譚擁軍 王坤 余靂 黃小芹 陳燕 譚桂湘
摘? ?要:細(xì)胞穿膜肽是一類(lèi)能夠穿透細(xì)胞膜并且不損壞細(xì)胞膜結(jié)構(gòu)的小分子多肽,該多肽一般由不多于30個(gè)氨基酸組成. 針對(duì)FITC標(biāo)記的具有肺癌或肝癌細(xì)胞選擇性的兩種穿膜肽,設(shè)置不同濃度梯度,分別處理多種腫瘤細(xì)胞,熒光顯微鏡下觀察不同作用濃度下細(xì)胞中綠色熒光的強(qiáng)弱,并通過(guò)流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)含有熒光的細(xì)胞數(shù). 結(jié)果表明:兩種細(xì)胞穿膜肽具有不同的細(xì)胞選擇性. CPP33在作用濃度為10 μmol/L時(shí)能觀察到較強(qiáng)的熒光選擇性,流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)含有熒光的細(xì)胞數(shù)約大于50%,CPP44在作用濃度為10 μmol/L時(shí)能觀察到較強(qiáng)的熒光選擇性,流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)含有熒光的細(xì)胞數(shù)約大于60%. 并且隨著作用濃度的增加,兩種細(xì)胞中含有熒光的細(xì)胞數(shù)不斷上升. 因此這種針對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞的選擇性穿膜肽可能為小分子藥物在體內(nèi)的精確遞送提供一種新的方法.
關(guān)鍵詞:腫瘤選擇性穿膜肽;肺癌;肝癌;濃度梯度;小分子藥物
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):Q784? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
Study on Transmembrane Delivery of
Tumour Lineage-homing Cell-penetrating Peptides
TAN Yongjun,WANG Kun,YU Li,HUANG Xiaoqin,CHEN Yan,TAN Guixiang
(College of Biology,Hunan University,Changsha 410082,China)
Abstract: Cell penetrating peptides are small molecular peptides that can penetrate cell membranes without damaging the structure of cell membranes. These peptides are generally composed of no more than 30 amino acids. Two tumor lineage-homing cell-penetrating peptides labeled with FITC for lung cancer and liver cancer were synthesized and added to different kinds of tumor cells with different concentration gradients. The number of cells containing fluorescence was detected. The results approved that the two kinds of cell-penetrating peptides showed different cell selectivity. The fluorescence specificity of CPP33 was strong at the concentration of 10 μmol/L. The number of cells containing fluorescence was about 50% by Flow cytometer. The fluorescence specificity of CPP44 was strong at the concentration of 10 μmol/L. The number of cells containing fluorescence was about 60% by Flow cytometer. Moreover, the number of cells containing fluorescence increased with the increase of concentration, respectively. In conclusion, these tumor lineage-homing cell-penetrating peptides may provide a new method for precise delivery of anticancer molecules in vivo.
Key words: tumor lineage-homing cell-penetrating peptides;lung cancer;liver cancer;concentration gradient;anticancer molecules
細(xì)胞穿膜肽(cell penetrating peptides,CPPs)是一類(lèi)由氨基酸組成具有穿透細(xì)胞膜能力的小分子多肽,其中氨基酸的個(gè)數(shù)一般不多于30[1-2].CPPs最早從人HIV-Ⅰ的TAT蛋白中發(fā)現(xiàn),該蛋白中包含具有穿膜能力的特殊肽段區(qū)域蛋白轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)域(protein transduction domains,PTD),該區(qū)域是一個(gè)包含13個(gè)氨基酸可溶性肽段[3-4]. 隨著研究的深入,細(xì)胞穿膜肽的數(shù)量不斷增加.
CPPs的分類(lèi)有多種,可以根據(jù)其來(lái)源或序列的不同分為不同的亞類(lèi)[5],還可以依據(jù)肽鏈所含脯氨酸的多少分為富含脯氨酸和多脯氨酸兩種[6],如SAP,該多肽中的脯氨酸含量高達(dá)50%. 除此之外,由于不同穿膜肽進(jìn)入細(xì)胞后,會(huì)引起細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+的不同變化,可以將細(xì)胞穿膜肽分為兩親性和非兩親性,兩親性細(xì)胞穿膜肽會(huì)引起細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+不同程度的提高,而非兩親性細(xì)胞穿膜肽在轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)過(guò)程中幾乎不會(huì)對(duì)細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+產(chǎn)生影響[7]. 不同于普通的分類(lèi),還有一種特殊類(lèi)型的細(xì)胞穿膜肽,該類(lèi)穿膜肽由兩條及以上的肽鏈組成,如轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白、PEVEC、MAP和PEP-1[8].
近年來(lái),CPPs作為分子載體用于藥物遞送系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用已經(jīng)越來(lái)越廣泛.通過(guò)融合的方法可以攜帶核酸[9]、蛋白[10]、小分子化合物[11-12]、核磁共振成像載體[13]等進(jìn)入細(xì)胞. Meyer-Losic等[14]將人工合成的一種功能肽DPV1047 Vectocell與SN38通過(guò)物理混合的方式制成復(fù)合物,通過(guò)對(duì)溶解性、毒性、穩(wěn)定性的研究證明其具有很好的抗腫瘤作用,并且在動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)上取得明顯的效果.
由于大部分細(xì)胞穿膜肽沒(méi)有選擇性,因此針對(duì)特定細(xì)胞的靶向治療還停留在初級(jí)階段.并且現(xiàn)有的腫瘤細(xì)胞選擇性穿膜肽也是建立通過(guò)把已知非選擇性穿膜肽與識(shí)別細(xì)胞表面抗原的抗體[15]連接或者與其他針對(duì)某種細(xì)胞的選擇性分子形成復(fù)合物產(chǎn)生的,這種連接不僅受到所連分子理化性質(zhì)的限制,對(duì)所針對(duì)的腫瘤細(xì)胞也具有一定的局限性. 近期Kondo等人[16]通過(guò)mRNA展示技術(shù)構(gòu)建多肽文庫(kù),成功獲得了腫瘤選擇性細(xì)胞穿膜肽,并利用合成的腫瘤選擇性穿膜肽對(duì)比多種不同腫瘤驗(yàn)證了其選擇性效果.
本文分別研究了肺癌細(xì)胞選擇性穿膜肽CPP33、肝癌細(xì)胞選擇性穿膜肽CPP44,經(jīng)FITC標(biāo)記后,不同作用濃度下,在腫瘤細(xì)胞A549和HepG2等5種不同細(xì)胞中的細(xì)胞選擇性,觀察了不同濃度下細(xì)胞內(nèi)的熒光強(qiáng)弱,通過(guò)流式細(xì)胞儀分析了不同腫瘤細(xì)胞中含有綠色熒光的細(xì)胞數(shù)目,確認(rèn)了CPP33、CPP44兩種細(xì)胞穿膜肽具有明顯的細(xì)胞選擇性.
1? ?材料與方法
1.1? ?材? ?料
乳腺癌細(xì)胞MCF-7、肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2、肺癌細(xì)胞A549、宮頸癌細(xì)胞HeLa、骨肉瘤細(xì)胞U2OS來(lái)源于American Type Culture Collection(ATCC);DMEM培養(yǎng)基、1640培養(yǎng)基以及血清均為GIBCO公司產(chǎn)品;Flow Cytometer由BECKMAN COULTER公司提供;FITC標(biāo)記多肽由上海淘普生物科技有限公司合成,序列信息如下:
CPP33: RLWMRWYSPRTRAYG
CPP44: KRPTMRFRYTWNPMK
1.2? ?方? ?法
1.2.1? ?不同濃度腫瘤細(xì)胞選擇性穿膜肽顯微觀察
在含有MCF-7、HepG2、A549、HeLa、U2OS 5種腫瘤細(xì)胞的10 cm培養(yǎng)盤(pán)中加入含10%胎牛血清(Fetal Bovine Serum,F(xiàn)BS)的DMEM培養(yǎng)液后將培養(yǎng)盤(pán)放入37 ℃ 5%CO2培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng),待細(xì)胞密度長(zhǎng)至90%時(shí),吸出培養(yǎng)液,用1X無(wú)菌PBS漂洗兩次,每盤(pán)加入1 mL 1X胰酶放入培養(yǎng)箱中消化2 min,待細(xì)胞變圓脫落時(shí),加入1 mL含10% FBS的DMEM培養(yǎng)液輕輕吹打數(shù)次至單個(gè)細(xì)胞,并用培養(yǎng)液配成單個(gè)細(xì)胞懸液,以每孔1.2×106個(gè)細(xì)胞接種到6孔板中,每孔總體積為2 mL,放入培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng).
在超凈工作臺(tái)中分別向CPP33、CPP44合成的多肽中分別加入4.22 mL、4.16 mL無(wú)菌ddH2O將其稀釋至400 μmol/L.待6孔板中的細(xì)胞密度長(zhǎng)至70%時(shí),吸出培養(yǎng)液,用無(wú)菌PBS漂洗兩次,按終濃度分別為2 μmol/L、5 μmol/L、10 μmol/L、20 μmol/L設(shè)置濃度梯度,用含F(xiàn)BS培養(yǎng)液按照上述濃度梯度稀釋多肽加入到培養(yǎng)板中. 剩余2孔只加2 mL培養(yǎng)液用作對(duì)照,放入培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng),6 h后觀察細(xì)胞的熒光強(qiáng)度,并以穿膜數(shù)超過(guò)50%為有效穿膜肽統(tǒng)計(jì)穿膜率.
1.2.2? ?流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)細(xì)胞熒光
按照上述方法培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞,待細(xì)胞密度長(zhǎng)至90%時(shí),每盤(pán)加入1 mL 1X胰酶放入培養(yǎng)箱中消化
2 min,待細(xì)胞變圓脫落時(shí),加入1 mL含10% FBS的DMEM完全培養(yǎng)基輕輕吹打數(shù)次至單個(gè)細(xì)胞,并用培養(yǎng)液配成單個(gè)細(xì)胞懸液,以每孔7 × 106個(gè)細(xì)胞接種到10 cm培養(yǎng)盤(pán)中,每種細(xì)胞按照終濃度10 μmol/L加入FITC標(biāo)記的穿膜肽,6 h后收集細(xì)胞.
吸去培養(yǎng)皿中的培養(yǎng)液,用無(wú)菌PBS漂洗兩次,加入1 mL lX胰酶,置于培養(yǎng)箱中消化2 min,待細(xì)胞變圓脫落時(shí),加入1 mL含10% FBS的DMEM完全培養(yǎng)基輕輕吹打數(shù)次至單個(gè)細(xì)胞.將細(xì)胞收集在2 mL Eppendorf管中,4 ℃條件下1 000 r/min離心5 min,去除上清胰酶培養(yǎng)基混合物. 加入PBS漂洗兩次,4 ℃,1 000 r/min離心5 min. 加入1 mL無(wú)菌PBS,使其細(xì)胞密度為1 × 106/mL,冰上存放用于流式檢測(cè),并取相同培養(yǎng)條件下,未加穿膜肽的細(xì)胞作對(duì)照.
流式分析,創(chuàng)建Forward Scatter(FSC)vs. Side Scatter(SSC)峰圖,將對(duì)照樣品放入“test”管,調(diào)節(jié)FSC和SSC電壓使細(xì)胞集中于FSC vs.SSC 峰圖內(nèi). 創(chuàng)建一個(gè)門(mén)(R1)包括所有的細(xì)胞,基于門(mén)(R1)創(chuàng)建Fluorescence Channel 1(FL1)vs. SSC 峰圖,調(diào)節(jié)FL1 PMT電壓值以便DEAB“control”樣品峰分布在102內(nèi). 取下對(duì)照樣品,換上待檢測(cè)樣品,保持參數(shù)不變,出現(xiàn)在102以外的Polt即為含綠色熒光的細(xì)胞,分析約100 000個(gè)細(xì)胞,記錄每種細(xì)胞中含綠色熒光的細(xì)胞比例.
2? ?實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果
2.1? ?不同濃度腫瘤細(xì)胞選擇性穿膜肽顯微分析
2.1.1? ?不同濃度腫瘤細(xì)胞選擇性穿膜肽顯微觀察
對(duì)比兩種腫瘤細(xì)胞選擇性穿膜肽在5種不同腫瘤中綠色熒光的強(qiáng)弱. 當(dāng)腫瘤細(xì)胞濃度為2 μmol/L時(shí),CPP33和CPP44在5種細(xì)胞中幾乎沒(méi)有熒光;當(dāng)腫瘤細(xì)胞濃度為5 μmol/L時(shí),5種細(xì)胞的綠色熒光亮度有所提高,加有CPP33的細(xì)胞中,A549細(xì)胞中的綠色熒光亮度最高;加有CPP44的細(xì)胞中,HepG2細(xì)胞中的綠色熒光亮度最高,兩種穿膜肽在兩種細(xì)胞開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)明顯的選擇性. 當(dāng)腫瘤細(xì)胞濃度為10 μmol/L時(shí),CPP33、CPP44兩種穿膜肽在兩種細(xì)胞中的綠色熒光亮度提高明顯,而在其他細(xì)胞中的綠色熒光亮度仍然很低;當(dāng)腫瘤細(xì)胞濃度增大到20 μmol/L時(shí),CPP33、CPP44兩種穿膜肽在A549、HepG2兩種細(xì)胞中的綠色熒光亮度有所增加,但增加幅度較10 μmol/L時(shí)有所減少,并且其他細(xì)胞中的綠色熒光亮度也有不同幅度提高. 如圖1所示.
2.1.2? ?不同濃度腫瘤細(xì)胞選擇性穿膜肽熒光細(xì)胞
計(jì)數(shù)
當(dāng)腫瘤細(xì)胞濃度為2 μmol/L時(shí),除A549細(xì)胞,CPP33在其余4種細(xì)胞中產(chǎn)生熒光的細(xì)胞數(shù)均低于5%;當(dāng)腫瘤細(xì)胞濃度為5 μmol/L時(shí),加有CPP33的細(xì)胞中,A549細(xì)胞中產(chǎn)生熒光的細(xì)胞數(shù)最高,大于20%;當(dāng)腫瘤細(xì)胞濃度為10 μmol/L時(shí),CPP33在A549細(xì)胞中產(chǎn)生熒光的細(xì)胞數(shù)大于50%;當(dāng)腫瘤細(xì)胞濃度增大到20 μmol/L時(shí),CPP33在A549細(xì)胞中產(chǎn)生熒光的細(xì)胞數(shù)約為60%. 如圖2(a)(b)(c)(d)所示. 當(dāng)腫瘤細(xì)胞濃度為2 μmol/L時(shí),CPP44在5種細(xì)胞中產(chǎn)生熒光的細(xì)胞數(shù)均不超過(guò)2.4%;當(dāng)腫瘤細(xì)胞濃度為5 μmol/L時(shí),加有CPP44的細(xì)胞中,HepG2細(xì)胞中產(chǎn)生熒光的細(xì)胞數(shù)最高,大于7.5%;當(dāng)腫瘤細(xì)胞濃度為10 μmol/L時(shí),CPP44在HepG2細(xì)胞中產(chǎn)生熒光的細(xì)胞數(shù)大于50%;當(dāng)腫瘤細(xì)胞濃度增大到20 μmol/L時(shí),CPP33、CPP44兩種穿膜肽在A549、HepG2兩種細(xì)胞中產(chǎn)生熒光的細(xì)胞數(shù)大于60%. 如圖2(e)(f)(g)(h)所示.
2.2? ?流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)細(xì)胞熒光百分比
圖3為不同腫瘤細(xì)胞中波長(zhǎng)超過(guò)102 nm的細(xì)胞數(shù)與細(xì)胞總數(shù)的百分比.在綠色熒光通道(FL1)中,流式分析10 μmol/L CPP33處理6 h后,5種細(xì)胞中A549細(xì)胞中含熒光細(xì)胞百分比最高,見(jiàn)圖3(b),大約分別是其他4種細(xì)胞(HeLa、MCF-7、U2OS、HepG2)熒光數(shù)目的兩倍,分別如圖3(a)(c)
(d)(e)所示. 同樣,流式分析10 μmol/L CPP44處理6 h后,5種細(xì)胞中HepG2細(xì)胞中含熒光細(xì)胞百分比最高,見(jiàn)圖3(j),大約分別是其他4種細(xì)胞(HeLa、A549、MCF-7、U2OS)熒光數(shù)目的兩倍,分別如圖3(f)(g)(h)(i)所示.
3? ?結(jié)? ?論
本實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)兩種不同腫瘤細(xì)胞選擇性穿膜肽進(jìn)行研究,運(yùn)用不同細(xì)胞對(duì)比,發(fā)現(xiàn)CPP33穿膜肽能夠有效穿過(guò)肺癌細(xì)胞A549的細(xì)胞膜進(jìn)入細(xì)胞. 同樣,CPP44穿膜肽能夠有效穿過(guò)肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2的細(xì)胞膜進(jìn)入細(xì)胞.兩種穿膜肽均有較高腫瘤細(xì)胞選擇性.
細(xì)胞穿膜肽作為有效的藥物運(yùn)輸載體已經(jīng)在臨床有所運(yùn)用,但由于細(xì)胞種類(lèi)的多樣性和每種細(xì)胞的復(fù)雜性,目前針對(duì)特定細(xì)胞的選擇性穿膜肽只有少數(shù)被發(fā)現(xiàn)和應(yīng)用,對(duì)于特殊細(xì)胞的穿膜肽的開(kāi)發(fā)還處于初級(jí)階段.相對(duì)于非選擇性細(xì)胞穿膜肽,CPP33、CPP44具有良好的細(xì)胞選擇性,因此CPP33、CPP44可能成為有效的腫瘤選擇性藥物運(yùn)輸載體,這也為實(shí)現(xiàn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的靶向治療提供了廣闊的前景.
參考文獻(xiàn)
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