吳榮華
專(zhuān)題策劃:介詞考點(diǎn)全過(guò)關(guān)
編者按:臨近高考,各大語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)題復(fù)習(xí)過(guò)后,可不能把介詞落下了。介詞雖是虛詞,但是相當(dāng)活躍,隨處可見(jiàn)、搭配眾多且意義豐富,是高考的必考點(diǎn),常出現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)法填空、改錯(cuò)和寫(xiě)作的題型中。另外,在寫(xiě)作中恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用介詞,可以使語(yǔ)言表達(dá)更加準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)練和地道。
at Christmas/dawn/night/present/work/table/a loss/the beginning of/the end of/the top of/the mercy of/the risk of/the sight of
in advance/return/vain/fact/debt/trouble/need/danger/public/time/peace/tears/rags/ruins/the end/the past/a way/a hurry
on show/fire/holiday/sale/time/purpose/behalf/
the basis of
by mistake/chance/turns/coincidence
as a result
to ones surprise/joy/delight/sorrow/regret/disappointment/credit
out of breath/control/sight/fashion/date/order/work/curiosity/place/balance/ones reach
under construction/control/repair/discussion/ones direction
in favor of,in honor of,in memory of,in place of,in case of
in exchange for,in return for
in addition to
in touch with,in common with
(1)be+形容詞+at
be good at,be angry at,be disappointed at
(2)be+形容詞+of
be fond of,be afraid of,be full of,be proud of,be aware of,be tired of
(3)be+形容詞+with
be angry with,be disappointed with,be popular with,be strict with,be filled with,be busy with,be satisfied with,be covered with,be familiar with
(4)be+形容詞+in
be interested in,be rich in,be located in,be dressed in,be absorbed in,be strict in
(5)be+形容詞+to
be beneficial to,be harmful to,be similar to,be used to,be down to,be related to,be familiar to
(6)be+形容詞+for
be fit for,be late for,be responsible for,be suitable for,be ready for,be famous for,be good/bad for
(7)be+形容詞+about
be anxious about,be worry about,be curious about
(8)be+形容詞+from
be absent from,be different from,be tired from
(9)be+形容詞+on
be based on,be keen on
(1)動(dòng)詞+副詞+from
keep away from,get away from,break away from
(2)動(dòng)詞+副詞+for
make up for,watch out for
(3)動(dòng)詞+副詞+with
come up with,put up with,catch up with,get along with
(4)動(dòng)詞+副詞+to
date back to,get close to
(5)動(dòng)詞+副詞+其他介詞
do well in,look down upon
(1)動(dòng)詞+at
aim at,stare at,glare at,glance at,laugh at
(2)動(dòng)詞+about/of
dream about/of,complain about,consist of
(3)動(dòng)詞+as/through
act/serve as,work as,recognize/consider...as...,go through,look through
(4)動(dòng)詞+for
ask for,pay for,stand for,search for,desire for,send for,enter for,run for,charge for
(5)動(dòng)詞+from
come from,differ from,learn from,benefit from,graduate from,result from
(6)動(dòng)詞+in
succeed in,participate in,result in
(7)動(dòng)詞+on
concentrate on,fall on,focus on, fix(ones attention/eyes)on
(8)動(dòng)詞+to
add to,appeal to,belong to,contribute to,lead to,refer to,stick to,turn to
(9)動(dòng)詞+with
deal with,begin with,communicate with
(10)動(dòng)詞+into
look into,break into,run into,grow into,turn into
(1)動(dòng)詞+名詞+in
take part in,show interest in,take pride in
(2)動(dòng)詞+名詞+for
show respect for,show concern for
(3)動(dòng)詞+名詞+of
take charge of,take care of,take advantage of,make use of,make fun of,catch sight of,lose sight of,get rid of
(4)動(dòng)詞+名詞+to
do harm to,pay attention to,attach importance to,give birth to
(5)動(dòng)詞+名詞+with
make contact with,get/keep in touch with
(1)動(dòng)詞+sb.+of sth.
rob sb. of sth.,accuse sb. of sth.,remind sb. of sth.
(2)動(dòng)詞+sb.+with sth.
equip sb. with sth.,charge sb. with sth.,provide sb. with sth.
(3)動(dòng)詞+sb.+for sth.
blame sb. for sth.,praise sb. for sth.,punish sb. for sth.
(4)動(dòng)詞+sb.+on sth.
congraduate sb. on sth.
(5)動(dòng)詞+sb.+from doing sth.
prevent/stop sb. (from) doing sth.,keep sb. from doing sth.
share sth. with sb.,exchange sth. with sb.
(1)表示“在……”:in,on,at
in表示較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間,如月份、季節(jié)、年份、年代、世紀(jì)等,也可泛指上午、下午或晚上。
on表示具體某一天或其上午、下午或晚上等。
at表示時(shí)間點(diǎn),用于具體某時(shí)刻或短期假日。
當(dāng)時(shí)間名詞前有this,that,last,next,every等限定詞時(shí)不用介詞。
(2)表示“在……之后”:in,after
“in+時(shí)間段”表示從現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始一段時(shí)間之后,用于一般將來(lái)時(shí)。
“after+時(shí)間段”表示過(guò)去開(kāi)始一段時(shí)間之后,常與過(guò)去時(shí)連用,相當(dāng)于“時(shí)間段+later”。
“after+時(shí)間點(diǎn)”表示過(guò)去或?qū)?lái)。
(3)表示“在……以?xún)?nèi)”:in,within
“in+時(shí)間段”用于過(guò)去時(shí)。
“within+時(shí)間段”用于過(guò)去時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)。
(4)表示“在……以前”:ago,before
“時(shí)間段+ago”指從現(xiàn)在算起,用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
“時(shí)間段+before”指從過(guò)去算起,用于過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
表示在某時(shí)間點(diǎn)以前時(shí),只用before,不用ago。
(5)by,before,until
by后接時(shí)間點(diǎn),表示到某時(shí)為止(含某時(shí))。
before后接時(shí)間點(diǎn),表示在某時(shí)之前(不含某時(shí))。
until意為“直到某時(shí)為止”,表示持續(xù)到某時(shí)。
(6)表示“在……期間”:during,through/through?鄄out,over
during后接時(shí)間段,尤其在某些事件或活動(dòng)(如stay,visit,meal)前,宜用during。
through/throughout意為“貫穿……期間”。
over意為“過(guò)完一段時(shí)間”。
(7)表示時(shí)間段:for,since
“for+時(shí)間段”表示持續(xù)一段時(shí)間。
“since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)”表示從過(guò)去延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間。
(1)表示“上下”:on(垂直接觸,上面),beneath(垂直接觸,下面),above(斜上方),below(斜下方),over(垂直,正上方),under(垂直,正下方)。
(2)表示“里外”:in,inside,outside within。
(3)表示“前后”:in front of(用于建筑前),in the front of(用于外部空間的前面),before(用于某人前),behind,at the back of。
(4)表示“附近”:near,beside/by,beyond,across,close to,next to。
(5)表示“周?chē)保篴bout,around,round。
(1)表示動(dòng)向:into(進(jìn)入),out of(從……出來(lái)),through(從物體內(nèi)部穿過(guò)),across(從物體表面通過(guò)),by/past(從旁邊經(jīng)過(guò)),over(從上空經(jīng)過(guò)),along(沿著),down(沿……而下),up(沿……而上),from(從),to(到),off(離開(kāi)),onto(上去)。
(2)表示原因:for,because of,owing to,due to,on account of,as a result of都表示“因?yàn)?,由于?thanks to表示“幸虧,由于”。
(3)表示方式:常接交通工具或通信工具的介詞有by,in,on等;表示“用……”的介詞有with,in等;表示“通過(guò)……”的介詞有by,through等。
(4)表示除外:besides,in addition to表示“除……之外”,包括后面的部分;except,but表示“除了……之外”,排除后面的部分;apart from相當(dāng)于besides/except。
(5)表示舉例:such as,including,like。
(1)表示計(jì)量:at表示計(jì)量時(shí),意為“以……(價(jià)格/速度/代價(jià))”。
(2)表示范圍:in表示環(huán)境范圍,in后面的名詞和主語(yǔ)不是同一概念范疇;of/among表示對(duì)象范圍,of后面的名詞和主語(yǔ)是同一概念范疇;between表示在兩者之間,among表示在三者或三者以上之間。
(3)表示讓步:despite,in spite of,regardless of。
(4)呈現(xiàn)主題:about,on,concerning,regarding,with regard to,as to。
(5)呈現(xiàn)觀點(diǎn):according to,as for。
(1)as,like與with:意為“像……一樣”時(shí),as是連詞,like是介詞;意為“隨著”時(shí),as是連詞,with是介詞;as作介詞時(shí),意為“作為”。
(2)in:可表示“在……方面”。
(3)for:可表目的,意為“為了”。
(4)from:表示起點(diǎn)或來(lái)源,意為“從,來(lái)自”。
(5)with與without:with表示“具有,帶有;與……一起”;without表示“沒(méi)有”。