徐飛 葛陽(yáng)陽(yáng) 劉新春 張燕燕 王雪
摘要:從功效角度出發(fā),對(duì)黑豆?fàn)I養(yǎng)成分及生物活性的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,并根據(jù)黑豆研究中目前存在的問(wèn)題,對(duì)我國(guó)黑豆的發(fā)展方向和研究趨勢(shì)進(jìn)行了展望,為黑豆的進(jìn)一步研究提供科學(xué)依據(jù) 。
關(guān)鍵詞:黑豆;營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分;動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn);臨床試驗(yàn)
我國(guó)的黑豆種質(zhì)資源豐富,尤以山西、河北、陜西等地栽培較多,目前全國(guó)共搜集保存黑豆約2 980份,占全部大豆種質(zhì)資源的13.2%[1-3]。黑豆在我國(guó)有悠久的藥食同源史,具有抗氧化[4]、降血壓[5]、抗腫瘤[6]、預(yù)防癌癥[7]、抗肥胖作用[8-10]、降低血脂[11-12]、降低代謝紊亂[13]、減少心血管并發(fā)癥[14]、抗炎癥[15]等功效。本文從營(yíng)養(yǎng)和功效角度出發(fā),對(duì)黑豆?fàn)I養(yǎng)成分、生物活性成分體內(nèi)驗(yàn)證等方面進(jìn)行綜述,綜合分析當(dāng)前黑豆的研究進(jìn)展和存在問(wèn)題,提出黑豆未來(lái)的研究發(fā)展方向,以期為黑豆生物活性成分功效進(jìn)一步研究和相關(guān)黑豆功能性產(chǎn)品的開(kāi)發(fā)提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1 黑豆?fàn)I養(yǎng)成分的研究進(jìn)展
黑豆在蛋白質(zhì)含量、氨基酸組成、膳食纖維、多酚、花色苷、異黃酮等方面要優(yōu)于黃豆,這些因素的疊加可能是黑豆具有較高藥用價(jià)值的依據(jù)[16-17]。
1.1 蛋白質(zhì)
植物性蛋白中,豆類的蛋白含量同肉類相差無(wú)幾[18],高于谷物蛋白[19],是優(yōu)質(zhì)膳食蛋白質(zhì)的來(lái)源。黑豆蛋白含量(43.6g/100g)高于黃豆(39.2g/100g),且黑豆蛋白是完全蛋白質(zhì),含有人體所需的8種氨基酸,黑豆的總氨基酸含量高達(dá)36g/100g,必需氨基酸為13g/100g,占總氨基酸量的37%。黑豆中除半胱氨酸和黃豆基本相同外,其他氨基酸含量都高于其他3種豆類。參照FAO/WHO推薦的成人氨基酸均衡模式標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相比,作為豆類缺陷氨基酸甲硫氨酸(Met),雖然黑豆Met含量高于其他豆類,但仍較推薦值低一些。值得關(guān)注的是,黑豆蛋白中支鏈氨基酸(Ile、Leu、Val),尤其是亮氨酸(Leu)含量顯著高于FAO/WHO推薦值,支鏈氨基酸易消化且代謝率高,能直接參與能量代謝,調(diào)節(jié)蛋白質(zhì)代謝和抗運(yùn)動(dòng)性疲勞[20];也在肝病患者腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)方面有重要應(yīng)用,Hayaishi等[21]對(duì)211例非肝癌肝硬化患者進(jìn)行為期6個(gè)月治療,每人每日口服12g支鏈氨基酸,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者肝細(xì)胞癌發(fā)生率顯著降低、存活率顯著增高。Lee等[22]選取37 例肝癌放療患者進(jìn)行10w隨機(jī)雙盲試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),服用支鏈氨基酸組患者第3~10w,血漿白蛋白水平顯著提高。
1.2 脂質(zhì)
黑豆中含有豐富的脂肪酸,總脂肪酸含量(17.6g/100g)略高于黃豆(16.85g/100g),其主要是由亞油酸(27.8%)、油酸(45.3%)、棕櫚酸(17.0%)、硬脂酸(9.1%)組成[17],其他脂肪酸如肉豆蔻酸、棕櫚油酸、亞麻酸共占0.85%。脂肪酸中占比的亞油酸是不能自身合成而必須從食物中攝取,可以調(diào)節(jié)膽固醇代謝,預(yù)防動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化[23-24],暗示黑豆在預(yù)防動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、保護(hù)心血管健康方面也可能具有一定的潛力。
1.3 碳水化合物
在寡糖方面,僅黑豆中有少量葡萄糖檢出,黑豆蔗糖含量(2.6g/100g)也顯著低于黃豆(4.7g/100g);關(guān)于黑豆低聚糖的研究較少,韓國(guó)Seung-Beom Hong等[25]研究表明,緯度會(huì)影響低聚糖的含量,而且緯度比遺傳因素對(duì)黑豆中低聚糖的含量影響更大。在淀粉多糖方面,黑豆淀粉含量總體低于黃豆,其抗性淀粉含量高于黃豆,非抗性淀粉含量低于黃豆??剐缘矸墼谛∧c中不能被酶解,增加飽腹感從而減少食物攝入;在人的腸胃道結(jié)腸被微生物菌群發(fā)酵生成短鏈脂肪酸,具有改善腸道健康、平穩(wěn)血糖、預(yù)防結(jié)腸癌等功效[26]。
關(guān)于多糖活性研究,Liu J等[27]證明,黑豆多糖具有抗氧化活性。Ming-Hsi W等[28]測(cè)定了黑豆多糖對(duì)人外周血單核細(xì)胞中粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子產(chǎn)生的影響,可以用于癌癥化療后、骨髓異常增生綜合征伴發(fā)的中性粒細(xì)胞減少的患者。Li C等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn),黑豆多糖具有強(qiáng)大的抗增殖和抗轉(zhuǎn)移活性,可作為人胃癌的抗腫瘤藥物。黑豆總膳食纖維含量(39.4g/100g)要高于黃豆(33.3g/100g),具體則是可溶性膳食纖維黑豆略低于黃豆,非可溶性膳食纖維則黑豆顯著高于黃豆。關(guān)于黑豆膳食纖維功效的研究鮮有報(bào)道,而關(guān)于黃豆膳食纖維頗多,Jimnez-Escrig A 等[30]證明,豆渣膳食纖維可以促進(jìn)腸道對(duì)鈣的吸收。Y Chen等[31]發(fā)現(xiàn),大豆殘?jiān)锌扇苄陨攀忱w維可以改善脂質(zhì)譜和預(yù)防高血壓。
1.4 多酚
黑豆中總酚含量和總黃酮含量(包括花色苷和異黃酮)幾乎為黃豆的2倍。徐金瑞等[32]對(duì)127份黑豆中花色苷含量進(jìn)行測(cè)定,結(jié)果顯示,75.6%的黑豆中花色苷含量在0.59~1.34mg/g之間。張芳軒等[33]對(duì)60個(gè)黑豆種皮的花色苷含量進(jìn)行測(cè)定,結(jié)果顯示,85%的品種含量集中在3.30~14.25mg/g。黑豆花色苷類具有抗氧化[34]、減少心血管并發(fā)癥[35]、抗菌作用[36]等生理功能。Philip D C等[37]證明,補(bǔ)充異黃酮(105 mg/d)可降低低密度脂蛋白和更年期癥狀。Milner J A等[38]證明,大豆異黃酮具有防癌抗腫瘤的功效,其抗乳腺癌、前列腺癌的作用尤為突出。Xinjuan Z等[39]證明,黑豆中的異黃酮可以調(diào)節(jié)激素效應(yīng),可降低婦女更年期綜合癥等。
2 黑豆生物活性成分體內(nèi)驗(yàn)證研究
2.1 臨床功效驗(yàn)證
在目前研究中,動(dòng)物模型中的嚙齒類動(dòng)物(大鼠、小鼠)被廣泛用于建立人類疾?。ㄈ缣悄虿?、腫瘤等)動(dòng)物模型,但由于嚙齒類動(dòng)物與人類存在極大的種屬差異,因此,仍需臨床試驗(yàn)做出最終評(píng)估。由表2可知,目前黑豆功效成分的臨床數(shù)據(jù)并不充足,僅檢索到6篇英文文獻(xiàn),分別為糖尿?。?篇)、血脂和肥胖(2篇)和安全性(1篇)。在糖尿病方面,Thompson S V等[40]評(píng)估了黑豆對(duì)2型糖尿病患者即時(shí)血糖平穩(wěn)作用。Reverri E J等[41]則對(duì)代謝綜合征患者進(jìn)行了9d的追蹤,發(fā)現(xiàn)黑豆膳食可以降低餐后胰島素水平和提高機(jī)體氧化應(yīng)激能力。Kawak J H等[42]則發(fā)現(xiàn),黑豆多肽可以幫助前驅(qū)糖尿病患者平穩(wěn)餐后血糖和控制血糖水平。在血脂和肥胖方面,Lee M等[43]以黑豆皮提取物為研究對(duì)象,根據(jù)8w臨床數(shù)據(jù)說(shuō)明黑豆提取物可顯著減少腹部肥胖,同時(shí)在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化方面有潛在效應(yīng)。Kusunoki M等[44]通過(guò)對(duì)36名2型糖尿病為期2個(gè)月的追蹤,發(fā)現(xiàn)黑豆皮提取物可以協(xié)同非諾貝特控制血脂效果優(yōu)異。安全性方面,Jeon S等[45]通過(guò)安全性、耐受性和藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)測(cè)試,證明了花青素-3-葡萄糖苷在人體的安全性(表1)。
2.2 動(dòng)物模型功效驗(yàn)證
由表2可知,黑豆功效成分驗(yàn)證主要集中于黑豆多酚(花青素、花色苷和異黃酮,12篇),其次為黑豆多肽(4篇)、黑豆多糖(1篇)、黑豆(4篇),其他功效性成分如黑豆低聚糖和寡糖、黑豆膳食纖維則鮮有涉及。從功效上看,在減肥方面,黑豆粉、發(fā)酵黑豆制品、黑豆多肽、花色苷均被證實(shí)可以減少脂肪積累;在降血糖方面,黑豆水提物(主要包括花青素、花色苷、異黃酮等)和花色苷可以平穩(wěn)血糖、保護(hù)糖尿病導(dǎo)致的器官損傷;在降血脂方面,則包括發(fā)酵黑豆、黑豆多肽和花色苷;在護(hù)肝方面,黑豆和黑豆多糖被證實(shí)具有保護(hù)肝損傷作用;在氧化應(yīng)激方面,則主要涉及黑豆多肽和黑豆皮提取物;除此之外,黑豆花青素還被證實(shí)具有一定保護(hù)心肌損傷的功效。
3 存在問(wèn)題與展望
3.1 存在問(wèn)題
通過(guò)對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)綜述,黑豆的研究還主要存在以下三方面問(wèn)題:(1)在黑豆基本成分分析上,黑豆?fàn)I養(yǎng)成分分析不夠完備,目前成分研究多集中于黑豆種皮多酚、蛋白和脂肪等大類,而對(duì)黑豆糖類中低聚糖和多糖、微量元素和低豐度活性分子等則缺乏系統(tǒng)性報(bào)道;(2)在營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分對(duì)應(yīng)的功效研究上,由于分離手段等限制,生物活性成分(如蛋白質(zhì)亞基和多糖)三維構(gòu)象鮮有涉及,構(gòu)效關(guān)系也不甚明朗,缺少分子水平上的代謝通路、信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)通路研究;(3)在體內(nèi)功能驗(yàn)證方面,歷代中醫(yī)古籍對(duì)黑豆多記載黑豆補(bǔ)腎填髓、壯骨明目、解毒等諸多功效,然后近現(xiàn)代功效驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn)(動(dòng)物模型和人體臨床)卻鮮有涉及這些研究領(lǐng)域,還有很多待進(jìn)入的空白。
3.2 展望
針對(duì)以上存在的問(wèn)題,今后的黑豆功效研究重點(diǎn)應(yīng)集中于以下三個(gè)方面:(1)黑豆基本成分分析應(yīng)進(jìn)一步完備,建立完備的黑豆成分體系和黑豆指紋圖譜,如黑豆蛋白在亞基上的分子組成、黑豆低聚糖和多糖豐度、生物活性小分子含量等;(2)借鑒高效的分離和手段,明確功能活性大分子的構(gòu)象,從分子空間構(gòu)象角度研究構(gòu)效關(guān)系,同時(shí)應(yīng)進(jìn)一步深入細(xì)胞生物學(xué)、代謝組學(xué),理清功效成分信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)通路和分子代謝通路,構(gòu)建信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)理論基礎(chǔ),為人體應(yīng)用研究打下堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ);(3)傳承傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)理論對(duì)黑豆功效記載,開(kāi)拓動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)和臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)功效研究新領(lǐng)域,以古籍為鑒,中醫(yī)傳統(tǒng)理論和西醫(yī)高效分離手段相結(jié)合,共同推進(jìn)黑豆生物活性研究新方向。
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Abstract:The nutritional composition and the biological activiey was reviewed.Based on the existing problems,the research direction was proposed to provide reference for researchers.
Keywords:black soybean;nutritional composition;animal testing;clinical trail
(責(zé)任編輯 李婷婷)