周盼盼 周亮 李超 葉祥明
[摘要] 目的 探討主動(dòng)呼吸循環(huán)技術(shù)對腦卒中后氣管切開患者卒中相關(guān)性肺炎的臨床干預(yù)效果。 方法 選擇2015年6月~2017年12月我科收治的146例腦卒中后合并卒中相關(guān)性肺炎的氣管切開患者隨機(jī)分為觀察組和對照組,各73例。對照組給予傳統(tǒng)叩拍震動(dòng)治療,觀察組給予主動(dòng)呼吸循環(huán)技術(shù)治療。評定治療前后患者肺功能、呼吸肌肌力、卒中相關(guān)性肺炎、誤吸與氣管套管拔除、健康調(diào)查表(SF-36)情況。 結(jié)果 治療4周后,觀察組的FEV1、FVC、MIP、MEP值較治療前明顯改善(P<0.01),且觀察組較對照組明顯提高(P<0.05);對照組的FEV1、FVC、MIP、MEP值較治療前有提高,但前后比較差異無明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);觀察組卒中相關(guān)性肺炎的改善情況明顯優(yōu)于對照組(P<0.01);觀察組誤吸發(fā)生率明顯低于對照組(P<0.05),拔除氣管套管例數(shù)明顯高于對照組(P<0.05);觀察組健康調(diào)查(SF-36)各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)明顯高于對照組(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 主動(dòng)呼吸循環(huán)技術(shù)可有效增強(qiáng)腦卒中氣管切開術(shù)后患者肺功能和呼吸肌肌力,減少肺部感染情況,促進(jìn)氣管套管的拔除,降低誤吸發(fā)生率,且優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)叩拍震動(dòng)技術(shù)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 主動(dòng)呼吸循環(huán)技術(shù);腦卒中;氣管切開術(shù)后;卒中相關(guān)性肺炎;誤吸
[中圖分類號] R743.3 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] B ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號] 1673-9701(2019)25-0089-05
Effect of active cycle of breathing technique on stroke associated pneumonia after stroke tracheotomy
ZHOU Panpan ZHOU Liang LI Chao YE Xiangming
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Provicial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou ? 310000, China
[Abstract] Objective To explorethe clinical intervention effect of active cycle of breathing technique on patients with pneumonia after stroke tracheotomy. Methods 146 patients with strokeassociated pneumonia admitted in our department from June 2015 to December 2017 were randomly divided into observation group and control group with 73 cases in each group. The control group was treated with traditional slap vibration, and the observation group was treated with active cycle of breathing technique. The pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, strokeassociated pneumonia, aspiration and tracheal cannula removal and health survey form (SF-36) before and after treatment were assessed. Results After 4 weeks of treatment, the FEV1, FVC, MIP, and MEP values in the observation group were significantly improved compared with those before treatment(P<0.01), and the above indexes in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05); The FEV1, FVC, MIP, and MEP values in the control group were higher than those before the treatment,but the difference was not statistically significant before and after treatment(P>0.05); The improvement of stroke associated pneumonia in the observation group was significantly better than that in the control group(P<0.01); The incidence of aspiration in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group(P<0.05), and the number of tracheal cannula removal in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05);The indicators of health survey form(SF-36) in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05). Conclusion Active cycle of breathing technique can effectively enhance lung function and respiratory muscle strength, reduce pulmonary infection, promote the extraction of tracheal cannula, reduce the incidence of aspiration in patients with stroke tracheotomy, and is superior to traditional slap vibration technique.
[Key words] Active cycle of breathing technique; Stroke; Tracheotomy; Strokeassociated pneumonia; Aspiration
主動(dòng)呼吸循環(huán)技術(shù)(Active cycles of breathing techniques,ACBT)是一種患者主動(dòng)完成的呼吸道管理技術(shù),包括呼吸控制、胸廓擴(kuò)張技術(shù)、用力哈氣3個(gè)部分。ACBT由Pryor等[1]首先提出,Webber等進(jìn)行完善[2],是現(xiàn)在國內(nèi)外比較流行的呼吸道管理技術(shù)之一。相較于傳統(tǒng)翻身拍背叩擊震動(dòng)的呼吸道管理技術(shù),ACBT操作簡單,由患者自主完成,減少臨床醫(yī)務(wù)人員的工作量。在不加重低氧血癥和氣道阻力的情況下,ACBT能有效清除氣道分泌物且較好地提高肺功能,減少氣管切開患者的拔管天數(shù)[3]。臨床研究證實(shí)ACBT能有效清除呼吸道分泌物,改善肺功能[4],同時(shí)在慢阻肺、肺囊性纖維化等慢性呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病中的臨床效果已得到證實(shí)[5]。目前ACBT在腦卒中氣管切開術(shù)后患者相關(guān)性肺炎中的研究少有報(bào)道,本研究探討ACBT對腦卒中氣管切開術(shù)后患者相關(guān)性肺炎的臨床干預(yù)效果,為臨床患者治療提供一些借鑒。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇2015年6月~2017年12月浙江省人民醫(yī)院康復(fù)科住院患者中腦卒中氣管切開術(shù)后合并相關(guān)性肺炎患者148例,診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)符合2016美國心臟協(xié)會(huì)(AHA)/聯(lián)合美國卒中協(xié)會(huì)(ASA)發(fā)布的《卒中康復(fù)指南》[6]卒中相關(guān)性肺炎的診斷[7],本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),患者及家屬知情并簽署同意書。
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①符合2016美國心臟協(xié)會(huì)(AHA)/聯(lián)合美國卒中協(xié)會(huì)(ASA)發(fā)布的《卒中康復(fù)指南》,并經(jīng)顱腦CT或MRI檢查確診是初次發(fā)病;②無認(rèn)知功能障礙,簡易精神狀態(tài)評價(jià)表(MMSE)評分≥27分;③年齡18歲以上;④腦卒中氣管切開術(shù)后患者;⑤符合卒中相關(guān)性肺炎的診斷;⑥簽署知情同意書自愿參與研究。
排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①嚴(yán)重精神障礙及認(rèn)知功能障礙;②患有引發(fā)反流相關(guān)胃腸道疾?。ㄈ缳S門失弛緩癥、胃食管反流病等);③因不同因素終止治療者(如死亡、放棄治療、消化道出血等);④伴嚴(yán)重心肺功能不全、肝腎功能不全的患者。
148例患者采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為觀察組和對照組,后2例因故中途退出本研究,最終納入統(tǒng)計(jì)146例,每組73例,治療前兩組一般資料無顯著性差異(P>0.05)。見表1。
1.2 方法
兩組均接受常規(guī)治療包括藥物治療、康復(fù)訓(xùn)練、合理體位、管飼患者的管理等。對照組采用傳統(tǒng)的叩拍和震動(dòng),叩拍震動(dòng)頻率大于100次/min,15 min/次,2次/d;觀察組將傳統(tǒng)的叩拍震動(dòng)由ACBT代替,15 min/次,2次/d。觀察組患者接受主動(dòng)呼吸循環(huán)技術(shù),由呼吸控制、胸部擴(kuò)張、用力呼氣技術(shù)三部分隨機(jī)組合、靈活使用,整個(gè)過程需要患者主動(dòng)配合,取舒適坐位或半臥位,每個(gè)ACBT由3~4次呼吸控制,3~4次胸部擴(kuò)張,2~3次用力呼氣技術(shù)組成(圖1)。呼吸控制(BC):患者放松上胸部和肩部,盡力運(yùn)用下胸部的膈肌來完成正常的呼吸,能緩解患者的緊張情緒,整體放松;胸部擴(kuò)張(TEE):患者放松后,主動(dòng)深吸氣,在深吸氣末保持2~3 s,在吸氣末可以運(yùn)用嗅氣策略來增加肺容積,減少肺泡塌陷,改善肺不張和低氧血癥[8];用力呼氣技術(shù)(HUFF):由1~2次的類似擦玻璃的呵氣組成,有低肺容積位呵氣和高肺容積位呵氣,低肺容積位的呵氣技術(shù)可以使低肺容積的外周分泌物由遠(yuǎn)端的小氣道向近端大氣道移動(dòng),此時(shí)運(yùn)用高肺容積位的呵氣技術(shù)將氣道分泌物排出體外[9]。
圖1 ? 主動(dòng)呼吸循環(huán)技術(shù)操作示意圖
注:BC:呼吸控制;TEE:胸部擴(kuò)張;HUFF:用力呼氣技術(shù)
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
1.3.1 肺功能測定 ?肺功能評估指標(biāo)包括用力肺活量(Forced vital capacity,F(xiàn)VC)和第1秒用力呼氣容積(First second forced expiratory volume,F(xiàn)EV1),采用塞客呼吸訓(xùn)練器完成,型號CES2016,不能封堵氣管的患者,從患者的氣管套管口接上濾嘴進(jìn)行測試。
1.3.2 呼吸肌力量測試 ?呼吸肌肌力通過檢測患者最大吸氣壓[10](Maxinal inspiratory pressure,MIP)和最大呼氣壓[10](Maxinal expiratory pressure,MEP),MIP反映橫膈和其他吸氣肌的肌力,而MEP反映腹肌和其他呼氣肌的肌力。
1.3.3 健康調(diào)查簡表(SF-36) ?是由美國波士頓健康研究所研制的簡明健康調(diào)查問卷,包含總體健康、情感職能、軀體功能、活力、社會(huì)功能、精神健康、生理職能及生理功能等8個(gè)領(lǐng)域[11]。
1.3.4 卒中相關(guān)性肺炎的臨床診斷 ?卒中后胸部影像學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)新或進(jìn)展性病變,同時(shí)合并兩個(gè)或以上臨床癥狀:①體溫≥38℃;②咳嗽、咯痰,原呼吸道疾病加重,或伴胸痛;③肺實(shí)變體征和(或)濕啰音;④白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)≥10×109/L 或≤4×109/L,伴或不伴核左移。同時(shí)排除肺結(jié)核和肺癌等其他類似疾病。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
使用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,組內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)比較采用配對t檢驗(yàn),組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 病例完整結(jié)果
治療過程中2例患者因病情加重或不能堅(jiān)持完成實(shí)驗(yàn)而退出,納入統(tǒng)計(jì)146例病例資料全部完整。146例入選患者分為觀察組和對照組,兩組在年齡、性別、卒中類型、平均病程、MMSE等方面比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1。
2.2 治療前后兩組患者肺功能和呼吸肌肌力比較
治療前兩組在FEV1、FVC、MIP和MEP數(shù)據(jù)方面比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。治療4周后,觀察組的FEV1、FVC、MIP、MEP值較治療前明顯提高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),并且觀察組的上述指標(biāo)高于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),對照組較治療前有提高,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表2。
2.3 兩組卒中相關(guān)性肺炎的改善狀況比較
治療前兩組卒中相關(guān)性肺炎均為73例,治療后觀察組卒中相關(guān)性肺炎的改善情況明顯優(yōu)于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),見表3。
表3 ? 兩組卒中相關(guān)性肺炎改善狀況比較[n(%)]
2.4 兩組誤吸發(fā)生狀況和拔除氣管套管例數(shù)比較
治療后觀察組的誤吸發(fā)生率明顯低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);治療后觀察組的拔除氣管套管例數(shù)明顯高于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表4。
表4 ? 兩組誤吸發(fā)生狀況和拔除氣管套管例數(shù)比較[n(%)]
2.5 兩組患者SF-36評分狀況比較
觀察組患者總體健康、情感職能、軀體功能、活力、社會(huì)功能、精神健康、生理職能及生理功能等評分均高于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表5。
3討論
早期肺康復(fù)介入對腦卒中患者整體康復(fù)有促進(jìn)提高作用[12]。有文獻(xiàn)[13]認(rèn)為傳統(tǒng)的翻身拍背叩擊耗時(shí)費(fèi)力,適用范圍有限,對嚴(yán)重骨質(zhì)疏松、大咯血、肋骨骨折等患者不能進(jìn)行叩拍。華玉平等[14]研究證實(shí)ACBT能有效改善腦卒中氣管切開術(shù)后患者的呼吸功能,有效管理氣道,減少肺部感染的發(fā)生,本研究結(jié)果支持上述結(jié)論。Sienel等[15]研究表明盡早拔除氣管套管能減輕疼痛,縮短病程,減少住院費(fèi)用,本臨床試驗(yàn)中觀察組患者氣管套管的拔除例數(shù)明顯大于對照組,患者生活質(zhì)量明顯提高,與其研究結(jié)果相互支持。Lewis等[16]認(rèn)為肺功能提高,能減少患者氣管切開患者的拔管天數(shù),本研究中觀察組較對照組肺功能和和呼吸肌肌力明顯提高,相應(yīng)的氣管套管拔除例數(shù)增多,而運(yùn)用傳統(tǒng)翻身拍背技術(shù)的對照組肺功能和呼吸肌肌力情況有改善,但無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。臨床近半數(shù)腦卒中患者有口咽期吞咽障礙狀況,特別是對腦卒中氣管切開術(shù)后伴隨吞咽功能障礙者,其主要并發(fā)癥為誤吸,會(huì)造成吸入性肺炎,甚至急性呼吸窘迫綜合征等,延長患者住院時(shí)間,增大死亡率[17]。本研究中還發(fā)現(xiàn)觀察組的相關(guān)性肺炎較對照組明顯減少,誤吸和吞咽障礙情況明顯好轉(zhuǎn),證實(shí)ACBT還能較好地改善腦卒中氣管切開術(shù)后患者相關(guān)性肺炎情況,有效減少腦卒中氣管切開術(shù)后患者的誤吸情況,改善吞咽功能,提高患者生活質(zhì)量。
卒中相關(guān)性肺炎(Stroke associated pneumonia,SAP)是腦卒中氣管切開術(shù)后患者最常見的并發(fā)癥之一[18],SAP指腦卒中患者急性期和后遺癥期并發(fā)的肺部感染[19],發(fā)生率為7%~33%。氣管切開術(shù)是腦卒中患者急性期常見的重要搶救措施之一,可使患者吞咽、咳嗽反射減弱,影響呼吸道分泌物的排出,是腦卒中患者發(fā)生SAP的高危因素[20]。此外吞咽障礙和年齡均是SAP發(fā)生的獨(dú)立因素[21]。腦卒中氣管切開術(shù)后患者發(fā)生卒中相關(guān)性肺炎的因素很多?;颊咄驓夤芊瓷浼把史瓷錅p弱,不能及時(shí)有效地清除氣道分泌物,發(fā)生誤吸的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增大,容易造成腦卒中肺部感染,是導(dǎo)致患者死亡和影響功能恢復(fù)的重要原因之一[22];長時(shí)間臥床導(dǎo)致患者呼吸道分泌物不能及時(shí)排除,可引起器官分泌物向低位聚集,易導(dǎo)致肺部感染[23];吞咽障礙為腦卒中患者常見的并發(fā)癥之一,發(fā)病率為37%~78%[24],是兩側(cè)皮質(zhì)腦干束或者兩側(cè)大腦皮質(zhì)被損壞,或者舌下神經(jīng)核性、迷走神經(jīng)、吞咽神經(jīng)被損傷而引發(fā)的,可導(dǎo)致誤吸、肺部感染;我國腦卒中患者患病率隨著年齡增加呈上升趨勢,患者年齡越大,越易發(fā)生肺炎。
本研究證實(shí)主動(dòng)呼吸循環(huán)技術(shù)可有效增強(qiáng)腦卒中氣管切開術(shù)后患者肺功能和呼吸肌肌力,減少肺部感染情況,促進(jìn)氣管套管的拔除,改善卒中相關(guān)性肺炎,降低誤吸發(fā)生率,提升患者生活質(zhì)量,明顯優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)的叩拍震動(dòng),對腦卒中相關(guān)性肺炎有治療作用。但本研究也存在不足之處,納入的患者認(rèn)知水平要求高,因此不能代表所有的腦卒中氣管切開患者,且訓(xùn)練時(shí)間相對較短,僅評估治療結(jié)束后當(dāng)時(shí)的療效,無中長期療效的復(fù)查跟蹤,在患者出院后可繼續(xù)隨訪觀察,增加隨訪時(shí)間。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] Pryor JA,Webber BA. An evaluation of the forced expiration technique as an adjunct to postural drainage[J]. Physiotherapy,1979,65(10):304-307.
[2] Pryor JA,Webber BA,Hodson ME. Effect of chest physiotherapy on oxygen saturation in patients with cystic fibrosis[J]. Thorax,1990,45(1):77.
[3] 周偉,張兵,黃曉,等. 2014 年江西省腦卒中患病率及其相關(guān)因素分析[J]. 中華預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2018,52(1):79-84.
[4] Lunardi AC,Paisani DM,da Silva CCBM,et al. Comparison of lung expansion techniques on thoracoabdominal mechanics and incidence of pulmonary complications after upper abdominal surgery:a randomized and controlled trial[J]. Chest,2015,148(4):1003-1010.
[5] Kim JH,Kim YA,Lee HJ,et al. Effect of the combination of Mendelsohn maneuver and effortful swallowing on aspiration in patients with dysphagia after stroke[J]. Journal of Physical Therapy Science,2017,29(11):1967-1969.
[6] Powers WJ,Rabinstein AA,Ackerson T,et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke:a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association[J]. Stroke,2018,49(3):e46-e99.
[7] Smith CJ,Kishore AK,Vail A,et al. Diagnosis of stroke-associated pneumonia:recommendations from the pneumonia in stroke consensus group[J]. Stroke,2015,46(8): 2335-2340.
[8] Hill AT,Barker AF,Bolser DC,et al. Treating Cough Due to Non-CF and CF Bronchiectasis With Nonpharmacological Airway Clearance:CHEST Expert Panel Report[J]. Chest,2018, 153(4):986-993.
[9] 喻鵬銘.成人和兒童呼吸與心臟問題的物理治療[M]. 北京:北京大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)出版社,2011:253-260.
[10] Du Plessis JP,F(xiàn)ernandes S,Jamal R,et al. Exertional hypoxemia is more severe in fibrotic interstitial lung disease than in COPD[J]. Respirology,2018,23(4):392-398.
[11] Ware Jr JE,Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey(SF-36):I. Conceptual framework and item selection[J]. Medical Care,1992,33(4):473-483.
[12] Clini EM,Crisafulli E,Costi S,et al. Effects of early inpatient rehabilitation after acute exacerbation of COPD[J].Respiratory Medicine,2009,103(10):1526-1531.
[13] Adler J,Malone D. Early mobilization in the intensive care unit:a systematic review[J]. Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal,2012,23(1):5.
[14] 華玉平,馮重睿,符碧洲,等. 探討主動(dòng)呼吸循環(huán)技術(shù)對腦卒中氣管切開術(shù)后患者呼吸功能的療效[J]. 中國康復(fù),2018,32(2):136-137.
[15] Sienel W,Mueller J,Eggeling S,et al. Early chest tube removal after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Results of a prospective randomized study[J]. Der Chirurg; Zeitschrift fur alle Gebiete der operativen Medizen,2005, 76(12):1155-1160.
[16] Lewis LK,Williams MT,Olds TS. The active cycle of breathing technique:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Respiratory Medicine,2012,106(2):155-172.
[17] Cafferkey M,Harrington BM. Pediatric Swallowing Function in the Presence of Laryngeal Cleft and Laryngomalacia:a Review of the Literature[J]. Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports,2018,6(1):107-114.
[18] Berkhemer OA,F(xiàn)ransen PSS,Beumer D,et al. A randomized trial of intraarterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke[J]. New England Journal of Medicine,2015,372(1):11-20.
[19] Zhou H,Zhu Y,Zhang X. Validation of the Chinese Version of the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) Score in the Assessment of Acute Stroke Patients with Dysphagia[J].Studies in Health Technology and Informatics,2017,245(1):1195-1199.
[20] Yeh SJ,Huang KY,Wang TG,et al. Dysphagia screening decreases pneumonia in acute stroke patients admitted to the stroke intensive care unit[J]. Journal of the Neurological Sciences,2011,306(2):38-41.
[21] Zapata-Arriaza E,Moniche F,Blanca PG,et al. External Validation of the ISAN,A2DS2, and AIS-APS Scores for Predicting Stroke-Associated Pneumonia[J]. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases,2018,27(3):673-676.
[22] Sekine Y,Iwata T,Chiyo M,et al. Minimal alteration of pulmonary function after lobectomy in lung cancer patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery,2003,76(2):356-361.
[23] Zhao WT,Yang M,Wu HM,et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between sarcopenia and dysphagia[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,Health & Aging,2018,22(8):1003-1009.
[24] Martino R,F(xiàn)oley N,Bhogal S,et al. Dysphagia after stroke:incidence,diagnosis,and pulmonary complications[J].Stroke,2005,36(12):2756-2763.
(收稿日期:2018-12-28)