劉珺良 王子文 費(fèi)素娟
[摘要] 目的 探討胃癌患者血清中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(NLR)及血小板與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(PLR)與胃癌病理特征之間的相關(guān)性。 方法 選擇2015年1月~2018年8月于徐州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)就診的457例胃癌患者作為研究對象,以同期在我院體檢的200名健康人群為對照組,分析兩組NLR及PLR的差異,以及腫瘤浸潤深度、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和TNM分期與NLR、PLR之間的相關(guān)性。 結(jié)果 胃癌組NLR、PLR均明顯高于對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。NLR升高組(NLR≥2.44)患者較NLR降低組(NLR<2.44)、PLR升高組(PLR≥176.59)患者較PLR降低組(PLR<176.59)患者,有更大的腫瘤最大徑、更差的分化程度、更深的浸潤深度、更多的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和較晚的TNM分期,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。NLR升高+PLR升高組淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移人數(shù)所占比例明顯高于NLR降低+PLR升高組、NLR升高+PLR降低組及NLR降低+PLR降低組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);NLR降低+PLR升高組、NLR升高+PLR降低組患者淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率明顯高于NLR降低+PLR降低組(P < 0.05),其他各組間淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。NLR和PLR之間存在明顯正相關(guān)性(r = 0.648,P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 胃癌患者NLR、PLR越高,提示腫瘤浸潤程度越深、分化程度越低、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)目越多、腫瘤直徑越大及TNM分期越晚,預(yù)后越差。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 胃癌;中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值;血小板與淋巴細(xì)胞比值;淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移
[中圖分類號] R735.2? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2019)07(b)-0116-05
Relationship between the ratio of peripheral blood neutrophils and platelet to lymphocytes in patients with gastric cancer and the pathological characteristics of gastric cancer
LIU Junliang1? ?WANG Ziwen1? ?FEI Sujuan2
1.Clinical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou? ?221002, China; 2.Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou? ?221002, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the correlation of serum neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) with pathological features of gastric cancer in patients with gastric cancer. Methods A total of 457 patients with gastric cancer who were admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University (“our hospital” for short) from January 2015 to August 2018 were enrolled in the study. The 200 healthy people taken physical examination in our hospital during the same period were used as the control group. The differences of NLR and PLR between the two groups were analyzed retrospectively. And the correlation between tumor invasion depth or lymph node metastasis or TNM staging and NLR or PLR was analyzed. Results NLR and PLR in the gastric cancer group were significantly higher than those in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The patients in NLR elevation group (NLR≥2.44) were more likely to have larger tumor diameters, worse differentiation, deeper infiltration depth, more lymph node metastasis, and later TNM than those in the NLR reduction group (NLR<2.44), as well as PLR elevation group (PLR≥176.59) compared with PLR reduction group (PLR<176.59) (P < 0.05). The proportion of lymph node metastasis in patients with NLR elevation + PLR elevation group was significantly higher than that in NLR reduction + PLR elevation, NLR elevation + PLR reduction and NLR reduction + PLR reduction groups (P < 0.05). The lymph node metastasis rate of NLR reduction + PLR elevation group and NLR elevation + PLR reduction group was significantly higher than NLR reduction + PLR reduction group (P < 0.05), there was no significant difference in lymph node metastasis rate among the other groups (P > 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between NLR and PLR (r = 0.648, P < 0.05). Conclusion The higher the NLR and PLR of gastric cancer patients, the deeper the degree of tumor infiltration, the lower the degree of differentiation, the greater the number of lymph node metastases, the larger the tumor diameter and the later the TNM stage, the worse the prognosis.
[Key words] Gastric cancer; Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; Lymphatic metastasis
胃癌是最常見的消化道腫瘤,每年全世界74%的新發(fā)胃癌病例在亞洲,其中47%在中國,我國胃癌的發(fā)病率在男性和女性中分列第2、3位,病死率均列第2位[1]。近些年來,越來越多的研究證實(shí)了炎性反應(yīng)在癌癥中的作用[2-4],如幽門螺桿菌感染所致的胃癌就是以中性粒細(xì)胞和T細(xì)胞為主的炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤[5],包括中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)和血小板與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio,PLR)在內(nèi)的血液中各種炎性標(biāo)志物被廣泛關(guān)注。本研究旨在探討胃癌患者外周血中NLR、PLR和胃癌病理資料(包括臨床TNM分期、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移等)之間的相關(guān)性,為預(yù)測患者TNM分期以及評估預(yù)后提供一些幫助。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇2015年1月~2018年8月在徐州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)胃腸外科行胃癌根治術(shù)的胃癌患者作為胃癌組,共計(jì)457例,其中女125例,男332例,平均年齡(59.61±11.45)歲。以同期在我院體檢的200名健康人群為對照組,其中女53名,男147名,平均年齡(58.73±12.31)歲。
1.2 納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.2.1 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)? ①病歷資料齊全的初診胃癌患者,術(shù)后病理證實(shí)為胃惡性腫瘤并行根治性切除手術(shù),胃癌的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及分期參照2017年美國癌癥聯(lián)合會(AJCC)指南(第8版)[6];②血液標(biāo)本在術(shù)前1周留取。
1.2.2 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)? ①術(shù)前行新輔助放療和化療;②合并其他惡性腫瘤;③術(shù)前1個月內(nèi)有活動性出血、凝血功能障礙或接受輸血治療;④伴有甲狀腺功能亢進(jìn)或減退、結(jié)締組織病等;⑤術(shù)前1個月內(nèi)應(yīng)用激素或免疫抑制劑。
1.3 方法
1.3.1 標(biāo)本采集? 研究對象的臨床資料:姓名、年齡、性別、住院號。術(shù)后的病理資料:腫瘤最大直徑、部位、分化程度、浸潤深度、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)目、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移和TNM分期等。受試者禁食12 h后于次晨空腹抽取靜脈血,送至我院檢驗(yàn)科檢測血常規(guī)。
1.3.2 樣本分組依據(jù)? 457例胃癌患者外周血NLR為(2.44±0.86),PLR為(176.59±62.61)。將NLR≥2.44的患者定義為NLR升高組,NLR<2.44的患者定義為NLR降低組,將PLR≥176.59的患者定義為PLR升高組,PLR<176.59的患者定義為PLR降低組。將NLR≥2.44且PLR≥176.59的患者定義為NLR升高+PLR升高組,將NLR≥2.44且PLR<176.59的患者定義為NLR升高+PLR降低組,將NLR<2.44且PLR≥176.59的患者定義為NLR降低+PLR升高組,將NLR<2.44且PLR<176.59的患者定義為NLR降低+PLR降低組。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 21.0對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)量資料符合正態(tài)分布,采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用兩獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料采用例數(shù)或百分比表示,兩組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。采用Pearson相關(guān)性分析對NLR和PLR之間的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行分析。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 胃癌組和對照組相關(guān)指標(biāo)比較
兩組患者性別、年齡比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。胃癌組NLR、PLR均明顯高于對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表1。
2.2 胃癌患者NLR、PLR與臨床病理資料的關(guān)系
胃癌患者外周血中NLR和PLR升高組與降低組比較,前者腫瘤最大徑更大、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)量較多、分化程度更差、TNM分期較晚、浸潤深度較深,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表2。
2.3 胃癌患者NLR、PLR與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)系
NLR升高+PLR升高組、NLR降低+PLR升高組、NLR升高+PLR降低組、NLR降低+PLR降低組的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率分別為94.90%、66.22%、60.00%、23.48%,經(jīng)兩兩比較,NLR升高+PLR升高組淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移人數(shù)所占比例均明顯高于其他三組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2 = 40.714、26.286、155.707,均P < 0.05);NLR降低+PLR升高組、NLR升高+PLR降低組淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移人數(shù)所占比例均明顯高于NLR降低+PLR降低組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2 = 51.277、11.416,均P < 0.05);NLR降低+PLR升高組淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移人數(shù)所占比例與NLR升高+PLR降低組差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2 = 0.301,P > 0.05)。見表3。
2.4 NLR、PLR之間的相關(guān)性分析
PLR與NLR之間的相關(guān)性經(jīng)Pearson相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果顯示,NLR與PLR之間存在明顯的正相關(guān)性(r = 0.648,P < 0.05)。見圖1。
3 討論
1863年,病理學(xué)家Roulf Virchow首次提出腫瘤源自慢性炎癥的理論后,越來越多的研究證明腫瘤與炎癥相關(guān)[7]。近年來研究表明[8],如果炎性反應(yīng)沒有被及時調(diào)控,就會遷延為誘導(dǎo)周圍組織中細(xì)胞癌變的慢性炎癥,增加致癌性,有學(xué)者認(rèn)為這是由于炎性反應(yīng)與組織癌變共用相似的分子靶點(diǎn)及信號通路所致[9]。隨著現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)展,人們對于機(jī)體的炎癥狀態(tài)與惡性腫瘤的關(guān)系有了更深的認(rèn)識。腫瘤相關(guān)炎癥細(xì)胞通過釋放一系列炎性介質(zhì)、細(xì)胞因子及酶類物質(zhì),造成血管通透性的改變,進(jìn)而誘發(fā)更多的炎癥細(xì)胞參與炎性反應(yīng),并通過釋放炎性介質(zhì),造成氧化損傷、DNA突變、腫瘤微環(huán)境改變等,從而促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[10]。其中,作為腫瘤微環(huán)境中重要因子的中性粒細(xì)胞、血小板、淋巴細(xì)胞,介入了腫瘤發(fā)生成長的整個過程,在腫瘤相關(guān)的炎癥和免疫中扮演了重要的角色[11]。因此,探索NLR、PLR與胃癌轉(zhuǎn)歸的聯(lián)系,具有重要意義。
外周血中性粒細(xì)胞升高與腫瘤產(chǎn)生的造血細(xì)胞因子相關(guān),中性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)被認(rèn)為和腫瘤的固有侵襲性有關(guān)[12]。中性粒細(xì)胞通過上調(diào)相關(guān)蛋白酶及細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá),激活相應(yīng)信號通路(IRS-1-PI3K-磷酸AKT),進(jìn)而促進(jìn)腫瘤的生長及轉(zhuǎn)移[13]。同時,中性粒細(xì)胞也可以通過重塑細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),釋放活性氧、一氧化氮等來促進(jìn)腫瘤的生長和轉(zhuǎn)移,然后通過釋放反應(yīng)物來抑制細(xì)胞毒性淋巴細(xì)胞的功能[14]。中性粒細(xì)胞增加及其功能增強(qiáng)可導(dǎo)致胃癌患者的預(yù)后不良,專家們稱中性粒細(xì)胞增多是腫瘤進(jìn)展的“警示燈”[15]。血小板可通過促進(jìn)血管新生、產(chǎn)生黏附分子而促進(jìn)癌細(xì)胞生長和轉(zhuǎn)移,還可保護(hù)癌細(xì)胞免受免疫攻擊、機(jī)械損傷,并協(xié)助癌細(xì)胞發(fā)生免疫逃逸。同時,癌細(xì)胞也可誘導(dǎo)血小板的聚集,新生腫瘤分泌白介素(IL)-6和組織因子促進(jìn)血小板的生成及活化。另外,分泌的血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF)、轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β(TGF-β)有利于血管形成,促進(jìn)腫瘤的發(fā)展[16]。臨床資料顯示,血小板的計(jì)數(shù)和功能異常與腫瘤進(jìn)展相關(guān)[17]。相關(guān)研究表明,腫瘤細(xì)胞可產(chǎn)生VEGF、TGF-β、IL-10等具有免疫抑制性的細(xì)胞因子,抑制T淋巴細(xì)胞浸潤[18]。癌癥患者體內(nèi)淋巴細(xì)胞數(shù)量減少,與腫瘤細(xì)胞抑制淋巴細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的免疫反應(yīng)有關(guān)[19]。正常人外周血NLR、PLR作為上述3種細(xì)胞的比值,具有相對的穩(wěn)定性。隨著腫瘤的進(jìn)展及轉(zhuǎn)移,患者體內(nèi)中性粒細(xì)胞、血小板計(jì)數(shù)升高,淋巴細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)減少,機(jī)體炎性反應(yīng)與抗腫瘤免疫之間失去平衡,促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞浸潤轉(zhuǎn)移的因素增加。
既往研究證實(shí),NLR和PLR與多種惡性腫瘤預(yù)后密切相關(guān),如結(jié)腸、胃、食管、卵巢、肺、乳腺、胰腺[20-25]。一項(xiàng)大樣本的研究表明,NLR能夠獨(dú)立預(yù)測可切除胃癌患者的術(shù)后生存率[26],PLR升高提示胃癌患者預(yù)后欠佳[27]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高NLR、PLR胃癌患者在腫瘤大小、分化程度、浸潤深度、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和TNM分期方面與低NLR、PLR胃癌患者的差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),提示胃癌患者NLR、PLR越高,腫瘤浸潤程度越深,分化程度越低,淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)目越多,腫瘤直徑越大,TNM分期越晚,并由此推測,當(dāng)NLR、PLR升高時,意味著機(jī)體的有效防御力減弱,抵御惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞的屏障被破壞,最終導(dǎo)致患者的預(yù)后變差。
隨著多學(xué)科診療技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,胃癌的預(yù)后較前有所改善。有無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移是影響胃癌預(yù)后的重要因素[28]。Aizawa等[29]研究表明,NLR升高提示胃癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,其可能原因?yàn)橹行粤<?xì)胞是循環(huán)中VEGF的主要來源,VEGF的過度表達(dá)可促進(jìn)腫瘤血管生成及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移。本研究結(jié)果顯示,胃癌患者外周血PLR≥176.59及NLR≥2.44提示淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,對手術(shù)方式的選擇及淋巴結(jié)清掃具有一定的指導(dǎo)意義。
綜上所述,胃癌患者外周血NLR、PLR升高,與患者的腫瘤大小、分化程度、浸潤深度、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、臨床分期相關(guān),對于患者預(yù)后具有一定的預(yù)測價值。但本研究為回顧性研究,僅根據(jù)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、腫瘤浸潤深度、大小等情況判斷胃癌患者的疾病進(jìn)展及預(yù)后還不夠全面,希望以后的學(xué)者以更大樣本量或前瞻性研究來進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]? Chen W,Zheng R,Baade PD,et al. Cancer statistics in China,2015 [J]. CA Cancer J Clin,2016,66(2):115-132.
[2]? Man SM,Karki R,Kanneganti TD. AIM2 inflammasome in infection,cancer,and autoimmunity:Role in DNA sensing,inflammation,and innate immunity [J]. Eur J Immunol,2016,46(2):269-280.
[3]? Coffelt SB,de Visser KE. Cancer:Inflammation lights the way to metastasis [J]. Nature,2014,507(7490):48-49.
[4]? Shalapour S,Karin M. Immunity,inflammation,and cancer:an eternal fight between good and evil [J]. J Clin Invest,2015,125(9):3347-3355.
[5]? Amedei A,Munari F,Bella CD,et al. Helicobacter pylori secreted peptidyl prolyl cis,trans-isomerase drives Th17 inflammation in gastric adenocarcinoma [J]. Intern Emerg Med,2014,9(3):303-309.
[6]? Amin MB,Edge SB,Greene FL,et al. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual [M]. 8 edition. New York:Springer International Publishing,2017.
[7]? Cortez-Retamozo V,Etzrodt M,Newton A,et al. Origins of tumor-associated macrophages and neutrophils [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2012,109(7):2491-2496.
[8]? Medzhitov R. Origin and physiological roles of inflammation [J]. Nature,2008,454(7203):428-435.
[9]? Landskron G,De la Fuente M,Thuwajit P,et al. Chronic inflammation and cytokines in the tumor microenvironment [J]. Immunol Res,2014,2014:149-185.
[10]? Dalpiaz O,Ehrlich GC,Mannweiler S,et al. Validation of pretreatment neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic factor in a European cohort of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma [J]. BJU Int,2014,114(3):334-339.
[11]? Schreiber RD,Old LJ,Smyth MJ. Cancer immunoediting:integrating immunity's roles in cancer suppression and promotion [J]. Science,2011,331(6024):1565-1570.
[12]? Lee Y,Kim SH,Han JY,et al. Early neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio reduction as a surrogate marker of prognosis in never smokers with advanced lung adenocarcinoma receiving gefitinib or standard chemotherapy as first-line therapy [J]. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2012,138(12):2009-2016.
[13]? Piccard H,Muschel RJ,Opdenakker G. On the dual roles and polarized phenotypes of neutrophils in tumor development and progression [J]. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol,2012,82(3):296-309.
[14]? Kemal Y,Yucel I,Ekiz K,et al. Elevated serum neutrophil to lymphocyte and platelet to lymphocyte ratios could be useful in lung cancer diagnosis [J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev,2014,15(6):2651-2654.
[15]? 邢藝,趙明峰.粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子受體突變和髓系腫瘤發(fā)生[J].中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院學(xué)報,2016,38(1):103-107.
[16]? Jurasz P,Alonso-Escolano D,Radomski MW. Platelet-cancer interactions:mechanisms and pharmacology of tumour cell-induced platelet aggregation [J]. Br J Pharmacol,2004,143(7):819-826.
[17]? Bambace NM,Holmes CE. The platelet contribution to cancer progression[J]. J Thromb Haemost,2011,9(2):237-249.
[18]? Diakos CI,Charles KA,McMillan DC,et al. Cancer-related inflammation and treatment effectiveness [J]. Lancet Oncol,2014,15(11):e493-e503.
[19]? Mantovani A,Allavena P,Sica A,et al. Cancer-related inflammation [J]. Nature,2008,454(7203):436-444.
[20]? He W,Yin C,Guo G,et al. Initial neutrophil lymphocyte ratio is superior to platelet lymphocyte ratio as an adverse prognostic and predictive factor in metastatic colorectal cancer [J]. Med Oncol,2013,30(1):439.
[21]? Musri FY,Mutlu H,Eryilmaz MK,et al. The Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio is an Independent Prognostic Factor in Patients with Metastatic Gastric Cancer [J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev,2016,17(3):1309-1312.
[22]? Smith RA,Bosonnet L,Raraty M,et al. Preoperative platelet-lymphocyte ratio is an independent significant prognostic marker in resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [J]. Am J Surg,2009,197(4):466-472.
[23]? Sharaiha RZ,Halazun KJ,Mirza F,et al. Elevated preoperative neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of postoperative disease recurrence in esophageal cancer [J]. Ann Surg Oncol,2011,18(12):3362-3369.
[24]? Thavaramara T,Phaloprakarn C,Tangjitgamol S,et al. Role of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic indicator for epithelial ovarian cancer [J]. J Med Assoc Thai,2011,94(7):871-877.
[25]? Azab B,Bhatt VR,Phookan J,et al. Usefulness of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in predicting short- and long-term mortality in breast cancer patients [J]. Ann Surg Oncol,2012,19(1):217-224.
[26]? Wang SC,Chou JF,Strong VE,et al. Pretreatment Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio Independently Predicts Disease-specific Survival in Resectable Gastroesophageal Junction and Gastric Adenocarcinoma [J]. Ann Surg,2016,263(2):292-297.
[27]? Aliustaoglu M,Bilici A,Ustaalioglu BB,et al. The effect of peripheral blood values on prognosis of patients with locally advanced gastric cancer before treatment [J]. Med Oncol,2010,27(4):1060-1065.
[28]? Ren G,Cai R,Zhang W,et al. Prediction of risk factors for lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer [J]. World J Gastroenterol,2013,19(20):3096-3107.
[29]? Aizawa M,Gotohda N,Takahashi S,et al. Predictive value of baseline neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio for T4 disease in wall-penetrating gastric cancer [J]. World J Surg,2011,35(12):2717-2722.