馬叢叢 許繼取 趙思琪 楊蓓 楊陳 黃慶德
摘 要:綜述了芝麻酚生物活性的研究進展,為芝麻酚的深入研究提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
關(guān)鍵詞:芝麻酚;生物活性;作用機制
芝麻酚是芝麻油的主要組分,具有抗菌、抗氧化、減肥、抗黑色素、抗衰老、抗癌、神經(jīng)保護等多種生物活性,其抗菌活性主要是抑制真菌和結(jié)核分歧桿菌[1-2]。芝麻酚清除羥基(OH·)自由基和2,2-二苯基-1-苦基肼水合物(DPPH·)自由基[3-4]。芝麻酚的減肥作用表現(xiàn)在其能抑制白色脂肪積累[5]。芝麻酚能抑制酪氨酸酶活性[6]。芝麻酚通過減輕脂質(zhì)過氧化預(yù)防衰老[7]。芝麻酚對癌細胞發(fā)揮作用,包括人白血病細胞(Molt-4和K562)[8]、乳腺癌細胞系(MCF-7和T47D)[9]、肝癌細胞(HepG2)[10-11]和MA-10小鼠Leydig腫瘤細胞[11]。芝麻酚的神經(jīng)保護作用表現(xiàn)在改善認知障礙[12-13]。本文綜述了芝麻酚生物活性的研究進展。
1 抗菌能力
芝麻酚具有抗真菌和分歧桿菌潛力。芝麻酚能抗白色念珠菌,通過破壞白色念珠菌(一種人類真菌病原體)中的神經(jīng)鈣蛋白信號通路發(fā)揮抗真菌作用[1]。其次,芝麻酚具有抗結(jié)核分歧桿菌能力。芝麻酚作用于多個負責(zé)促進結(jié)核分歧桿菌生長和影響分枝桿菌毒力性狀的靶點,包括影響雙歧桿菌細胞表面表型、改變菌落形態(tài)、細胞滑動動力受損和細胞沉降速率增加等。此外,芝麻酚減輕氧化和DNA損傷以及還原鐵穩(wěn)態(tài)。同時,芝麻酚影響結(jié)核分歧桿菌與毒力相關(guān)的表型,如抑制生物膜形成和細胞粘附到頰上皮細胞等[2]。
2 抗氧化能力
芝麻酚是一種優(yōu)良的抗氧化劑,其苯并二氧雜環(huán)戊烯基團清除OH·自由基,導(dǎo)致形成1,2-羥基苯[14]。其次,芝麻酚清除OH·自由基。芝麻酚可以與生理系統(tǒng)中最具破壞性的氧化自由基OH·反應(yīng)后同時形成芝麻酚OH·自由基結(jié)合物[3]。芝麻酚在細胞中最終由O-2激活JNK信號傳導(dǎo),然后破壞線粒體;細胞色素c釋放到細胞質(zhì)中,最終導(dǎo)致腫瘤細胞凋亡[15]。過量的細胞內(nèi)O-2是由于芝麻酚的促氧化特性產(chǎn)生,其進一步誘導(dǎo)HCT116細胞進入線粒體凋亡途徑。其次,芝麻酚清除DPPH·自由基,并且其清除能力強于二叔丁基對甲酚(BHT)、丁基羥基茴香醚(BHA)和α生育酚[16]。同時芝麻酚能使芝麻油和葵花籽油的品質(zhì)更穩(wěn)定[4]。
3 改善肥胖
幾十年來,全球飲食趨向于富含脂肪和糖的能量密集型飲食[17]。過量的膳食脂質(zhì)和果糖會引起胰島素抵抗,脂質(zhì)代謝失調(diào),以及肝臟中脂質(zhì)的異常積聚,并進一步誘發(fā)肝臟脂肪變性,這與非酒精性脂肪性肝病的發(fā)生有關(guān)[18]。脂肪組織也是代謝控制的關(guān)鍵組成部分,通過甘油三酯(TG)的形式儲存能量,并在空腹或降低肝糖原水平的條件下在脂肪酸氧化過程中提供能量[19]。芝麻酚抑制了高脂肪和高果糖飲食喂養(yǎng)小鼠的肥胖和胰島素抵抗,下調(diào)肝臟中的脂肪生成,抑制白色脂肪組織中的脂質(zhì)積累和炎癥反應(yīng),并通過改善線粒體脂質(zhì)代謝來減少脂肪細胞大小和棕色脂肪組織的“增白”。
4 抗黑色素能力
芝麻酚抗黑色素能力的關(guān)鍵是酪氨酸酶。在人類和其他哺乳動物中,黑色素的生物合成發(fā)生在含有酪氨酸酶的黑素細胞中[20]。L-酪氨酸的羥基化是黑色素合成的最初步驟,因為它控制黑色素水平。酪氨酸酶是一種氧化酶,是控制黑色素生成的限速酶[21]。芝麻酚的酚類降解產(chǎn)物對黑色素合成起關(guān)鍵的抑制作用。在細胞實驗中,芝麻酚以濃度依賴性方式抑制小鼠黑色素瘤B16F10細胞中的黑色素合成,暴露于100μg/mL芝麻酚的黑色素瘤細胞減少63%。芝麻酚誘導(dǎo)黑色素瘤細胞凋亡限制增殖[6]。芝麻酚抑制酪氨酸酶,IC50值為1.6μmol/L時具有美白效果,并且在217.2μmol/L濃度下抑制23.55%±8.25%的細胞酪氨酸酶。芝麻酚表現(xiàn)出高抗氧化和抗酪氨酸酶活性。因此,來自食用芝麻油的芝麻酚可以具有替代藥妝的目的[16]。
5 抗衰老能力
衰老的自由基理論表明,自由基導(dǎo)致氧化應(yīng)激增加,細胞功能失調(diào)和衰老[22-23]。芝麻酚減輕紫外線誘導(dǎo)的lacca小鼠的氧化應(yīng)激,減輕脂質(zhì)過氧化,有效預(yù)防由于長期紫外線照射引起的光損傷,包括病變、潰瘍和皮膚的完整性[24]。
6 抗癌作用
Ambrose等[25]研究了芝麻酚的毒理學(xué)作用,發(fā)現(xiàn)它是無毒和無刺激性的,甚至不會引起皮膚過敏。研究表明,芝麻酚具有抗皮膚癌的作用[26-27]。芝麻酚由于分子量小對皮膚有滲透作用,為了實現(xiàn)其最大的表皮遞送,因此制備芝麻酚固體脂質(zhì)納米顆粒,對小鼠表皮上的皮膚癌研究顯示,芝麻酚固體脂質(zhì)納米顆粒處理后,對皮膚癌有抑制作用[27]。另有研究表明,芝麻酚通過減少輔酶NADPH的合成,誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌細胞的生長停滯和凋亡[9]。同時,芝麻酚通過消除DPPH·自由基,鐵還原-抗氧化能力,過氧自由基清除活性來誘導(dǎo)HCT116人結(jié)腸癌細胞中的線粒體凋亡途徑[28]。研究者還開發(fā)了用于局部和長期釋放芝麻酚以治療胃癌的芝麻酚復(fù)合胃保留浮珠[29]。同時,芝麻酚能抑制人白血病細胞(Molt-4和K562)[8]、肝細胞癌細胞(HepG2)[10-11],還可以通過誘導(dǎo)MA-10小鼠Leydig腫瘤細胞中StAR蛋白表達激活caspase途徑和類固醇生成同時誘導(dǎo)細胞凋亡[11]。
7 神經(jīng)保護作用
Kuhad A等[13]研究表明,芝麻酚減輕糖尿病大鼠模型認知障礙糖尿病影響中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),認知障礙是常見的并發(fā)癥[12]。通過Morris水迷宮測試評估認知功能,與正常組相比芝麻酚組顯著縮短糖尿病大鼠水迷宮實驗的潛伏期,改善大鼠目標象限停留時間[30]。Rolis Chien等[31]研究了芝麻酚對神經(jīng)細胞的作用,表明較低濃度的芝麻酚可降低神經(jīng)細胞中ROS的產(chǎn)生,但在較高濃度下通過自氧化增加了ROS。濃度為50μmol/L的芝麻酚能夠減少H2O2(1μmol/L)或用FeSO4·7H2O(0.1mg/mL)引起的神經(jīng)細胞中的ROS的產(chǎn)生。Sachdeva AK等[32]采用芝麻酚固體脂質(zhì)納顆米粒作用于大鼠認知障礙模型,水迷宮實驗也證明了芝麻酚的神經(jīng)保護作用,同時芝麻酚顯著減輕了認知障礙模型大鼠的氧化應(yīng)激。
8 展望
另外,芝麻對于降血脂、保護軟骨組織、保護心肌、防紫外線等方面也有一定的效果[33-37],但是芝麻酚氧化后分離出兩種細胞毒性產(chǎn)物三聚體和四聚體,有必要考慮芝麻酚的保存條件和芝麻酚體內(nèi)氧化的產(chǎn)品安全性[8]。目前,關(guān)于芝麻酚的研究已在各領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用,已經(jīng)研究出了針對抗癌、抗黑色素和神經(jīng)保護相關(guān)藥品和護膚保健品。芝麻酚具有強的抗氧化活性,在護膚品方面具有巨大潛力,但由于其分子量小,對皮膚有滲透作用,不能發(fā)揮最佳效果;已有研究采用固體脂質(zhì)納米顆粒處理,能有效發(fā)揮護膚作用。同時,芝麻酚的抑菌能力方面,芝麻酚對其他致病菌是否也有抑菌能力有待進一步研究。芝麻酚的抗癌作用顯著,并且沒有副作用,在臨床方面研究開發(fā)其相關(guān)的抗癌藥物具有重要意義。
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Abstract:Research advancements of the biological activity of sesamol was reviewed to provide reference for further study of sesamol.
Keywords:sesame;biological activity;molecular mechanism
(責(zé)任編輯 李婷婷)