国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

基于腦重塑的手功能康復(fù)進(jìn)展

2019-10-19 16:15黃文柱嚴(yán)文王志軍朱凡特孟紅旗保穎怡

黃文柱 嚴(yán)文 王志軍 朱凡特 孟紅旗 保穎怡

[摘要] 手功能康復(fù)除傳統(tǒng)康復(fù)治療及作業(yè)治療外,涌現(xiàn)出了腦機(jī)接口、功能性電刺激、生物反饋療法、經(jīng)顱磁刺激、鏡像療法、運(yùn)動(dòng)想象、機(jī)器人等新技術(shù),這些新技術(shù)的康復(fù)機(jī)制在于建立及恢復(fù)與大腦皮質(zhì)的重塑。中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)受損后,手功能的康復(fù)是上肢康復(fù)的關(guān)鍵,手功能恢復(fù)過程實(shí)際上是大腦功能的重塑過程。手功能康復(fù)應(yīng)盡早進(jìn)行不同的個(gè)性化的康復(fù)治療,使患者盡早重返社會(huì)。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 手功能康復(fù);腦重塑;腦機(jī)接口;經(jīng)顱磁刺激;鏡像療法

[中圖分類號(hào)] R49? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2019)09(b)-0037-04

Progress of hand function rehabilitation in brain remodeling

HUANG Wenzhu1? ?YAN Wen1? ?WANG Zhijun1? ?ZHU Fante2? ?MENG Hongqi2? ?BAO Yinyi2

1.Department of Rehabilitation, the Fifth Foshan Hospital Affiliated to Foshan University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Province, Foshan? ?528211, China; 2.Department of Rehabilitation, Medical Engineering College Affiliated to Foshan University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Province, Foshan? ?528000, China

[Abstract] In addition to traditional rehabilitation and occupational therapy, new technologies such as brain-computer interface, functional electrical stimulation, biofeedback therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, mirror therapy, movement imaging and robotics have emerged. The rehabilitation mechanism of these new technologies lies in establishment and recovery with the cerebral cortex remodeling. Rehabilitation of hand function is the key to upper limb rehabilitation after central nervous system damage. The process of hand function recovery is actually a process of remodeling brain function. Rehabilitation of hand function should be carried out as soon as possible with different personalized rehabilitation, so that patients can return to society as soon as possible.

[Key words] Hand function rehabilitation; Brain remodeling; Brain-computer interface; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Mirror therapy

近年來(lái),手功能康復(fù)除傳統(tǒng)康復(fù)治療及作業(yè)治療的一些手段外,手功能障礙治療也取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步,涌現(xiàn)出了腦機(jī)接口、功能性電刺激、生物反饋療法、經(jīng)顱電刺激、鏡像療法、運(yùn)動(dòng)想象、機(jī)器人等一大批優(yōu)秀新技術(shù)的代表[1]。這些新技術(shù)的康復(fù)機(jī)制在于使腦損傷部位的細(xì)胞遷移,軸突與樹突的發(fā)芽、再生,腦損傷周邊區(qū)域的重建與重構(gòu),損傷的皮質(zhì)脊髓束運(yùn)動(dòng)通路建立及恢復(fù)與大腦皮質(zhì)的重塑[2]。這些新技術(shù)旨在通過多方面的協(xié)作治療,使患者的手功能康復(fù)質(zhì)量得到提升。

1 腦機(jī)接口技術(shù)

臨床手功能康復(fù)的腦機(jī)接口技術(shù)是基于運(yùn)動(dòng)想象的腦機(jī)接口,是指將人向電腦輸入信息的計(jì)算機(jī)終端相連接,屬于非侵入性腦機(jī)接口,機(jī)的元素是機(jī)體、顯示器與控制器,通過控制器將其輸出信息轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闄C(jī)械的輸入信息[3];好的腦機(jī)接口界面簡(jiǎn)潔、美觀及信息豐富,操作既簡(jiǎn)便又富有引導(dǎo)性,患者在使用時(shí)能夠興趣飽滿,輕松愉快[4]。人的元素是手的運(yùn)動(dòng),手的運(yùn)動(dòng)與感覺操控是利用患者腦機(jī)接口直接神經(jīng)信息輸出,然后反饋到周圍神經(jīng)與中樞神經(jīng)器官、感受器及大腦的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),大腦的可塑性在于通過反饋信息如獎(jiǎng)賞等得到加強(qiáng)。經(jīng)系統(tǒng)之間的“反射環(huán)路”,依托腦機(jī)接口直接干預(yù)大腦的神經(jīng)中樞,可進(jìn)一步激活大腦神經(jīng)細(xì)胞,從而使患者大腦皮質(zhì)重塑[5]。Hatem等[6]研究認(rèn)為,通過腦機(jī)接口的訓(xùn)練,腦卒中患者同側(cè)病灶大腦代償功能得到恢復(fù),手的運(yùn)動(dòng)功能得到提高,功能性磁共振成像顯示大腦皮質(zhì)重塑。Song等[7]對(duì)腦卒中患者進(jìn)行強(qiáng)化手指康復(fù)訓(xùn)練,經(jīng)過4周腦機(jī)接口手功能康復(fù)訓(xùn)練后,治療組患者的手運(yùn)動(dòng)功能增加,被動(dòng)屈伸運(yùn)動(dòng)的腕關(guān)節(jié)對(duì)側(cè)皮質(zhì)區(qū)較治療前激活體積更大、強(qiáng)度更高,而對(duì)照組未經(jīng)康復(fù)訓(xùn)練的皮質(zhì)區(qū)改變不明顯。

2 經(jīng)顱磁刺激技術(shù)

經(jīng)顱磁刺激技術(shù)是利用脈沖磁場(chǎng)作用于大腦的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),磁場(chǎng)通過感應(yīng)場(chǎng)再激發(fā)生物體內(nèi)的磁場(chǎng)變化,使生物體內(nèi)組織產(chǎn)生電場(chǎng)和電流[8]。當(dāng)電流超過生物組織內(nèi)的電位閾值時(shí),皮質(zhì)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的膜電位被改變,神經(jīng)電活動(dòng)和腦內(nèi)代謝被影響,從而改變大腦及通路神經(jīng)的興奮性而產(chǎn)生皮質(zhì)及神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接。大腦皮質(zhì)內(nèi)的電流可激活腦組織內(nèi)的錐體細(xì)胞,引起神經(jīng)元軸突內(nèi)的電生理和功能變化[9]。近來(lái)研究的立體定向經(jīng)顱磁刺激技術(shù)能結(jié)合fMRI結(jié)果,使刺激部位的準(zhǔn)確性得到了極大提高,經(jīng)顱磁刺激技術(shù)通過精確控制刺激大腦的深度和精度,通過準(zhǔn)確的不同刺激部位、頻率、強(qiáng)度、線圈方向來(lái)調(diào)整,通過神經(jīng)傳遞而達(dá)到手功能部位康復(fù)的目的[10]。Takeuchi等[11]研究采用3 Hz經(jīng)顱磁刺激病側(cè)大腦半球10 d,結(jié)合對(duì)側(cè)上肢肢體的被動(dòng)活動(dòng),再逐漸增加偏癱患者手的活動(dòng),結(jié)果患者手運(yùn)動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的運(yùn)動(dòng)誘發(fā)電位有很大進(jìn)步。Lüdemann[12]觀察手功能障礙的單側(cè)腦梗死患者27例及健康對(duì)照組9例,分別在腦梗死 10 d、1個(gè)月及6個(gè)月時(shí)接受皮質(zhì)內(nèi)易化和皮質(zhì)內(nèi)抑制檢測(cè),結(jié)果表明,皮質(zhì)梗死患者皮質(zhì)內(nèi)易化明顯增強(qiáng),皮質(zhì)下梗死患者皮質(zhì)內(nèi)抑制明顯增強(qiáng)。Mrachacz等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)顱磁刺激大腦皮質(zhì)損傷的梗死患者,會(huì)降低對(duì)側(cè)健側(cè)大腦半球的興奮性,同時(shí)會(huì)影響腦卒中皮質(zhì)損傷患者兩側(cè)的感覺區(qū)及運(yùn)動(dòng)區(qū)。

3 虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)

虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)即為手功能康復(fù)的患者提供一個(gè)虛擬環(huán)境,以手部功能康復(fù)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)與增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ),使其在身臨其境的虛擬環(huán)境中,為手功能康復(fù)訓(xùn)練提供可以重復(fù)性的主動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng),促使大腦中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)不斷對(duì)其手的動(dòng)作質(zhì)量進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充修正,建立手功能的新區(qū)域代償,實(shí)現(xiàn)手功能的重塑,恢復(fù)上肢的技能[14]。利用交互環(huán)境,從虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)的環(huán)境反饋、糾正、感覺、感知并調(diào)整不正常運(yùn)動(dòng)。手勢(shì)的捕獲可以利用各種傳感器,在視、嗅、聽、觸、味覺等方面進(jìn)行計(jì)算機(jī)模擬手勢(shì)的位置、方向及距離,并將習(xí)得的手的運(yùn)動(dòng)技能遷移到現(xiàn)實(shí)環(huán)境中,增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí)環(huán)境中手部功能的訓(xùn)練[15]。Berenice等[16]的康復(fù)評(píng)定分為聽覺、視覺反饋、心理、關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)范圍、肌力、共濟(jì)功能評(píng)定。通過視覺反饋強(qiáng)化患者正確的操作,引導(dǎo)患者目睹訓(xùn)練過程中手的錯(cuò)誤運(yùn)動(dòng)模式并及時(shí)糾正。通過聽覺反饋,虛擬系統(tǒng)通過語(yǔ)言提示,如達(dá)到目標(biāo)后的稱贊,使患者通過在虛擬環(huán)境中獲得患側(cè)肢體正確的運(yùn)動(dòng)模式的同時(shí),而獲得信心,以促進(jìn)功能恢復(fù)?;颊呤值牟煌奶囟ㄈ蝿?wù)在虛擬環(huán)境中可以根據(jù)不同情況進(jìn)行反復(fù)安全的強(qiáng)化模仿訓(xùn)練,以減少現(xiàn)實(shí)環(huán)境中由不正確的操作導(dǎo)致的危險(xiǎn)[17]。虛擬場(chǎng)景圍繞人手自然行為,如設(shè)計(jì)包括掌骨、指骨、手腕的運(yùn)動(dòng),以及手部整體協(xié)調(diào)性直接虛擬三維交互。有人通過20例患者手功能康復(fù)的對(duì)照性研究,證實(shí)了虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)環(huán)境中康復(fù)訓(xùn)練交互模式的安全性、有效性和可行性[6]。Shin等[18]認(rèn)為,虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)康復(fù)技術(shù)可對(duì)手功能康復(fù)者進(jìn)行信息儲(chǔ)存與數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)建立,在人機(jī)互動(dòng)時(shí),根據(jù)患者的心理活動(dòng)、身體狀況通過計(jì)算機(jī)圖像技術(shù)軌跡來(lái)捕捉、評(píng)估與評(píng)定。

4 鏡像療法

鏡像療法是指利用平面鏡成像原理,療法涉及模仿學(xué)習(xí)、運(yùn)動(dòng)想象、動(dòng)作觀察等諸多過程,為提高患手的存在意識(shí),讓患者想象患側(cè)運(yùn)動(dòng),通過視覺反饋及虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù),患側(cè)活動(dòng)的畫面由健側(cè)復(fù)制,大腦功能重塑通過鏡像神經(jīng)元系統(tǒng)激活、促進(jìn),從而使受損的手運(yùn)動(dòng)功能康復(fù)[19]。臨床研究證實(shí),人大腦的鏡像神經(jīng)元,主要位于額下回后部、頂下小葉、顳上溝及腦島中葉。從中央前回發(fā)出的神經(jīng)纖維有80%~90%交叉到對(duì)側(cè),其余部分未交叉直接下行,經(jīng)皮質(zhì)脊髓前束支配同側(cè)的運(yùn)動(dòng)。因此,一側(cè)大腦半球受損害后,由于部分沒有交叉到對(duì)側(cè)纖維的存在,影響了同側(cè)的手功能及肢體。因此,腦卒中偏癱患者的康復(fù)訓(xùn)練中,也應(yīng)對(duì)非偏癱側(cè)手進(jìn)行適當(dāng)訓(xùn)練。鏡像療法實(shí)際也是對(duì)雙側(cè)手功能進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練,患側(cè)上肢的存在意識(shí)也是通過幻像提高,這樣有利于減輕“習(xí)得性廢用”[20]。實(shí)踐研究證明,鏡像療法能使病灶側(cè)大腦皮質(zhì)的活性增強(qiáng),有利于患側(cè)手功能的恢復(fù)[21]。Caires等[22]通過對(duì)腦梗死患者21 d的研究認(rèn)為,鏡像療法對(duì)改善腦卒中患者指伸肌肌力及腕、手的協(xié)調(diào)性方面有顯著的療效,但在改善指腕伸、屈肌肌力及肌痙攣方面無(wú)明顯差別。Kim等[23]通過28 d的研究認(rèn)為,鏡像療法對(duì)腦卒中患者上肢運(yùn)動(dòng)功能的日常生活能力,F(xiàn)ugl-Meyer評(píng)分及Brunnstrom分期有顯著的作用。Lee等[24]研究表明,鏡像療法能改善患者手功能,同時(shí)前運(yùn)動(dòng)皮質(zhì)、頂下小葉頭部、顳中回等區(qū)域明顯激活。Campos等[25]研究認(rèn)為,雙側(cè)運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練比單側(cè)效果顯著,這樣兩側(cè)大腦半球皮質(zhì)相關(guān)的手運(yùn)動(dòng)區(qū)均得到激活重塑,從而使患者的手功能得以恢復(fù)。

5 功能性電刺激

功能性電刺激是應(yīng)用一定強(qiáng)度低頻脈沖電流,以替代大腦發(fā)出的控制指令,刺激失去神經(jīng)控制的肌肉,引發(fā)肌肉收縮,促進(jìn)其運(yùn)動(dòng),進(jìn)而改善或恢復(fù)障礙的手功能,其特點(diǎn)是電刺激及肌肉收縮信號(hào)可沿周圍神經(jīng)傳入脊髓及大腦中樞,通過大腦皮質(zhì)重塑促進(jìn)手功能重建。功能性電刺激可改善雙側(cè)的大腦皮質(zhì)活性,興奮患側(cè)大腦半球,增強(qiáng)大腦半球間去抑制,促進(jìn)兩個(gè)大腦半球間興奮與抑制平衡的正?;?,從而誘發(fā)手的肌肉收縮,以達(dá)到增強(qiáng)手活動(dòng)能力及恢復(fù)被刺激肌群或肌肉功能的目的[26]。Lee等[27]使用功能性電刺激治療腦梗死偏癱患者,經(jīng)21 d治療后,患側(cè)手功能得到有效改善,與對(duì)照組比較,差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。

6 運(yùn)動(dòng)想象療法

運(yùn)動(dòng)想象療法是指在沒有明顯肢體活動(dòng)的情況下,想象執(zhí)行一個(gè)或多個(gè)具體動(dòng)作,根據(jù)肢體運(yùn)動(dòng)記憶在大腦中激活某一皮質(zhì)的運(yùn)動(dòng)區(qū)域腦重塑。同時(shí)增強(qiáng)患者的各種信息回路傳到大腦皮質(zhì),促使其神經(jīng)再生,并向患肢的肌肉效應(yīng)器發(fā)出神經(jīng)指令,重復(fù)刺激,以達(dá)到運(yùn)動(dòng)想象的康復(fù)目的[28]。有學(xué)者對(duì)一組患者入院后進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)想象療法,讓患者全身放松仰臥于床上,進(jìn)行5 min的“運(yùn)動(dòng)想象”暗示治療,如讓患者集中所有注意力想象手握球拍,手持木釘?shù)木跋?,然后? min的時(shí)間,讓患者集中注意力想象周圍空間環(huán)境,并想象返回病房后的肢體感覺,每周兩次,連續(xù)治療8周為1個(gè)療程,從而達(dá)到手功能的康復(fù);還有學(xué)者利用fMRI研究證實(shí),運(yùn)動(dòng)想象療法對(duì)手功能恢復(fù)的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)想象訓(xùn)練能改善偏癱患者手的運(yùn)動(dòng)功能[29]。在閉眼想象時(shí),Hoermann等[30]研究PET顯示,想象空間的區(qū)域大小與腦區(qū)激活位置相關(guān)。

總之,中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)受損后,手功能的康復(fù)是上肢康復(fù)的關(guān)鍵,手運(yùn)動(dòng)功能恢復(fù)過程實(shí)際上是大腦功能的重塑過程[31]。但由于手不僅有精細(xì)的感覺、觸覺功能,還能完成復(fù)雜精細(xì)的動(dòng)作,手在大腦皮質(zhì)的投射區(qū)域很大,錐體細(xì)胞與皮質(zhì)脊髓束之間是較多的單突觸聯(lián)系,因此對(duì)于腦卒中后手功能障礙患者,應(yīng)盡早評(píng)定,盡早實(shí)現(xiàn)大腦的重塑[32]。對(duì)于上述有發(fā)展前景的治療方法,應(yīng)盡早進(jìn)行不同的個(gè)性化的康復(fù)治療,使患者盡早恢復(fù)手功能并重返社會(huì)。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

[1]? Villafa?觡e JH,Taveggia G,Galeri S,et al. Efficacy of short-term robot-assisted rehabilitation in patients with hand paralysis after stroke: a randomized clinical trial [J]. Hand(NY),2018,13(1):95-102. doi:10.1177/15589447 17692096.

[2]? van der Kooi E,Schiemanck SK,Nollet F,et al. Falls are associated with lower self-reported functional status in patients after stroke [J]. Arch Phys Med Rehabil,2017,98(12):2393-2398. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2017.05.003.

[3]? 莫子霆,孟紅旗,陳鎮(zhèn)鵬,等.康復(fù)訓(xùn)練器械與人機(jī)接口[J].科教導(dǎo)刊,2018,8(6):148-149.

[4]? Pichiorri F,Morone G,Petti M,et al. Brain-computer interface boosts motor imagery practice during stroke recovery [J]. Ann Neurol,2015,77(5):851-865. doi:10.1002/ana.24390.

[5]? Remsik A,Young B,Vermilyea R,et al. A review of the progression and future implications of brain-computer interface therapies for restoration of distal upper extremity motor function after stroke [J]. Expert Rev Med Devices,2016,13(5):445-454. doi:10.1080/17434440.2016.1174572.

[6]? Hatem SM,Saussez G,Della FM,et al. Rehabilitation of motor function after stroke:a multiple systematic review focused on techniques to stimulate upper extremity recovery [J]. Front Hum Neurosci,2016,10(9):442. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00442.

[7]? Song J,Nair VA,Young BM,et al. DTI measures track and predict motor function outcomes in stroke rehabilitation utilizing BCI technology [J]. Front Hum Neurosci,2015,9(195):1-11. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00195.

[8]? Choi CM,Kim JH,Lee JK,et al. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over trunk motor spot on balance function in stroke patients [J]. Ann Rehabil Med,2016,40(5):826-834. doi:10.5535/arm.2016.40.5.826.

[9]? 黃文柱,孟紅旗.頸髓與腦深部電刺激持續(xù)性植物狀態(tài)的康復(fù)進(jìn)展[J].醫(yī)學(xué)與哲學(xué),2017,38(9B):581-582.

[10]? Lee JH,Kim SB,Lee KW,et al. Factors associated with upper extremity motor recovery after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in stroke patients [J]. Ann Rehabil Med,2015,39(2):268-276. doi:10.5535/arm.2015. 39.2.268.

[11]? Takeuchi N,Chuma T,Matsuo Y,et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of contralesional primary motor cortex improves hand function after stroke [J]. Stroke,2005,36(12):2681-2686. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000189658.51972.34.

[12]? Lüdemann-Podubecká J,B?觟sl K,Theilig S,et al. The Effectiveness of 1Hz rTMS Over the Primary Motor Area of the Unaffected Hemisphere to Improve Hand Function After Stroke Depends on Hemispheric Dominance [J]. Brain Stimul,2015,8(4):823-830.

[13]? Mrachacz KN,Jiang N,Stevenson AJ,et al. Efficient neuroplasticity induction in chronic stroke patients by an associative brain-computer interface [J]. J Neurophysiol,2015,115(3):1410-1421.

[14]? 黃文柱,孟紅旗.基于虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)的社區(qū)康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)模式[J].醫(yī)學(xué)與哲學(xué),2016,37(11B):57-58.

[15]? Palacios-Navarro G,Albiol-Pérez S,García-Magari?觡o García I. Effects of sensory cueing in virtual motor rehabilitation. A review [J]. J Biomed Inform,2016,60(3):49-57. doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2016.01.006.

[16]? Berenice S,Rosa M,Ba?觡os CB. Virtual reality and stimulation of touch and smell for inducing relaxation:a randomized controlled trial [J]. Comput Hum Behav,2016, 55(1):1-8.

[17]? Kairy D,Veras M,Archambault P,et al. Maximizing post-stroke upper limb rehabilitation using a novel telerehabilitation interactive virtual reality system in the patient′s home:study protocol of a randomized clinical trial [J]. Contemp Clin Trials,2016,47(3):49-53.

[18]? Shin JH,Bog Park S,Ho Jang S. Effects of game-based virtual reality on health-related quality of life in chronic stroke patients:a randomized,controlled study [J]. Comput Biol Med,2015,63(8):92-98. doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2015.03.011.

[19]? Zeng W,Guo Y,Wu G,et al. Mirror therapy for motor function of the upper extremity in patients with stroke:a meta-analysis [J]. J Rehabil Med,2018,50(1):8-15. doi:10.2340/16501977-2287.

[20]? Park Y,Chang M,Kim KM,et al. The effects of mirror therapy with tasks on upper extremity function and self-care in stroke patients [J]. J Phys Ther Sci,2015,27(5):1499-1501. doi:10.1589/jpts.27.1499.

[21]? Nam HS,Koh S,Beom J,et al. Recovery of proprioception in the upper extremity by robotic mirror therapy:a clinical pilot study for proof of concept [J]. J Korean Med Sci,2017,32(10):1568-1575. doi:10.3346/jkms.2017.32. 10.1568.

[22]? Caires TA, Rodrigues Martinho Fernandes LF, Patrizzi LJ, et al. Immediate effect of mental practice with and without mirror therapy on muscle activation in hemiparetic stroke patients [J]. J Bodyw Mov Ther,2017,21(4):1024-1027. doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2016.12.010.

[23]? Kim H,Lee G,Song C. Effect of functional electrical stimulation with mirror therapy on upper extremity motor function in poststroke patients [J]. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2014,23(4):655-661. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.06.017.

[24]? Lee HJ,Kim YM,Lee DK. The effects of action observation training and mirror therapy on gait and balance in stroke patients [J]. J Phys Ther Sci,2017,29(3):523-526. doi:10.1589/jpts.29.523.

[25]? Campos FV,Neves LM,Da Silva VZ,et al. Hemodynamic effects induced by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in apparently healthy individuals:a systematic review with meta-analysis [J]. Arch Phys Med Rehabil,2016,97(5):826-835. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2015.08.433.

[26]? Yang W,Xu R,Porras JL,et al. Effectiveness of surgical revascularization for stroke prevention in pediatric patients with sickle cell disease and moyamoya syndrome [J]. J Neurosurg Pediatr,2017,20(3):232-238. doi:10.3171/2017.1.PEDS16576.

[27]? Lee MJ,Lee JH,Koo HM,et al. Effectiveness of bilateral arm training for improving extremity function and activities of daily living performance in hemiplegic patients [J]. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2017,26(5):1020-1025. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.12.008.

[28]? Amasyali SY,Yaliman A. Comparison of the effects of mirror therapy and electromyography-triggered neuromuscular stimulation on hand functions in stroke patients:a pilot study [J]. Int J Rehabil Res,2016,39(4):302-307. doi:10.1097/MRR.0000000000000186.

[29]? Kumru H,Albu S,Pelayo R,et al. Motor cortex plasticity during unilateral finger movement with mirror visual feedback [J]. Neural Plast,2016,2016(10):8. doi:10.1155/2016/6087896.

[30]? Hoermann S,F(xiàn)erreira DL,Morkisch N,et al. Computerised mirror therapy with augmented reflection technology for early stroke rehabilitation:clinical feasibility andintegration as an adjunct therapy [J]. Disabil Rehabil,2017,39(15):1503-1514.

[31]? Jang SH,Park JW,Choi BY,et al. Difference of recovery course of motor weakness according to state of corticospinal tract in putaminal hemorrhage [J]. Neurosci Lett,2017,653(5):163-167. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2017. 05.052.

[32]? Cunha BP,de Freitas SMSF,de Freitas PB. Assessment of the ipsilesional hand function in stroke survivors:the effect of lesion side [J]. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2017, 26(7):1615-1621. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.02.023.

(收稿日期:2019-04-29? 本文編輯:李亞聰)