周力行
氣固兩相燃燒雙流體大渦模擬的數(shù)學模型
周力行
(清華大學工程力學系,北京 100084)
目前大多數(shù)兩相燃燒的大渦模擬(large-eddy simulation,LES)是歐拉-拉氏模擬,這比歐拉-歐拉或雙流體模擬耗時大得多.本文提出氣固兩相燃燒雙流體大渦模擬的數(shù)學物理模型,包括雙流體框架內大渦模擬過濾的控制方程,兩相亞網(wǎng)格(sub-grid scale,SGS)應力模型和亞網(wǎng)格氣體燃燒模型.對亞網(wǎng)格應力本文建議用作者提出的兩相亞網(wǎng)格動能方程模型,考慮兩相之間的相互作用.對氣體(揮發(fā)分和CO)燃燒建議用作者提出的二階矩(second-order moment,SOM)亞網(wǎng)格湍流-反應相互作用模型.對顆粒的熱解揮發(fā)和焦炭燃燒模型也在雙流體模型的框架內加以應用.這些子模型已經(jīng)分別通過和實驗對照加以評估.
雙流體模型;大渦模擬;氣固兩相燃燒
近年來兩相燃燒的大渦模擬(large-eddy simulation,LES)引起了越來越多的注意,這是因為它可以給出瞬態(tài)流動和火焰結構,比雷諾平均(Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes,RANS)模擬得到的統(tǒng)計結果更準確,同時又比直接數(shù)值模擬(direct numerical simulation,DNS)的計算量小得多,能用于解決實際工程問題.目前絕大多數(shù)的LES 用歐拉-拉氏(Eulerian-Lagrangian,E-L)模擬[1-6].從RANS模擬的經(jīng)驗中已經(jīng)了解到顆粒的拉氏模擬:①難以給出復雜幾何形狀的三維空間內各處的顆粒速度、溫度和濃度的詳細連續(xù)分布;②常常低估顆粒的彌散[7];③顆粒難以進入或離開邊角回流區(qū);④要提高計算精度須計算大量的軌道,這就要有很大的計算量.另一方面,歐拉-歐拉(Eulerian-Eulerian,E-E)或者雙流體模擬在兩相流動燃燒的RANS 模擬中已經(jīng)得到成功的發(fā)展和應用[8].它可以比E-L 模擬用少得多的計算量給出詳細的顆粒信息.因此有必要研究雙流體大渦模擬.
無論是E-L還是E-E的LES,其模擬的合理性和精度取決于:①足夠細的網(wǎng)格;②比RANS 模擬用更精確的差分格式;③合適的亞網(wǎng)格(sub-grid scale,SGS)應力和燃燒模型.在E-L模擬中,往往對氣體用單相流動的SGS 應力模型,沒有顆粒的SGS應力模型.最普遍應用的是Smagorinsky渦粘模型[9],Germano動態(tài)渦粘模型[10]和Kim的SGS動能方程模型[11],其中不考慮顆粒對氣體SGS應力的影響. Yuu等[12]和Zhou等[13]分別提出了有顆粒作用的氣體SGS應力模型.Boileau等[14]和Moreau等[15]報導了兩相燃燒的雙流體大渦模擬,其中對顆粒也采用了仿效氣體Smagorinsky的模型,沒有考慮兩相之間的相互作用.作者建議將本文提出的兩相SGS 動能方程模型[16]用于兩相燃燒雙流體大渦模擬中.
對LES中的氣體燃燒模型,常常是在預混燃燒中用G 方程或線性渦模型,在非預混燃燒中用層流火焰面模型.然而這些模型只適用于特定類型或特定結構的火焰.過濾的概率密度方程模型的適用性比較廣,但是在LES中的計算量非常大.本文作者提出了二階矩(second-order moment,SOM)燃燒模?型[17],已經(jīng)成功地用于單相氣體預混和非預混燃燒以及兩相燃燒的E-L LES[18],計算量不大.因此本文中將此模型用于氣固兩相燃燒的雙流體LES.
本文將給出氣固兩相燃燒雙流體大渦模擬的數(shù)學物理模型,包括雙流體框架下特有的過濾后的控制方程,兩相亞網(wǎng)格應力模型,亞網(wǎng)格氣體燃燒模型,顆粒熱解揮發(fā)和焦炭燃燒模型等.
取白噪音過濾,即計算網(wǎng)格內的體積平均,可以得到氣固兩相燃燒的雙流體大渦模擬過濾后的氣體連續(xù)和氣體組分及氣體和顆粒的、動量和能量方程:
???(1)
?????(2)
?????(3)
?????(4)
?????(5)
?????(6)
氣固兩相燃燒的雙流體模擬中,要有諸多的顆粒連續(xù)方程,即顆粒的數(shù)密度、總質量、干而無灰(dry and ash free,DAF)的煤以及顆粒水分的守恒方程.
???(7)
?????(8)
?????(9)
?????(10)
由于水分蒸發(fā)、熱解揮發(fā)和焦炭燃燒導致的顆粒質量變化率決定于
???(11)
???(12)
???(13)
???(14)
???(15)
???(16)
???(17)
本文作者提出的兩相亞網(wǎng)格動能方程模型[14]中,過濾后的氣體和顆粒黏性力是
兩相亞網(wǎng)格應力可以表現(xiàn)為各向同性的,可以定義為
其耗散率分別是
這里D是亞網(wǎng)格尺寸.兩相亞網(wǎng)格動能取決于
?????(18)
???(19)
兩相速度關聯(lián)方程是
?????(20)
兩相的亞網(wǎng)格質量流和熱流用梯度模擬封閉,即
???(21)
???(22)
???(23)
???(24)
取一步總包反應機理,SOM-SGS 氣體(CO 和揮發(fā)分)燃燒模型[16]表達為
?????(25)
(26)
(1)本文提出了氣固兩相燃燒雙流體大渦模擬的數(shù)學物理模型,包括過濾后的控制方程,兩相亞網(wǎng)格應力模型,亞網(wǎng)格氣體燃燒模型,顆粒熱解揮發(fā)和焦炭燃燒模型.
(2)氣固兩相燃燒的雙流體大渦模擬中有多個顆粒連續(xù)方程.
(3)所提出的兩相亞網(wǎng)格應力模型考慮了兩相之間的相互作用.
[1] Li Y H,Kong S C. Diesel combustion modeling using LES turbulence model with detailed chemistry[J].,2008,12(2):205-219.
[2] Moin P,Apte S V. Large-eddy simulation of realistic gas turbine combustors[J].,2006,44(4):698-708.
[3] Patel N,Menon S. Simulation of spray-turbulence-flame interactions in a lean direct injection combustor[J].,2008,153(1/2):228-257.
[4] Yan Y W. Large-eddy simulation of two-phase spray combustion for gas turbine combustors[J].,2008,28(11):1365-1374.
[5] 隋春杰,楊?帆,孔文俊. 旋流貧預混燃燒湍流特性的大渦模擬[J]. 燃燒科學與技術,2017,23(1):22-28.
Sui Chunjie,Yang Fan,Kong Wenjun.Large eddy simulation of turbulence characteristics in swirling premixed flame[J].,2017,23(1):22-28(in Chinese).
[6] 夏一帆,楊瑤,王高峰,等. 甲烷/空氣預混射流火焰的大渦模擬[J]. 燃燒科學與技術,2017,23(4):305-312.
Xia Yifan,Yang Yao,Wang Gaofeng,et al.Large-eddy simulation of premixed methane/air jet flames[J].,2017,23(4):305-312(in Chinese).
[7] Li L,Zhou L X,Li R X,et al. Simulation of 3-D gas-particle flows and coal combustion in a tangentially fired furnace using a two-fluid-trajectory model[J].,2002,125(2/3):226-233.
[8] Zhou L X. A review for developing two-fluid modeling and LES of turbulent combusting gas-particle flows[J].,2016,297:438-447.
[9] Smagorinsky J. General circulation experiments with the primitive equation(I):The basic experiment[J].1963,91:99-164.
[10] Germano M,Piomelli U,Moin O,et al. A dynamic sub-grid-scale eddy viscosity model[J].,1991,A3:1760-1765.
[11] Kim W W,Menon S S. A new dynamic one-equation sub-grid-scale model for large eddy simulation[C]// 33USA,1995,DOI:10. 2514/6. 1995-356.
[12] Yuu S,Ueno T,Umekage T,et al. Numerical simulation of the high Reynolds number slit nozzle gas-particle jet using sub-grid-scale coupling large eddy simulation [J].,2001,56(14):4293-4307.
[13] Zhou H S,F(xiàn)lamant G,Gauthier D,et al. DEM-LES of coal combustion in a bubbling fluidized bed (Ⅰ):gas-particle turbulent flow structure[J].,2004,59:4193-4203.
[14] Boileau M,Pascaud S,Riber E,et al. Investigation of two-fluid methods for large eddy simulation of spray combustion in gas turbines[J].,2008,80(3):291-321.
[15] Moreau M,Simonin O,Bédat B. Development of gas-particle Euler-Euler LES approach:A priori analysis of particle sub-grid models in homogeneous isotropic turbulence[J].,,2010,84(2):295-324.
[16] 劉?陽,周力行,許春曉. 兩相亞網(wǎng)格動能方程模型[C]//中國工程熱物理學會多相流學術會議. 吉林,2009,094038.
Liu Yang,Zhou Lixing,Xu Chunxiao. Two-phase sub-grid scale energy equation model[C]//Jilin,2009,094038(in Chinese).
[17] Zhou L X,Qiao L,Chen L X. A USM turbulence-chemistry model for simulating NO formation in turbulent combustion[J].,2002,81(13):1703-1709.
[18] Zhou L X,Wang F,Hu L Y,et al. A review on studies of a SOM combustion model for single-and-two-phase combustion[J].,2016,96:154-163.
Mathematical Models for Two-fluid LES of Gas-solid Two-phase Combustion
Zhou Lixing
(Department of Engineering Mechanics,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China)
At present,most large-eddy simulation(LES) of two-phase combustion adopt the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach,which requires much longer computational time than the Eulerian-Eulerian,i.e.,the two-fluid approach.This paper proposes mathematical models for the two-fluid LES of gas–solid two-phase combustion,including filtered controlling equations specific for two-fluid modeling,a two-phase sub-grid scale(SGS) stress model,and a SGS combustion model.ForSGS stress models,a two-phase SGS energy equation model that accounts for the interaction between two phases is proposed. For the gas-phase (volatiles and CO) combustion,the second-order moment SGS (SOM-SGS) turbulence-chemistry model,which is proposed by the present author,is suggested. The coal pyrolization and char combustion models are also used in the framework of two-fluid modeling. These models are assessed separately by comparison with experimental findings.
two-fluid modeling;large-eddy simulation(LES);gas-solid two-phase combustion
TK16
A
1006-8740(2019)02-0095-04
2018-12-13.
國家自然科學基金資助項目(51390493).
周力行(1932—??),男,博士,教授.
周力行,zhoulx@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn
10.11715/rskxjs.R201812013