周妃妃 許磊
[摘要] 目的 研究耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌分布方式以及耐藥性。 方法 隨機(jī)選取2016年6月~2018年6月我院收治的住院患者的銅綠假單胞菌2288株,其中耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌60株,占總數(shù)的2.6%。進(jìn)行菌株培養(yǎng)和鑒定、藥敏試驗(yàn),然后分析耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌的科室分布及耐藥性。 結(jié)果 耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌主要分布在重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室,占總數(shù)的50.0%;其次為神經(jīng)外科,占總數(shù)的26.7%;再次為神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,占總數(shù)的13.4%;最后為呼吸科、骨科、普外科,均占總數(shù)的3.3%。耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌對(duì)美羅培南、亞胺培南、氨曲南、哌拉西林、左氧氟沙星、慶大霉素的耐藥性最高,均為100.0%;其次為妥布霉素、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦,耐藥性均為96.7%;再次為頭孢吡肟、頭孢他啶、頭孢哌酮/舒巴坦、環(huán)丙沙星,耐藥性分別為93.3%、90.0%、90.0%、83.3%,最后為阿米卡星,耐藥性為16.7%;對(duì)多黏菌素B不耐藥,耐藥性為0。 結(jié)論 耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌分布較為集中,高度耐藥于常見(jiàn)抗菌藥物,實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌感染患者能夠?qū)ζ湓卺t(yī)院內(nèi)傳播進(jìn)行有效預(yù)防。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌;藥敏試驗(yàn);分布方式;耐藥性
[中圖分類號(hào)] R378.9 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2019)08-0092-03
[Abstract] Objective To study the distribution pattern and drug resistance of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods 2288 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were randomly selected from hospitalized patients admitted to our hospital from June 2016 to June 2018. Among them, there were 60 strains of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, accounting for 2.6% of the total. The strain culture, identification, and drug sensitivity test were carried out, and the department distribution and drug resistance of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa were analyzed. Results The carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa was mainly distributed in the intensive care unit, accounting for 50.0% of the total, followed by the department of neurosurgery, accounting for 26.7% of the total, again followed by the department of neurology, accounting for 13.4% of the total; it was least distributed in the departments of respiratory medicine, orthopedics, and general surgery, accounting for 3.3% of the total. The carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed the highest resistance to meropenem, imipenem, aztreonam, piperacillin, levofloxacin and gentamicin,with the drug resistance of 100.0%, followed by tobramycin, piperacillin/tazobactam, with the drug resistance of 96.7%, again followed by cefepime, ceftazidime,cefoperazone/sulbactam, ciprofloxacin, with the drug resistance of 93.3%, 90.0%, 90.0%, 83.3%, respectively; it showed the least resistance to amikacin, with the drug resistance of 16.7%; it was not resistant to polymyxin B, with the drug resistance of 0. Conclusion The distribution of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is concentrated, which is highly drug resistant to common antibacterial drugs. Real-time monitoring of patients with carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections can effectively prevent their transmission in hospitals.
[Key words] Carbapenem-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa; Drug sensitivity test; Distribution pattern; Drug resistance
在臨床分離的病原菌中,銅綠假單胞菌占有極為重要的地位,而在銅綠假單胞菌感染的治療中,碳青霉烯類抗菌藥物是臨床通常采用的治療藥物[1]。但是,近年來(lái),耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌在日益廣泛應(yīng)用的該類抗菌藥物的作用下日益增多[2]。本研究對(duì)2016年6月~2018年6月我院收治的住院患者的銅綠假單胞菌2288株中耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌60株的臨床資料進(jìn)行了統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,分析了耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌分布方式以及耐藥性,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 材料與方法
1.1 一般材料
隨機(jī)選取2016年6月~2018年6月我院收治的住院患者的銅綠假單胞菌2288株,其中耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌60株,占總數(shù)的2.6%。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):所有標(biāo)本均完整;排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):將同一患者相同部位的重復(fù)菌株排除在外。在標(biāo)本類型方面,痰液標(biāo)本40例,尿液標(biāo)本8例,血液標(biāo)本6例,其他6例。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 菌株培養(yǎng)和鑒定 ?依據(jù)常規(guī)方法進(jìn)行細(xì)菌培養(yǎng),采用細(xì)胞鑒定儀(VITEK-32型,法國(guó)生物梅里埃公司)及其配套NFC卡鑒定細(xì)菌。
1.2.2 藥敏試驗(yàn) ?采用英國(guó)Oxoid公司生產(chǎn)的抗菌藥物紙片,運(yùn)用紙片擴(kuò)散法(K-B)進(jìn)行藥敏試驗(yàn),將銅綠假單胞菌設(shè)定為質(zhì)控菌株,其ATCC為27853。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
分析耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌的科室分布。同時(shí)分析耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌的耐藥性。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用WHONET5.4軟件(世界衛(wèi)生組織細(xì)菌耐藥監(jiān)測(cè)網(wǎng))對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌的科室分布分析
耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌主要分布在重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室,占總數(shù)的50.0%;其次為神經(jīng)外科,占總數(shù)的26.7%;再次為神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,占總數(shù)的13.4%;最后為呼吸科、骨科、普外科,均占總數(shù)的3.3%。見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌的耐藥性分析
耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌對(duì)美羅培南、亞胺培南、氨曲南、哌拉西林、左氧氟沙星、慶大霉素的耐藥性最高,均為100.0%;其次為妥布霉素、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦,耐藥性均為96.7%;再次為頭孢吡肟、頭孢他啶、頭孢哌酮/舒巴坦、環(huán)丙沙星,耐藥性分別為93.3%、90.0%、90.0%、83.3%,最后為阿米卡星,耐藥性為16.7%;對(duì)多粘菌素B不耐藥,耐藥性為0。見(jiàn)表2。
3 討論
銅綠假單胞菌廣泛存在于自然界中,屬于條件致病菌。相關(guān)醫(yī)學(xué)研究表明[3],易感人群為年老體弱具有較為低下的免疫力的患者,占總數(shù)的84.7%。從患者膿與創(chuàng)面分泌物標(biāo)本中來(lái)源的銅綠假單胞菌占總數(shù)的6.8%,對(duì)患者創(chuàng)面進(jìn)行有效保護(hù),對(duì)創(chuàng)傷手術(shù)無(wú)菌操作進(jìn)行強(qiáng)化,對(duì)潔凈的傷口進(jìn)行有效保持均能夠?qū)︺~綠假單胞菌感染進(jìn)行積極有效的預(yù)防。碳青霉烯類抗菌藥物對(duì)銅綠假單胞菌等常見(jiàn)革蘭陰性菌的抗菌作用極好,但是近年來(lái),其耐藥性在臨床大量應(yīng)用該類藥物的作用下日益增強(qiáng)[4]。
相關(guān)醫(yī)學(xué)研究表明[5-8],66.2%的銅綠假單胞菌耐藥于碳青霉烯類抗菌藥物,主要為同時(shí)耐藥于美羅培南與亞胺培南的菌株。如果銅綠假單胞菌敏感于碳青霉烯類,那么其對(duì)其他抗菌藥物也具有較低的耐藥率,尤其是氨曲南、環(huán)丙沙星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦等。在臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)治療中,碳青霉烯類藥物及這些藥物均可以作為首選抗菌藥物。本研究結(jié)果表明,耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌主要分布在重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室,占總數(shù)的50.0%;其次為神經(jīng)外科,占總數(shù)的26.7%;再次為神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,占總數(shù)的13.4%;最后為呼吸科、骨科、普外科,均占總數(shù)的3.3%。耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌對(duì)美羅培南、亞胺培南、氨曲南、哌拉西林、左氧氟沙星、慶大霉素的耐藥性最高,均為100.0%;其次為妥布霉素、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦,耐藥性均為96.7%;再次為頭孢吡肟、頭孢他啶、頭孢哌酮/舒巴坦、環(huán)丙沙星,耐藥性分別為93.3%、90.0%、90.0%、83.3%,最后為阿米卡星,耐藥性為16.7%;對(duì)多黏菌素B不耐藥,耐藥性為0,和上述相關(guān)醫(yī)學(xué)研究結(jié)果一致,說(shuō)明如果銅綠假單胞菌耐藥于碳青霉烯類抗菌藥物,那么其就具有極為嚴(yán)重的耐藥性,極有可能無(wú)法治療。
銅綠假單胞菌耐藥于碳青霉烯類抗菌藥物的機(jī)制主要為膜上缺失ProD2蛋白,增強(qiáng)非特異的外排泵表達(dá),降低外膜通透性,將更多的碳青霉烯酶及AmPC酶產(chǎn)生出來(lái)[9-12]。相關(guān)醫(yī)學(xué)研究表明[13-16],碳青霉烯酶達(dá)到了31.7%的檢出率,以此認(rèn)為銅綠假單胞菌耐藥于碳青霉烯類抗菌藥物的主要原因并不是產(chǎn)碳青霉烯酶。但是,碳青霉烯酶屬于B型金屬酶,由于有編碼獲得性MBL基因存在于耐藥菌中,同時(shí)MBL能夠?qū)缀跛笑聝?nèi)酰胺類抗菌藥物進(jìn)行水解,單環(huán)類抗菌藥物除外,因此使細(xì)菌耐藥于碳青霉烯類、青霉素類、頭孢菌素類。該基因擴(kuò)散的途徑為通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)座子、Ⅰ類整合子或質(zhì)粒等,促進(jìn)銅綠假單胞菌耐藥性的增強(qiáng),同時(shí)極易造成醫(yī)院感染暴發(fā)流行[17-20]。因此,要想對(duì)醫(yī)院感染的暴發(fā)流行進(jìn)行有效控制,關(guān)鍵是要對(duì)合理應(yīng)用抗菌藥物的力度進(jìn)行強(qiáng)化,將耐藥菌株的產(chǎn)生減少到最低限度。
總之,耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌分布較為集中,高度耐藥于常見(jiàn)抗菌藥物,實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌感染患者能夠?qū)ζ湓卺t(yī)院內(nèi)傳播進(jìn)行有效預(yù)防。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] 袁莉莉,丁百興,沈震,等.耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌的耐藥性及分子流行病學(xué)研究[J].中國(guó)感染與化療雜志,2017,17(3):289-292.
[2] 袁翊,葉幫芬,萬(wàn)小濤,等.耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌的耐藥機(jī)制[J].檢驗(yàn)醫(yī)學(xué)與臨床,2017,14(11):1602-1604.
[3] 盧雯君,李健,李情操,等.ICU耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌檢出及同源性分析[J].浙江臨床醫(yī)學(xué),2017,19(5):957-958.
[4] 邸秀珍,王睿.耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌耐藥機(jī)制的研究現(xiàn)狀[J].中國(guó)臨床藥理學(xué)雜志,2015,31(8):669-672.
[5] 袁利,徐羽中,程明剛,等.耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌耐藥現(xiàn)狀及整合子耐藥基因分析[J].中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)裝備,2018,15(4):80-83.
[6] 李情操,姚芳芳,吳巧萍,等.寧波市某醫(yī)院耐碳青霉烯類銅綠假單胞菌中第一類整合子的分布及來(lái)源[J].上海預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué),2017,29(7):545-547.
[7] 石慶新,呂小萍,於青峰,等.鹽酸小檗堿和亞胺培南聯(lián)合作用耐碳青酶烯類銅綠假單胞菌的體外藥敏實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[J].中國(guó)現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生,2017,55(1):114-117.
[8] 孫景熙,王福斌,陳劍明,等.手外傷感染患者傷口病原菌分布及耐藥性分析[J].中國(guó)現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生,2018,56(4):111-115.
[9] Shortridge D,Pfaller MA,Castanheira M,et al.Antimicrobial activity of ceftolozane-tazobactam tested against Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa collected from patients with bloodstream infections isolated in United States hospitals (2013-2015) as part of the Program to Assess Ceftolozane-Tazobactam Susceptibility (PACTS) surveillance program[J].Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis,2018, 18(18):30168-30168.
[10] Lim CLL,Chua AQ,Teo JQM,et al.Importance of control groups when delineating antibiotic use as risk factors for carbapenem-resistance,extreme-drug and pan-drug resistance in acinetobacter baumannii and pseudomonas aeruginosa:A systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Int J Infect Dis. 2018,2(18)34427-34428.
[11] Karampatakis T,Tsergouli K,Iosifidis E,et al.Impact of active surveillance and infection control measures on carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacterial colonization and infections in intensive care[J].J Hosp Infect, 2018,99(4):396-404.
[12] Yeo CK,Vikhe YS,Li P,et al.Hydrogel effects rapid biofilm debridement with ex situ contact-kill to eliminate multidrug resistant bacteria in vivo[J].ACS Appl Mater Interfaces,2018,10(24):20356-20367.
[13] Kuti JL,Wang Q,Chen H,et al.Defining the potency of amikacin against escherichia coli,klebsiella pneumoniae,pseudomonas aeruginosa,and acinetobacter baumannii derived from Chinese hospitals using CLSI and inhalation-based breakpoints[J].Infect Drug Resist,2018, 11(10):783-790.
[14] Dogonchi AA,Ghaemi EA,Ardebili A,et al.Metallo-β-lactamase-mediated resistance among clinical carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in northern Iran:A potential threat to clinical therapeutics[J].Ci Ji Yi Xue Za Zhi,2018,30(2):90-96.
[15] Fritzenwanker M,Imirzalioglu C,Herold S,et al.Treatment options for carbapenem-resistant gram-negative infections[J].Dtsch Arztebl Int,2018,115(20-21):345-352.
[16] Gofman N,To K,Whitman M,et al.Successful treatment of ventriculitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae with i.v. ceftazidime-avibactam and intrathecal amikacin[J]. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 2018,75(13):953-957.
[17] Cho HH,Kwon KC,Kim S,et al.Association between biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance in carbapenem-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa[J]. Ann Clin Lab Sci,2018,48(3):363-368.
[18] Jabalameli F,Taki E,Emaneini M,et al.Prevalence of metallo-β-lactamase-encoding genes among carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from burn patients in Iran[J].Rev Soc Bras Med Trop,2018, 51(3):270-276.
[19] Ismail SJ,Mahmoud SS,F(xiàn)irst detection of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamases variants(NDM-1,NDM-2) among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from Iraqi hospitals[J]. Iran J Microbiol,2018,10(2):98-103.
[20] Tang X,Xiao M,Zhuo C,et al.Multi-level analysis of bacteria isolated from inpatients in respiratory departments in China[J].J Thorac Dis,2018,10(5):2666-2675.