duma.Chinese:獵豹.Recorded from southern,eastern and northern Africa.In open plains and miombo savanna woodlands.In Kenya,recorded in the S and N(Caro,2013).

Genus FelisLinnaeus,1758.Small Cats

302.Felis silvestrisSchreber,1777. English: Wildcat.Swahili:Paka Witu/Paka Pori/Kimburu.Chinese:歐林貓.Widely distributed in Africa,except in some parts of Central and North Africa.In a wide variety of habitats.In Kenya,widely distributed(Stuart et al.,2013).

Family VIVERRIDAE

Genus GenettaCuvier,1816.Genets

303.Genetta genetta(Linnaeus,1758).English:Common Genet.Swahili:Kanu Mdogo Madoa.Chinese:小斑獛.Recorded from southern,West,East,Central and North Africa and the Horn of Africa.In all types of wooded habitats(deciduous and evergreen).In Kenya,widely distributed(Delibes&Gaubert,2013).

304.Genetta maculata(Gray,1830).English:Large-spotted Genet.Swahili:Kanu.Chinese:斑獛.Recorded from many African countries S of the Sahara.In a wide variety of forested habitats.In Kenya,widely distributed(Angelici&Gaubert,2013).

305.Genetta servalinaPucheran,1855.English:Servaline Genet.Swahili:Kanu.Chinese:尼日利亞獛.Recorded from Central to East Africa.In primary and secondary lowland,submontane and montane forests and gallery forests.In Kenya,recorded from the W-C(Van Rompaey&Colyn,2013).

Genus CivettictisPocock,1915.African Civet

306.Civettictis civetta(Schreber,1776).English:African Civet.Swahili:Fungo.Chinese:非洲靈貓.Recorded from sub-Saharan Africa from West Africa to the Horn of Africa down to southern Africa.In primary and secondary forests,woodlands and bushlands. In Kenya,widely distributed(Ray,2013b).

Family HYAENIDAE

Genus HyaenaBrisson,1762.Striped and Brown Hyaenas

307.Hyaena hyaena(Linnaeus,1758). English:Striped Hyaena. Swahili:Fisi. Chinese:鬣狗.Recorded from North and East Africa,including the Horn of Africa.In open habitats or light thorn bush country in arid to semi-arid environments.In Kenya,widespread in the N and S(Wagner,2013).

Genus CrocutaKaup,1828.Spotted Hyaena

308.Crocuta crocuta(Erxleben,1777).English:Spotted Hyaena. Swahili:Nyangao/Fisi. Chinese:斑鬣狗.Recorded from many countries S of the Sahara.In a wide variety of habitats.In Kenya,widely distributed(East&Hofer,2013).

Genus ProtelesI.Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire,1824.Aardwolf

309.Proteles cristatus(Sparrman,1783).English:Aardwolf.Swahili: Fisi ya Nkole. Chinese: 土 狼. Two subspecies with isolated population ranges;Proteles c.cristatusrecorded from southern Africa andProteles c.Septentrionalisin East Africa and the Horn of Africa.In open and grassland plains.In Kenya,recorded from the S,E and N(Anderson,2013).

Family HERPESTIDAE

Genus AtilaxF.G.Cuvier,1826.Marsh Mongoose

310.Atilax paludinosus(G.Cuvier,1829).English:Marsh Mongoose.Swahili:Nguchiro ya Maji.Chinese:沼澤獴.Recorded from many countries in sub-Saharan Africa,except many parts of Namibia and Botswana.In riparian and estuarine habitats with suitable vegetation cover.In Kenya,recorded from W of the Rift Valley(Baker&Ray,2013).

Genus HerpestesIlliger,1811.Common Mongooses

311.Herpestes ichneumon(Linnaeus,1758). English:Egyptian Mongoose.Swahili:Nguchiro.Chinese:埃及獴.Recorded from sub-Saharan African countries,including some parts of North Africa.In lacustrine and riparian habitats,montane habitats and cultivated areas.In Kenya,widely distributed(Palomares,2013).

312.Herpestes ochraceus(J.E.Gray,1848).English:Somali Slender Mongoose.Swahili:Nguchiro.Chinese:索馬里貂獴.Recorded from the Horn of Africa.In semi-desert and desert habitats.In Kenya,recorded from the NE(Taylor,2013).

313.Herpestessanguineus(Rüppell,1835). English:Slender Mongoose. Swahili:Nguchiro Mwembamba.Chinese:草地貂獴.Recorded from many sub-Saharan African countries,except in some parts of Gabon and South Africa.In a wide variety of habitats,except in arid areas.In Kenya,widely distributed(Holfmann&Taylor,2013).

Genus BdeogalePeters,1850.Bushy-tailed Mongooses

314.BdeogalecrassicaudaPeters, 1852. English:Bushy-tailed Mongoose. Swahili:Nguchiro Kijivu/Kitu.Chinese:毛尾臭獴.Recorded from a few countries in East and southern Africa.InAcaciaandBrachystegiawoodlands,montane and bamboo forests habitats.In Kenya,recorded in the E and SE(Taylor,2013b).

315.Bdeogale jacksoni(Thomas,1894).English:Jackson’s Mongoose. Swahili:Nguchiro. Chinese:杰氏臭獴.Recorded from East Africa. In montane forests and bamboo zones.In Kenya,recorded from the C-W(Van Rompaey&Kingdon,2013).

316.Bdeogale omnivoraHeller,1913.English:Sokoke Dog Mongoose. Swahili:Nguchiro ya Sokoke. Chinese:索科凱臭獴. Recorded in Kenya and Tanzania. In coastal forests.In Kenya,recorded from N of Mombasa(Arabuko-Sokoke Forest)(Taylor,2013c).

Genus IchneumiaI.Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire,1837.White-tailed Mongoose

317.Ichneumia albicauda(G.Cuvier,1829). English:White-tailed Mongoose.Swahili:Karambago.Chinese:白尾獴. Recorded from many sub-Saharan African countries,including Egypt. In grasslands,savannas and wooded areas.In Kenya,widely distributed(Taylor,2013d).

Genus MungosE.Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F.G.Cuvier,1795.Banded Mongooses

318.Mungos mungo(Gmelin,1788). English:Banded Mongoose.Swahili:Nguchiro Miraba.Chinese:縞獴.Recorded from many sub-Saharan African countries.In a wide range of habitats,especially savanna and woodlands,usually close to water. In Kenya,widely distributed(Cant&Gilchrist,2013).

Genus HelogaleGray,1861.Dwarf Mongooses

319.Helogale hirtulaThomas,1904. English: Somali Dwarf Mongoose.Swahili:Kitafe.Chinese:索馬里矮獴. Recorded from E of the Rift Valley in Kenya,S Somalia,Ethiopia and South Sudan. In thickets and shrubby deciduous woodlands dominated byAcaciabushes(Kingdon&Van Rompaey,2013).

320.Helogale parvula(Sundevall,1847).English:Common Dwarf Mongoose.Swahili:Kitafe.Chinese:納塔爾矮.Recorded from southern Africa-East Africa,including the Horn of Africa. In open woodlands,thickets and wooded savannas with termitaria,rock outcrops,crevices or hollow logs for use as dens. In Kenya,widely distributed(Creel,2013).

ORDER PHOLIDOTA(Pangolins-three species)Family MANIDAE

Genus PhataginusRa fi nesque,1821.Tree Pangolins

321.Phataginus tricuspis(Ra fi nesque,1821).English:Tree Pangolin.Swahili:Kakakuona ya Miti.Chinese:樹穿山甲.Recorded from West to East Africa,including Angola.In lowland tropical moist forests(primary and secondary),savanna/forest mosaics,cultivated and fallow fi elds. In Kenya,recorded from the W(Kingdon&Hoffmann,2013c).

Genus SmutsiaGray,1865.Ground Pangolins

322.Smutsia gigantea(Illiger,1815).English:Giant Pangolin.Swahili:Kakakuona Mkubwa. Chinese:大穿山甲.Recorded from West Africa,as well Central to East Africa.In lowland tropical moist and swamp forests and in forest-savanna-cultivation mosaics.In Kenya,recorded from the W(near the shores of Lake Victoria close to the Ugandan border)(Kingdon et al.,2013).

323.Smutsia temminckii(Smuts,1832).English:Ground Pangolin.Swahili:Kakakuona.Chinese:南非穿山甲.Recorded from southern to East Africa,including Sudan and Chad.In various woodland and savanna habitats,often with thick undergrowth,and in fl oodplain grasslands.In Kenya,recorded from W of the Rift Valley(Swart,2013).

ORDER PERISSODACTYLA(Odd-toedUngulates-four species)

Family EQUIDAE

Genus EquusLinnaeus,1758.Zebras

324.Equus grevyiOustalet,1882.English:Grévy’s Zebra.Swahili:Punda Milia Somali. Chinese:狹紋斑馬.Recorded from the N(some Laikipia ranches)and S(Tsavo NPs(E and W)Kenya,and in Ethiopia. In arid and semi-arid grass/shrubland with permanent water(Williams S,2013).

325.Equus quaggaBoddaert,1785.English:Plains Zebra.Swahili:Punda Milia.Chinese:平原斑馬.Recorded from southern to East Africa,including South Sudan and Ethiopia.In grasslands as well as grassland-bushland mosaics.In Kenya,widely distributed(Klingel,2013a).

Family RHINOCEROTIDAE

Genus CeratotheriumGray,1867.White Rhinoceros

326.Ceratotherium simum(Burchell,1817).English:White Rhinoceros. Swahili:Kifaru. Chinese:白犀.Native to southern Africa but introduced to Uganda and Kenya.In savanna woodlands.In Kenya,introduced in parks,reserves and conservancies(e.g.,Lake Nakuru and Ol Pejeta)(Owen-Smith,2013a).

Genus DicerosGray 1821.Black Rhinoceros

327.Diceros bicornis(Linnaeus,1758). English:Black Rhinoceros.Swahili:Faru.Chinese:黑犀.Recorded from Kenya,Tanzania and southern Africa.In a wide variety of habitats.In Kenya,found in selected protected areas(Nairobi NP,Lake Nakuru NP)and three private conservancies(Emslie&Adock,2013).

ORDER CETARTIODACTYLA (Even-toed Ungulates,Whales and Dolphins-63 species)

Family SUIDAE

Genus PotamochoerusThomas,1904.Bushpig

328.Potamochoerus larvatus(F.Cuvier 1822). English:Bushpig.Swahili:Nguruwe Mwitu.Chinese:假面野豬.Recorded from southern to East Africa,including DR Congo,South Sudan,Ethiopia and Somalia.In relatively dense vegetation types with available food,cover and water,in forests and riverine or xeric scrub forests and thicket formations(Seydack,2013). In Kenya,widely distributed.

Genus HylochoerusThomas,1904.Forest Hog

329.Hylochoerus meinertzhageniThomas,1904.English:Forest Hog.Swahili:Nguruwe Nyeusi/Senge:Chinese:大林豬.Recorded from West to East Africa,including in Ethiopia.In a wide variety of forest types.In Kenya,recorded from C and W regions(highlands including Kakamega,Cherangani and Aberdares Ranges)(d’Huart&Kingdon,2013).

Genus PhacochoerusF.Cuvier,1826.Warthogs

330.Phacochoerus aethiopicus(Pallas,1766). English:Desert Warthog.Swahili:Ngiri ya Somalia.Chinese:疣豬.Recorded from E of the Rift Valley in Kenya,Somalia and Ethiopia.In open arid bushland and open woodland habitats(Grubb&d’Huart,2013).In Kenya,recorded from the N(Turkana and Samburu)and E(Boni-Dodori Forest).

331.Phacochoerus africanus(Gmelin,1788). English:Common Warthog.Swahili:Ngiri.Chinese:非洲疣豬.Recorded from many African countries S of the Sahara,including Ethiopia,Djibouti and Eritrea. In savanna grassland,open bushland and woodland habitats. In Kenya,widely distributed(Cumming,2013).

Family HIPPOPOTAMIDAE

Genus HippopotamusLinnaeus, 1758. Common Hippopotamus

332.Hippopotamus amphibiusLinnaeus,1758. English:Common Hippopotamus.Swahili:Kiboko.Chinese:河馬.Recorded from many African countries.Mainly in major permanent rivers and lakes(Klingel,2013b).In Kenya,widespread in permeant rivers(Mara,Tana,Athi,Ewaso Nyiro and Lake Naivasha).

Family BALAENOPTERIDAE

The Swahili name for whale is ‘Nyangumi’and dolphin is‘Pombo’.

Genus BalaenopteraLacépède,1804. Rorquals(Baleen Whales)

333.Balaenoptera borealisLesson,1828. English:Sei Whale.Chinese:鳁鯨.Worldwide distribution as well as in Kenya.In cold-temperate to warm-temperate waters(Reilly et al.,2008a).

334.Balaenoptera edeniAnderson,1879.English:Bryde’s Whale.Chinese:埃氏鳁鯨.Worldwide distribution in warm-temperate to tropical waters(Reilly et al.,2008b).

335.Balaenoptera musculus(Linnaeus,1758). English:Blue Whale.Chinese:藍(lán)鯨.Worldwide distribution in arctic to tropical waters(Reilly et al.,2008c).

336.Balaenoptera physalus(Linnaeus,1758).English:Fin Whale.Chinese:長(zhǎng)須鯨.Worldwide distribution in arctic to tropical waters(Reilly et al.,2013).

Genus MegapteraGray,1846.Humpback Whale

337.Megaptera novaeangliae(Borowski,1781). English:Humpback Whale. Chinese:座頭鯨. Worldwide distribution in cold-temperate to tropical waters(Reilly et al.,2008d).

Family DELPHINIDAE

Genus FeresaGray,1870.Pygmy Killer Whales

338.Feresa attenuata(Gray,1875).English:Pygmy Killer Whale.Chinese:小逆戟鯨.Worldwide distribution in tropical to warm-temperate waters(Taylor et al.,2008a).

Genus GlobicephalaLesson,1828.Pilot Whales

339.Globicephala macrorhynchusGray,1846. English:Short- fi nned Pilot Whale. Chinese: 大吻巨頭鯨.Worldwide distribution in tropical,warm-temperate waters and cold-temperate waters of the N Paci fi c(Taylor et al.,2011).

Genus LagenodelphisFraser,1956.Fraser’s Dolphin

340.Lagenodelphis hoseiFraser,1956.English:Fraser’s Dolphin. Chinese:霍氏海豚.Worldwide distribution in warm-temperate to tropical waters(Hammond et al.,2012a).

Genus OrcinusFitzinger,1860.Killer Whale

341.Orcinus orca(Linnaeus,1758).English:Killer Whale.Chinese:逆戟鯨.Worldwide distribution in all seas and oceans(Reeves et al.2017).

Genus PseudorcaReinhardt,1862.False Killer Whale

342.Pseudorca crassidens(Owen,1846).English:False Killer Whale.Chinese:偽虎鯨.Worldwide distribution in temperate to tropical waters(Taylor et al.,2008b).

Genus SousaGray,1866.Humpback Dolphins

343.Sousa chinensis(Osbeck,1765).English:Indo-Paci fi c Humpbacked Dolphin.Chinese:中華白海豚.Restricted to Indian Ocean coastal waters and rivers from False Bay,South Africa,E to S China and Moreton Bay,Queensland(Jefferson et al.,2017).

Genus StenellaGray,1866.Oceanic Dolphins

344.Stenella attenuata(Gray,1846).English:Pantropical Spotted Dolphin. Chinese: 弱原海豚.Worldwide distribution in temperate to tropical waters(Hammond et al.,2012b).

345.Stenella longirostris(Gray,1828).English:Spinner Dolphin.Chinese:長(zhǎng)嘴海豚.Worldwide distribution in warm-temperate to tropical waters(Bearzi et al.,2012).

Genus StenoGray,1846.Rough-toothed Dolphin

346.Steno bredanensis(G.Cuvier in Lesson,1828).English:Rough-toothed Dolphin. Chinese: 糙齒長(zhǎng)吻海豚.Worldwide distribution in warm-temperate to tropical waters(Hammond et al.,2012c).

Genus TursiopsGervais,1855.Bottlenose Dolphins

347.Tursiopsaduncus(Ehrenberg,1833). English:Indo-Paci fi c Bottlenose Dolphin.Chinese:印度洋寬吻海豚.Restricted to Indian Ocean(Hammond et al.,2012d).

348.Tursiops truncatus(Montagu,1821).English:Common Bottlenose Dolphin. Chinese:寬吻海豚.Worldwide distribution in temperate to tropical waters,including the Black Sea(Hammond et al.,2012e).

Family PHYSETERIDAE

Genus KogiaGray,1846.Sperm Whales

349.Kogia breviceps(Blainville,1838). English:Pygmy Sperm Whale.Chinese:小抹香鯨.Worldwide distribution in temperate to tropical waters(Taylor et al.,2012a).

350.Kogia sima(Owen,1866). English:Dwarf Sperm Whale.Chinese:矮抹香鯨.Worldwide distribution in warm-temperate to tropical waters occasionally strands in cold-temperate areas(Taylor et al.,2012b).

Genus PhyseterLinnaeus,1758.Toothed Sperm Whale

351.Physeter macrocephalusLinnaeus,1758. English:Sperm Whale. Chinese: 抹 香 鯨. Worldwide distribution in antarctic and cold-temperate waters(northern hemisphere)to tropical waters(Taylor et al.,2008c).

Family ZIPHIIDAE

Genus IndopacetusMoore,1968.Longman’s Beaked Whale

352.Indopacetus paci fi cus(Longman,1926). English:Longman’s Beaked Whale.Chinese: 太平洋劍吻鯨.Indian Ocean and W South Paci fi c,including tropical waters(Taylor et al.,2008d).

Genus MesoplodonGervais,1850.Beaked Whales

353.Mesoplodon densirostris(Blainville,1817). English:Blainville’sBeaked Whale. Chinese: 瘤 齒 喙 鯨.Worldwide distribution in temperate to tropical waters(Taylor et al.,2008e).

354.Mesoplodon ginkgodensNishiwaki&Kamiya,1958.English:Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale.Chinese:杏齒喙鯨.North Paci fi c and Indian Oceans in warm-temperate to tropical waters(Taylor et al.,2008f).

Family GIRAFFIDAE

Genus GiraffaBrisson,1762.Giraffe

355.Giraffa camelopardalis(Linnaeus,1758). English:Giraffe.Swahili:Twiga.Chinese:長(zhǎng)頸鹿.Recorded from Central,East and southern Africa.In arid areas and savannas andAcacia-Commiphorawoodlands.In Kenya,three sub-species recognized:Giraffa c.rothschildiLydekker,1903,Rothschild’s Giraffe,recorded from NW Kenya as far E and S as Lake Nakuru;Giraffa c.reticulata(Kingdon,1997),Reticulated Giraffe,from E of the Rift Valley and N of Mt.Kenya and Tana River;andGiraffa c.tipperlskirchi(Kingdon,1997),Maasai Giraffe from S Kenya(Ciofolo&Le Pendu,2013).

Family BOVIDAE

Genus SyncerusHodgson,1847.African Buffalo

356.Syncerus caffer(Sparrman,1789).English:African Buffalo. Swahili:Nyati/Mbogo. Chinese:非洲水牛.Recorded from many countries in Africa S of the Sahara.In a wide variety of habitats. In Kenya,suspeciesSyncerus c.brachycerosis widespread(Prins&Sinclair,2013).

Genus Tragelaphusde Blainville,1816. Spiral-horned Antelopes

357.Tragelaphus imberbis(Blyth,1869).English:Lesser Kudu. Swahili:Tandala Mdogo. Chinese:小林羚.Recorded from Tanzania,N and E Kenya,Ethiopia and S Somalia.In semi-arid areas with medium to dense woody cover,including riverine forests and thickets(Leuthold,2013a).In Kenya,widely distributed.

358.Tragelaphus strepsiceros(Pallas,1766). English:Greater Kudu. Swahili: Tandala/Tandala Mkubwa.Chinese:扭角林羚.Recorded from southern to East Africa,including the Horn of Africa,Chad and Central African Republic.In a wide range of savanna vegetation typesfrom drythornbushtomixedbroad-leaved woodlands. In Kenya,recorded from the SE and N(Owen-Smith,2013b).

359.Tragelaphus scriptus(Pallas,1766).English:Bushbuck.Swahili:Mbawala/Pongo.Chinese:藪羚.Recorded from many African countries S of the Sahara.In a wide variety of habitats. In Kenya,widely distributed(Plumptre&Wronski,2013).

360.Tragelaphus spekiiSpeke,1863.English:Sitatunga.Swahili:Nzohe.Chinese:林羚.Recorded from central East and parts of southern Africa.In dense vegetation of perennial and seasonal swamps,marshy clearings within forests and riverine thickets.In Kenya,recorded from the W(Saiwa Swamp and papyrus swamps around Lake Victoria(May&Lindholm,2013).

361.Tragelaphus euryceros(Ogilby,1837).English:Bongo;Swahili:Ndongoro/Bongo;Chinese:肯尼亞林羚.Two subspecies occur in African and only one in Kenya.Tragelaphus e.isaacirecorded from W and C Kenya(Mt.Kenya,Mau and Eburu forests,and Aberdare Ranges).In ecotone habitat,mainly in transitional vegetation at the forest edge in highland and montane areas(Elkan&Smith,2013).

362.Tragelaphus oryx(Pallas,1766).English:Common Eland.Swahili:Pofu.Chinese:普通林羚.Recorded from southern to East Africa,including South Sudan and Ethiopia.In lowland and highland grasslands and savannas habitats.In Kenya,widely distributed(Thouless,2013).

Genus NesotragusC.H.Smith,1827.Suni

363.Nesotragus moschatusVon Dueben,1846.English:Suni.Swahili:Paa Mwekundu.Chinese:島羚.Recorded from E South Africa,Mozambique,SE Zimbabwe,S Malawi,Tanzania and Kenya.In thickets,forests and dense,evergreen woodlands.In Kenya,widely distributed(Hoffmann&Kingdon,2013a).

Genus PhilantombaBlyth,1840.Blue Duikers

364.Philantomba monticola(Thunberg,1789). English:Blue Duiker.Swahili:Ndimba/Chesi.Chinese:藍(lán)小羚羊.Recorded from Central,East and southern Africa.In forested and wooded habitats both in undisturbed and disturbed areas.In Kenya,recorded from the coastal strip and W(Hart&Kingdon,2013).

Genus SylvicapraOgilby,1836.Common Duiker

365.Sylvicapragrimmia(Linnaeus, 1758). English:Common Bush Duiker.Swahili:Nsya.Chinese:灰小羚羊.Recorded from many African countries S of the Sahara.In savanna woodland habitats,especially in relatively open country and in the alpine zone in some mountainous areas.In Kenya,widely distributed(Wilson V,2013).

Genus CephalophusHamilton Smith,1827.Forest Duilers

366.Cephalophus adersiThomas,1918.English:Ader’s Duiker.Swahili:Mangi/Paa Nunga.Chinese:艾氏小羚羊.Recorded from Kenya and Tanzania.In coastal forests,woodlands and thickets in undisturbed coastal habitats.In Kenya,recorded along the N coast in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest and Boni-Dodori Forest Reserves(Williams A,2013).

367.Cephalophusharveyi(Thomas,1893). English:Harvey’s Duiker.Swahili:Kiduku/Funo.Chinese: 哈氏小羚羊.Recorded from East Africa,including N Malawi,Zambia and Ethiopia.In moist coastal forests,riverine gallery forests and montane forests.In Kenya,recorded from coastal forests and C regions(Aberdare Ranges and Mt.Kenya)(Kingdon&Rovero,2013).

368.CephalophusnigrifronsGray, 1871. English:Black-fronted Duiker. Swahili:Nsya. Chinese:黑臉小羚羊.Recorded from Central Africa,as well as Uganda and Kenya. In lowland tropical rainforests,montane forests and moorland(Plumptre,2013). In Kenya,recorded from C(Mt. Kenya and Aberdare Ranges)and W regions(Mt.Elgon).

369.Cephalophus weynsiThomas,1901.English:Weyns’s Duiker.Swahili:Funo.Chinese:韋氏小羚羊.Recorded from Central to East Africa,including South Sudan.In undisturbed and disturbed highland forests.In Kenya,recorded from the W(Mt.Elgon,Kakamega and Mau Escarpment Forests)(Hart,2013).

370.Cephalophus silvicultor(Afzelius,1815). English:Yellow-backed Duiker.Swahili:Kipoke.Chinese:黃背小羚羊.Recorded from West to Central Africa,as well as N Angola,Zambia and Kenya.In lowland and montane primary and secondary forests(Kingdon&Lahm,2013p).In Kenya,recorded from the SW(Mau Forest,Mt.Elgon).

Genus RaphicerusC.H.Smith,1827.Steenbok

371.Raphicerus campestris(Thunberg,1811). English:Steenbok. Swahili:Isha. Chinese:小巖羚.Two subspecies recorded in Africa,only one con fi rmed to occur in Kenya.Raphicerus c.neumannifrom S Kenya and C Tanzania.In a wide variety of habitats(du Toit,2013).

Genus MadoquaOgilby,1836.Dik-diks

372.Madoqua saltiana(Desmarest,1816).English:Salt’s Dik-dik.Swahili:Digidigi.Chinese:林犬羚.Recorded from the Horn of Africa,including Ethiopia and Kenya.In semi-desert scrub and deciduous bushlands. In Kenya,recorded from the N(Malkamari National Reserve)(Yalden,2013c).

373.Madoqua kirkii(Günther,1880).English:Kirk’s Dik-dik Species Group.Swahili:Digidigi/Suguya.Chinese:柯氏犬羚.This species is treated as a species/subspecies complex,which provisionally includes four species(M.kirkii,M.cavendishi,M.thomasiandM.damarensis),with proposed subspecies within each of the four species(Brotherton,2013).Molecular evidence strongly suggests that these are effectively full species,but the details of taxononmy and biogeography of the species remain uncertain,which is why members of this complex are placed under a single pro fi le.The provisional distribution range of two species found in Kenya include;Madoqua(k.)kirkiimainly in SE-N Kenya and some parts in Tanzania;andMadoqua(k.)cavendishimainly in S-NW Kenya and parts of Tanzania.In arid areas of scrub or open woodland(Brotherton,2013).

374.Madoqua guentheriThomas,1894.English:Gunther’s Dik-dik.Swahili:Digidigi ya Pua Murefu.Chinese:岡氏犬羚.Recorded from NE Uganda,Kenya,N to S Somalia and Ethiopia.In the driest,hottest and thickest thorn brush habitats(Hoppe&Brotherton,2013).In Kenya,recorded from the N(from Lake Turkana,Laikipia to Mandera).

Genus EudorcasFitzinger,1869.Ring-horned Gazelles

375.Eudorcasthomsonii(Günther,1884). English:Thomson’s Gazelle.Swahili:Swala Tomi.Chinese: 托氏羚.Recorded from N Tanzania and C-S Kenya.In short grasslands and open wooded habitats(FitzGibbon&Wilmshurst,2013).In Kenya,widely distributed.

Genus NangerLataste,1885.Greater Gazelles

376.Nanger granti(Brooke,1872).English:Grant’s Gazelle Species Group.Swahili:Swala Granti.Chinese:格氏羚.In the past treated as a single species,now recognized as a species group consisting of three distinct species(Nanger(g.)granti,Nanger(g.)notataandNanger(g.)petersii)based on the level of genetic differentiation(Siegismund et al.,2013),even though there is overwhelming evidence(Lorenzen et al.,2008)for raising the three groups to species level(Siegismund et al.,2013).The provisional distribution range ofNanger(g.)grantiis mainly in E to N Kenya,and small ranges in Uganda,South Sudan,Ethiopia and Somalia;Nanger(g.)notatamainly in Tanzania and a small range in S Kenya;andNanger(g.)petersiimainly in E Kenya and a small range in Somalia.Grant’s Gazelles occur in open savannas andAcaciaand savanna woodlands(Siegismund et al.,2013).

Genus LitocraniusKohl,1886.Gerenuk

377.Litocranius walleri(Brooke,1879).English:Gerenuk.Swahili: SwalaTwiga/Njoga. Chinese: 長(zhǎng) 頸 羚.Recordesd from S Djibouti,East to S Ethiopia,much of Somalia and Kenya,including NE Tanzania.In bushland,thickets,semi-arid and arid thorn-bush habitats(Leuthold,2013b).In Kenya,recorded from the E and N,especially in protected areas and private ranches.

Genus OurebiaLaurillard,1842.Oribi

378.Ourebia ourebia(Zimmermnann,1783).English:Oribi.Swahili:Taya.Chinese:侏羚.Recorded from several countries in Africa S of the Sahara.In sloping grasslands and mixed woodlands maintained by fi re and grazing.Two subspecies recognized in Kenya;Ourebia o.cottonifound in the SW andOurebia o.haggardi(Haggard’s Oribi)in coastal forests N of Lamu(Boni-Dodori Forests);Ourebia o.kenyaeoccurred on the lower slopes of Mt.Kenya but is now extinct(Brashares&Arcese,2013;Hillman et al.,1988).

Genus ReduncaC.H.Smith,1827.Reedbucks

379.Reduncafulvorufula(Afzelius, 1815). English:Mountain Reedbuck.Swahili:Tohe ya Milima.Chinese:小葦羚.Three subspecies recognized in Africa but only one in Kenya.Redunca f.chanleriis recorded from W of the Rift Valley in Kenya,including Uganda,SE Sudan,Ethiopia and N Tanzania.In cool,mountainous regions above 1 500 m a.s.l.(Avenant,2013).

380.Redunca redunca(Pallas,1767). English: Bohor Reedbuck.Swahili:Tohe.Chinese:塞內(nèi)加爾小葦羚.Recorded from Senegal to Ethiopia,including East Africa.In woodlands and fl ood-plain grasslands.In Kenya,recorded in the SE-SW(Hoffmann&Kingdon,2013b).

Genus KobusSmith,1840.Kobs

381.Kobusellipsiprymnus(Ogilby, 1833). English:Waterbuck.Swahili:Kuro/Kobu/Kuru.Chinese:水羚.This waterbuck is considered to have two subspecies(Kobus e.ellipsiprymnusandKobus e.defassa)in Africa,both occurring in Kenya(Springe,2013).Kobus e.ellipsiprymnusfrom Senegal to Ethiopia and some parts of southern Africa;Kobus e.defassafrom southern to East Africa,including Somalia.In bushland and woodland habitats close to water(Springe,2013).In Kenya,widely distributed,except for the N and NE.

Genus OreotragusA.Smith,1834.Klipspringer

382.Oreotragus oreotragus(Zimmermann,1783).English:Klipspringer.Swahili:Mbuzi Mawe/Ngurunguru.Chinese:山羚.Recorded from southern to East Africa,including Ethiopia,and South Sudan,Eritrea,N Somalia,Cameroon,Nigeria and Central African Republic. In a wide variety of habitats characterized by rocky stony ground and abundant short vegetation in rocky hillsides and escarpments.In Kenya,widely distributed(Roberts,2013).

Genus AepycerosSundevall,1845.Impala

383.Aepyceros melampus(Lichtenstein,1812). English:Impala.Swahili:Swala Pala.Chinese:黑斑羚.This impala is considered to have two subspecies in Africa,only one of which occurs in Kenya.Aepyceros m.melampusrecorded from southern to East Africa.In light woodlands,savannas and openAcaciasavanna habitats(Fritz&Bourgarel,2013).In Kenya,widely distributed.

Genus BeatragusHeller,1912.Hirola

384.Beatragus hunteri(Sclater,1889). English:Hirola.Swahili:Hirola.Chinese:亨氏大羚羊.Recorded from NE Kenya(Tana and Juba Rivers of E Kenya and N to Garissa;introduced population in E portions of Tsavo East NP)and W Somalia.In semi-arid thorn bush,open bush grassland,light woodland,lush savanna grassland and seasonally- fl ooded habitats(Butynski,2013).

Genus DamaliscusSclater and Thomas,1894.Damalisks

385.Damaliscus lunatus(Burchell,1824).English:Topi.Swahili:Nyamera.Chinese:南非大羚羊.This topi is considered to have six subspecies recorded in different countries,with only three con fi rmed in Kenya.Damaliscus l.jimela(from East Africa in Great Lakes regions);Damaliscus l.tiang(SE Chad to SW Ethiopia and NW Kenya);andDamaliscus l.topi(in Kenya N of Malindi and S Somalia).In fl ood-plain habitats centered on wetlands(Duncan,2013).

Genus Alcelaphusde Blainville,1816.Hartebeests

386.Alcelaphusbuselaphus(Pallas,1766). English:Hartebeest. Swahili:Kongoni/Konzi. Chinese:麋羚.There are eight subspecies considered for this hartebeest,with some having relatively large distribution ranges in Africa,with only three con fi rmed to occur in Kenya.Alcelaphus b.cokii(S Kenya and N Tanzania);Alcelaphus b.lelwel(SE Chad,Central African Republic,SE Ethiopia,N Kenya and NW Tanzania);andAlcelaphus b.cokiiXA.b.lelwel(intergrade populations between these subspecies in Kenya)(Gosling&Capellini,2013).In woodland-associated grasslands and savanna clearings.

Genus ConnochaetesLichtenstein,1821.Wildebeest

387.Connochaetes taurinus(Burchell,1823).English:Blue Wildebeest. Swahili:Nyumbu ya Montu. Chinese:斑紋角馬. There are fi ve subspecies recognized under this species of wildebeest restricted to East and southern Africa. In relatively dry areas with short grass.Two subspecies occur in Kenya(Kingdon,1997):Connochaetes t.albojubatus(recorded from the Athi Plains in S Kenya to the edge of Tsavo West and across N Tanzania to the N shores of Lake Tanganyika)andConnochaetes t.mearnsicon fi ned to the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem and adjacent grasslands both in Kenya and Tanzania(Estes,2013a).

Genus HippotragusSundevall,1845. Roan and Sable

Antelopes

388.Hippotragus equinus(é.Geoffroy,1803). English:Roan Antelope. Swahili:Korongo. Chinese:馬羚.Recorded from West Africa to Ethiopian,and some parts in East and Central Africa.In savannas and woodlands.In Kenya,recorded from the W(Ruma NP)(Chardonnet&Crosmary,2013).

389.Hippotragus niger(Harris,1838). English:Sable Antelope.Swahili:Palahala/Mbarapi.Chinese:貂羚.Recorded from southern and East Africa.In miombo(Brachystegia)woodlands.In Kenya,recorded from the SE(Shimba Hills NP and Forest Reserve)(Estes,2013b).

Genus Oryxde Blainville,1816.Oryxes

390.Oryx beisa(Rüppell,1835). English:Beisa Oryx.Swahili: Choroa/Barabara. Chinese: 東非長(zhǎng)角羚.Recorded from the Horn of Africa,from the Red Sea to Somalia,and East Africa,including South Sudan.In arid grasslands and bushlands.There are two subspecies recognized under this species that occur in Kenya:Oryx b.beisa(arid parts of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa,SE Sudan and much of E and N Kenya);andOryx b.callotisrecorded from SE Kenya(S of the Tana River)and NE Tanzania(Wacher&Kingdon,2013).

DISCUSSION

Kenya has a rich diversity of mammalian species(390),representing about one third of the 1 116 mammal species recorded in Africa(Butynski et al.,2013;Happold D,2013a;HappoldM&HappoldD,2013;Kingdon&Hoffman,2013a;Kingdon&Hoffman,2013b;Kingdon et al.,2013).Comprehensive mammal surveys,inside and outside protected areas,are likely to yield additional species in the future.In addition,the taxonomy of some bats,rodents and shrews is still in a state of fl ux,and additional systematic work is likely to uncover species new to science and well as valid species currently treated as synonyms,thus adding to the list.Indeed,small mammals and primates comprise taxonomic groups where large numbers of new species have been discovered in recent years(Reeder et al.,2007).In conclusion,this is the fi rst attempt to compile a comprehensive list of the mammals of Kenya.It is likely that the number of species will be revised in the future with increasing surveys and taxonomic revisions,particularly among small mammals.

COMPETING INTERESTS

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

AUTHORS’CONTRIBUTIONS

S.M.and G.W.prepared the fi rst draft and A.M.,P.W.,B.D.P.,R.H.,Y.A.D.J.and T.M.B.revised drafts manuscripts before submission.Z.Z.C.and X.L.J.compiled Chinese names.All authors read and approved the fi nal version of the manuscript.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are very grateful to David Happold and Meredith Happold for their enormous support and contribution,which has immensely shaped the structure and content of this checklist.We also thank Julian Kerbis Peterhans from Roosevelt University and Terrence Demos at the Field Museum of Natural History;Kim Howell of University of Dar es Salaam and Howard Thomas formerly of Fitchburg State University-USA assisted in reviewing earlier drafts of this paper.We would like to acknowledge the enormous contributions provided by Mary Wathiengeni,Aziza Zuhura,Zam Zam,Robert Syingi,Alois Wambua,Faith Mulwa,Faith Mbeyu,Henrieta Murauni and Tobias Ochieng,who assisted in compiling initial species information.We thank Leo Malingati,who assisted in research on Swahili names for mammals.