陳紅華 李富強(qiáng) 向必坤 施河麗 左梅 尹忠春 譚軍
摘 ?要:為有效控制煙草根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)對(duì)煙株的危害,在湖北宣恩開(kāi)展了稻殼、稻殼+谷糠、煙草秸稈生物有機(jī)肥、茶枯等農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物還田(用量15 000 kg/hm)試驗(yàn),研究農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物還田對(duì)植煙土壤物理性狀和根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)病發(fā)生的影響。結(jié)果表明,農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物還田能不同程度地改善植煙土壤物理性狀,提高>0.25 mm的土壤團(tuán)聚體含量,降低土壤容重和土壤毛管孔隙度,提高土壤總孔隙度、土壤毛管持水量和土壤含水量。農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物還田對(duì)煙草根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)病的防控效果在23.86%~84.50%,以稻殼+谷糠防控效果最好。土壤物理性狀與煙草根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)病發(fā)生情況相關(guān)性分析表明,煙草根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)病發(fā)生與土壤總孔隙度和通氣孔隙度呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系,與土壤容重呈顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系??傊?,采用稻殼+谷糠還田能有效改善土壤物理性狀和控制根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)病的發(fā)生。
關(guān)鍵詞:農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物;還田;土壤物理性狀;根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)病
中圖分類號(hào):S572.01 ?????????文章編號(hào):1007-5119(2019)04-0037-05 ?????DOI:10.13496/j.issn.1007-5119.2019.04.006
Effect of Returning Agricultural Wastes on Tobacco-planting Soil Physical Properties and Root-knot Nematode Disease
CHEN Honghua, LI Fuqiang, XIANG Bikun, SHI Heli, ZUO Mei, YIN Zhongchun, TAN Jun
(Enshi Tobacco Company of Hubei Province Corporation, Enshi, Hubei 445000, China)
In order to effectively control tobacco root- knot nematodes in?tobacco plants, returning agricultural wastes?(15 000 kg/ha) including rice shell, rice shell and?chaff, tobacco stalks organic fertilizer, tea cake were?studied on their effects on tobacco-planting soil physical properties and root-knot nematode disease?in Xuan'en, Hubei province. The results showed that the physical properties of tobacco-planting soil could be improved in different degrees?by increasing the content of soil water-stable aggregates more than 0.25 mm , soil total porosity, soil capillary water capacity and soil moisture, and reducing soil bulk density and soil capillary porosity.?Agricultural wastes had a good effect on inhibiting the occurrence of tobacco root-knot nematode disease, with the control effect ranging from 23.86% to 84.50%, with?rice shell?and chaff showing?the best control effect.?Correlation analysis between soil physical properties and occurrence of tobacco root -knot nematode disease showed that the occurrence of tobacco root-knot nematodes had a significant negative correlation with soil total porosity and aeration porosity, and a significant positive correlation with soil bulk density. In summary, returning rice shell?and chaff to the field can?effectively improve the physical properties of tobacco-planting soil?and control the root-knot nematodes.
agricultural wastes; returning;?soil?physical properties; root-knot nematode disease
煙草根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)病是煙草生產(chǎn)上的重要病害。為了有效防治根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)病,人們提出了物理方法、化學(xué)方法、生物方法及綜合防治策略,也探討了應(yīng)用輪作、選育抗線蟲(chóng)品種、生防菌、生態(tài)調(diào)控等農(nóng)藝措施來(lái)防治根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)病,雖起到了一定作用,但均有其局限性。有研究報(bào)道在土壤中施用茶籽餅、引入碳源能夠在一定程度上防治根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)病。目前還鮮見(jiàn)關(guān)于利用農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物還田改善土壤物理性狀防控線蟲(chóng)的報(bào)道。本研究將當(dāng)?shù)刎S富的農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源(稻殼、谷糠等)還田,研究其對(duì)土壤物理性狀改善和根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)的抑殺效果,以篩選出能有效改善土壤物理結(jié)構(gòu)、抑制煙草根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)病發(fā)生的農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物,為農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物的資源化利用和煙草根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)綠色防控提供技術(shù)指導(dǎo)
1??材料與方法
1.1??試驗(yàn)材料
試驗(yàn)于2018年開(kāi)展。試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)位于湖北省宣恩縣椒園鎮(zhèn)水井坳村3組,常年種植烤煙,煙草根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)危害嚴(yán)重,土壤中根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)數(shù)量達(dá)到150條/g。地勢(shì)平坦,土壤為山地黃棕壤。土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量25.95?g/kg,堿解氮含量137.55 mg/kg,速效鉀含量148.52 mg/kg,有效磷含量22.60?mg/kg。供試煙草為當(dāng)?shù)刂髟云贩N云煙87。
1.2??試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
試驗(yàn)設(shè)5個(gè)處理。T1:稻殼;T2:稻殼+谷糠(質(zhì)量比例為1∶1);T3:煙草秸稈生物有機(jī)肥;T4:茶枯;CK:對(duì)照,施化學(xué)肥料。各處理N、PO和KO施用量分別為97.5、195、292.5 kg/hm。還田廢棄物用量均為15 000?kg/hm(主要營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分含量見(jiàn)表1),不足的養(yǎng)分用化學(xué)肥料[煙草專用復(fù)合肥(N、PO、KO質(zhì)量含量分別為8%、16%、24%或10%、10%、20%)、普鈣(PO質(zhì)量含量12%)和硫酸鉀(KO質(zhì)量含量50%)]補(bǔ)足。隨機(jī)區(qū)組排列,重復(fù)3次,小區(qū)面積39.6?m,株距55?cm,行距120?cm,5月1日移栽,還田方法:3月份將試驗(yàn)所用稻殼、谷糠等均勻撒到田間,并結(jié)合春耕曬垡翻壓到土中。
1.3??土壤樣品的采集與處理
煙葉采收完畢,鏟平壟面后再用環(huán)刀平穩(wěn)壓入土中采集土壤樣,隨機(jī)取樣,每個(gè)處理取9個(gè)樣,測(cè)定相關(guān)物理指標(biāo);每個(gè)處理隨機(jī)取煙株根際(0~30 cm)土壤,每小區(qū)“Z”字形取15株煙的根際土,充分混合為一個(gè)土樣,樣品重量1 kg左右,在自然條件下風(fēng)干備用,測(cè)定土壤水穩(wěn)性團(tuán)聚體。
1.4 ?土壤物理性狀的測(cè)定
測(cè)定土壤容重、土壤總孔隙度、土壤毛管持水量、土壤通氣孔隙度、土壤含水量和土壤團(tuán)聚體等6個(gè)土壤物理指標(biāo)。土壤容重采用環(huán)刀法、水穩(wěn)性團(tuán)聚體用改進(jìn)的Yoder濕篩法。
1.5 ?煙草根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)病的發(fā)病情況調(diào)查
參照GB/23222—2008?煙草病蟲(chóng)害分級(jí)及調(diào)查方法,采用小區(qū)普查的方式,分別在煙苗移栽后第60天、120天調(diào)查各處理發(fā)病情況,并統(tǒng)計(jì)病情指數(shù){病情指數(shù)=[∑(各級(jí)病株數(shù)×該病級(jí)值)]/(調(diào)查總株數(shù)×最高級(jí)值)×100}和防治效果{防治效果=[(空白對(duì)照區(qū)病情指數(shù)-處理區(qū)病情指數(shù))/空白對(duì)照區(qū)病情指數(shù)]×100%}。
1.6 ?農(nóng)藝性狀調(diào)查
參照YC/T 142—2010分別于團(tuán)棵期和成熟期測(cè)定烤煙株高、葉片數(shù)、莖圍、最大葉面積等。
1.7 ?數(shù)據(jù)分析
試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)用DPS?7.05和SPSS?22進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理和統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。表中數(shù)據(jù)均為平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差,采用單因子方差分析(ANOVA)最小顯著極差法(SSR)檢驗(yàn)不同模式土壤各變量之間的差異顯著性。
2??結(jié) ?果
2.1 ?不同處理對(duì)植煙土壤主要物理性狀的影響
由表2看出,農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物還田對(duì)土壤物理性狀均有一定程度的影響,提高了>0.25?mm土壤團(tuán)聚體含量、總孔隙度、毛管持水量、含水量,降低了土壤容重,而在通氣孔隙度和毛管孔隙度指標(biāo)上呈現(xiàn)有增有減的現(xiàn)象。處理T2、T1的>0.25 mm土壤團(tuán)聚體含量、總孔隙度、毛管持水量、含水量較高,處理T4、T3的居中,對(duì)照CK最低。處理T2的>0.25 mm土壤團(tuán)聚體含量最高,但與其他處理之間差異不顯著。處理T1的土壤總孔隙度和通氣孔隙度顯著高于其他處理,其他處理間無(wú)顯著差異。T1與T4處理的毛管持水量和含水量差異不顯著,但顯著高于其他處理。土壤容重表現(xiàn)為處理CK與T3較高,處理T4、T2稍低,處理T1顯著低于其他處理。由此可見(jiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物還田后土壤的物理性狀得到了不同程度的改善。
注:表中同列數(shù)據(jù)中不同字母表示處理間差異達(dá)5%顯著水平,下同。
Note: different letters in the same column data above the table mean significant among treatments at 5% level, the same as below.
2.2 ?不同處理對(duì)植煙土壤根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)病的防治效果
由表3可知,煙苗移栽60?d,對(duì)照CK的病情指數(shù)為最高,T3最低,與對(duì)照相比相對(duì)防效達(dá)到77.27%,T2次之,相對(duì)防效為69.32%,T3和T2分別與CK達(dá)到了顯著差異;移栽120?d,對(duì)照CK的病情指數(shù)仍然為最高,T2最低,與CK相比相對(duì)防效達(dá)84.50%,處理T1的僅次于T2,分別與CK達(dá)到了顯著差異。綜合比較,處理T2對(duì)煙草根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)防控效果最好。
2.3 ?不同處理對(duì)煙株主要農(nóng)藝性狀的影響
由表4看出,農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物對(duì)煙株生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育有促進(jìn)作用。處理之間煙株的株高、莖圍和最大葉面積差異顯著。T2和T4處理煙株顯著高于T3和CK處理;T2和T4處理的莖圍顯著大于CK處理;T2處理最大葉面積顯著大于T3處理。從農(nóng)藝性狀來(lái)看,T2和T4處理最有利于煙株的生長(zhǎng)。
2.4 ?不同處理土壤物理性狀、發(fā)病情況相關(guān)性分析
不同處理土壤物理性狀、發(fā)病情況相關(guān)性分析(表5)表明,土壤團(tuán)聚體、總孔隙度、毛管持水量、通氣孔隙度和土壤含水量等物理指標(biāo)與煙草根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)病情指數(shù)呈負(fù)相關(guān),土壤容重、毛管孔隙度與煙草根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)病情指數(shù)呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系。其中,總
孔隙度、通氣孔隙度與煙草根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)發(fā)病指數(shù)達(dá)到顯著性負(fù)相關(guān),土壤容重與煙草根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)發(fā)病指數(shù)達(dá)到顯著正相關(guān)。由此,土壤總孔隙度、通氣孔隙度與容重等物理性狀的變化直接影響煙草根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)病的發(fā)生程度。
表5 ?土壤物理性狀與煙草根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)病發(fā)生相關(guān)性分析
Table 5 ?Correlation analysis between physical properties of soil and incidence of tobacco plant in different treatments
3??討 ?論
有研究表明,長(zhǎng)期單施化肥會(huì)導(dǎo)致土壤板結(jié),結(jié)構(gòu)破壞,肥力下降,而土壤的物理性狀影響到煙葉的內(nèi)在品質(zhì)和外觀質(zhì)量,良好的物理性狀是煙草獲得煙葉優(yōu)質(zhì)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)的基本條件。土壤團(tuán)聚體作為土壤結(jié)構(gòu)的重要組成部分,協(xié)調(diào)土壤中的水、肥、氣、熱,是影響土壤肥力和土壤質(zhì)量的重要因素之一。一般把>0.25 mm的團(tuán)聚體稱為土壤團(tuán)粒結(jié)構(gòu)體,其數(shù)量與土壤的肥力狀況呈正相關(guān)。本研究表明,農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物還田后土壤性狀得到改善,土壤團(tuán)聚體組成中>0.25?mm的團(tuán)聚體含量提高,土壤容重、毛管孔隙度降低,土壤總孔隙度、毛管持水量、含水量升高,說(shuō)明通過(guò)上述廢棄物的還田,改善了植煙土壤透氣性、透水性能以及保水能力,這與前人研究結(jié)果基本一致,但與郝葳等研究報(bào)道的優(yōu)質(zhì)煙區(qū)土壤容重等物理指標(biāo)范圍不相符??赡苁且蛲寥李愋筒煌a(chǎn)生的差異。
農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物還田后降低了煙田根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)的病情指數(shù),減輕了根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)對(duì)煙株的危害,這與楊秀娟、張涵等研究結(jié)果基本一致。不同的農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物比較發(fā)現(xiàn),稻殼+谷糠還田對(duì)根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)病情指數(shù)的降低效果最顯著。同時(shí)本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),稻殼+谷糠還田具有明顯的促進(jìn)煙株生長(zhǎng)的作用,可能是稻殼、谷糠、煙草秸稈生物有機(jī)肥等有機(jī)物的施入增加了土壤中微生物的種群和數(shù)量,促進(jìn)了土壤養(yǎng)分和微生物種群平衡,使土壤本身的N、P、K及一些微量營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素得到活化,優(yōu)化了根際微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu),土壤中根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)數(shù)量下降,促進(jìn)了煙株發(fā)育和降低了根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)的危害。
4??結(jié) ?論
本研究結(jié)果表明,農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄有機(jī)物料還田能增加土壤中>0.25 mm團(tuán)聚體含量和土壤總孔隙度,降低土壤容重,對(duì)煙株生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育有促進(jìn)作用,能有效減輕根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)對(duì)煙株的危害,綜合比較,稻殼+谷糠(質(zhì)量比例為1∶1)、用量為15 000 kg/hm還田效果較好。在后續(xù)的研究中,將開(kāi)展廢棄物還田長(zhǎng)期定位試驗(yàn),研究其對(duì)土壤養(yǎng)分和生物種群的改善情況,以進(jìn)一步分析農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物還田對(duì)根結(jié)線蟲(chóng)病的抑制作用。
參考文獻(xiàn)
WEBSTER J M. Economic?Nematology[M].?HU Q Y, Translation.?Beijing:?Agriculture Press,?1988: 105-120.
HUANG K, WU L T, DING W, et al. The occurrence law and comprehensive control method of tobacco root- nematode disease[J]. Plant Doctor, 2018(3): 57-59.
YANG X J, HE Y X, CHEN Q H, et al. Adaptability of ??and synergism between ?and two kinds of plants against [J]. Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (Natural Science Edition),?2005,?34(3):?290-293.
JIN G M, HU X D, YANG Y X, et al. Ecological control technology to control tobacco root- nematodes[J]. Yunnan Agricultural Science and Technology, 2013(5): 11-12.
ZHANG R P, ZENG Q B, YU W, et al. Different measures of controlling tobacco root-knot nematode disease in the field[J]. Chinese Tobacco Science 2016, 37(4): 54-59 .
YANG X J. Effects of camellia seed cake application on ??suppression?soil nematode and microbial cummunties in banana-grown soils[D].?Nanjing, Nanjing Agricultural University, 2015.
ZHANG H, JIAO Y J, ZHAO S M, et al. Effects of eco-biochar fertilizer on soil renovating and control of tobacco root-knot nematode and black shank[J]. Tobacco Science & Technology, 2016, 49(6):?30-35.
CAO Z P, ZHOU L X, HAN X M. Controlling tomato root-knot nematode disease by incorporating winter wheatstraw?to soil [J]. Acta?Ecologica?Sinica, 2010, 30(3): 765-773.
LU R K. Soil agrochemical analysis methods[M]. Beijing: China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, 2000.
LIU X L,?GAO Z,?LIU C S, et al.?Effect of combined application of organic manure and fertilizers on crop yield and soil fertility in a located experiment[J].?Acta Pedologica Sinica, 1996, 33(2): 139-148.
HAO W, TIAN X H. Analysis and study on soil physical properties in high quality tobacco areas[J]. Tobacco Science & Technology, 1996(5):?36-38
SI G H,?ZHAO S J,?WANG R, et al. Effects of consecutive overturning of green manure on soil physical and?biological characteristics in?tobacco-planting fields[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2014,?20(4): 905-?912
BO G D, ZHANG J G, SHEN G M, et al. Effects of straw returning on soil organic matter and characteristics of soil aggregates in tobacco planting field[J]. Scientia?Agricultura?Sinica, 2014, 35(3): 12-16.
LI M D, WU H Y, NIE J, et al. Utilities of straw and wastes of straw recycling returning on rice planting[J]. Scientia?Agricultura?Sinica, 2010, 43(17): 3572-3579.
LONG P, GAO W S, SUI P, et al. Effect of agricultural organic wastes incorporation on soil water-stable aggregates and C,?N contents[J].?Journal of china Agricultural University,?2014,?19(5):?107-118.
LU W?L, DONG J?X, SONG W?J,?et al. Effects of deep soil tillage and straw returning on soil physical properties and yield and quality of tobacco leaves[J].?Chinese Tobacco Science, 2019, 40(1): 25-32.
JIANG C,?ZHANG J H, YANG Y J,?et al.?Effect of plant straws on tomato and ?[J].?Plant protection,?2015, 41(4): 165-170.
ZHOU W J,?WANG K R,?ZHANG G Y,?et al. Effects of inorganic-organic fertilizer incorporation on ?productivity and soil fertility of rice cropping system in red soil area of China[J]. Scientia?Agricultura?Sinica,?2002, 35(9):?1109-1113.
YANG W P,?WANG C H,?RU Z G. Effects of returning straw to field on rhizosphere?microorganisms?quantity and yield of winter wheat cultivar Bai-nong?Aikang58[J]. Guizhou Agricultural Sciences 2011, 39(4):?121-123
YANG W P,?WANG C H, R Z G. Effect of returning straw to field on rhizosphere microorganisms and soil enzyme activity of winter wheat cultivar Bai-nong Aikang58[J]. Journal of Northeast Agricultural University,?2011, 42(7): 20-23.
YANG W P, SHAN C J, WANG C H. Effects of returning straw amount to field on rhizosphere microorganisms and yield of winter wheat[J]. Guangdong Agricultural Sciences, 2012(5): 59-61.
CHE H.?Growth of wheat and soil microbial community dynamics under the different straw condition[D].?Kaifeng:?Henan University,?2011.