魏鎮(zhèn) 李曉雷 劉帥龍 周亮
摘要 數(shù)字圖像方法(DIC)具有非接觸、高精度、全場測量的優(yōu)點(diǎn),適用于橡膠材料大變形力學(xué)問題的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究。散斑作為試件變形信息的載體,制作高質(zhì)量的散斑對(duì)于DIC尤為重要。本文對(duì)散斑進(jìn)行了多參數(shù)數(shù)字設(shè)計(jì),采用MIG法和MIOSD法對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)的數(shù)字散斑進(jìn)行了評(píng)價(jià)和優(yōu)選;提出了一種基于粘附力的無損散斑移轉(zhuǎn)技術(shù),將散斑便易可靠地移轉(zhuǎn)到試件表面,可以隨橡膠材料發(fā)生大變形而不脫落;采用數(shù)字設(shè)計(jì)散斑和無損移轉(zhuǎn)的數(shù)字圖像技術(shù),對(duì)一類橡膠的I型斷裂問題進(jìn)行了研究,實(shí)驗(yàn)得到了裂尖場存在徑向奇異分層和環(huán)向變形分區(qū)特性;實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明數(shù)字設(shè)計(jì)散斑的DIC技術(shù)在橡膠材料斷裂問題的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究具有良好的適應(yīng)性和應(yīng)用前景。
關(guān) 鍵 詞 數(shù)字圖像方法;數(shù)字散斑;無損散斑移轉(zhuǎn)技術(shù);變形測量
中圖分類號(hào) O348.9? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼 A
Abstract Digital image correlation (DIC) has the advantages of non-contact, high accuracy and full field measurement, and is suitable for experimental research on large deformation mechanics of rubber materials. Since speckle is the carrier of deformation information, making high quality speckle is particularly important for DIC. In this paper, the multi parameter digital design of speckle is carried out. The design of digital speckle is evaluated and optimized by MIG and MIOSD. A nondestructive speckle transfer technique based on adhesion force is put forward to move the speckle to the surface of the specimen easily and reliably. The I type fracture analysis of a class of rubber is studied by digital image correlation technique with speckle and nondestructive transfer. The experimental results show that the crack tip field has the characteristics of radial singular stratification and circumferential deformation. The experimental results show that the digital design speckle based DIC technology has good adaptability and application prospect in the experimental study fracture analysis of rubber material.
Key words digital image correlation method; digital speckle; nondestructive speckle transfer technique; deformation measurement
0 引言
橡膠類大變形材料的力學(xué)性能研究與金屬材料的研究不同,主要通過光學(xué)測量的手段對(duì)試件的變形情況進(jìn)行測量。光學(xué)測量方法中主要包括光彈法、云紋法、數(shù)字圖像方法等[1-2]。其中數(shù)字圖像方法(Digital image Correlation,DIC)對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)環(huán)境要求低,可測量試件變形時(shí)的位移場和應(yīng)變場,具有非接觸、高精度、全場測量的優(yōu)點(diǎn),使用起來較為方便。
散斑制作是數(shù)字圖像方法中的一個(gè)重要步驟,測量位移場和應(yīng)變場時(shí),需要在試件表面制作散斑,并確保散斑能與試件一起發(fā)生變形。美國的Correlated Solutions公司提供了不同尺寸的散斑模板,可以把散斑直接印刷到試件表面,減小了噴漆法中人為因素對(duì)散斑造成的影響[3]。Ghorbani等[4]對(duì)印刷散斑法進(jìn)行了研究,表明印刷法在橋梁、墻體等規(guī)則結(jié)構(gòu)表面上適用性良好。散斑制作方法還有紫外線刻蝕法[5]、電子束光刻法[6]等,這些制斑方法成本較高,對(duì)環(huán)境和設(shè)備的要求苛刻,適用于金屬材料,當(dāng)試件為橡膠材料時(shí),上述方法就會(huì)存在一定的局限性。
近年來,Wang[7]提出了一種離心甩膠的方式來制作散斑,碳粉和環(huán)氧樹脂混合后通過超聲振蕩等手段去除氣泡后滴在亞克力薄板上,放入甩膠機(jī)離心,加熱亞力克板得到散斑圖。Chen[8]提出了一種基于水轉(zhuǎn)印技術(shù)的數(shù)字制斑方法,制作由貼花部分、印刷散斑圖和保護(hù)層組成的轉(zhuǎn)印紙,在試件表面涂上底色,將轉(zhuǎn)印紙貼在試件表面完成散斑制作。Liou[9]提出了一種利用紋身紙將計(jì)算機(jī)模擬散斑轉(zhuǎn)移到試件表面的技術(shù),與水轉(zhuǎn)印技術(shù)類似,紋身紙中含有油墨,油墨顆粒比碳粉顆粒大且油墨里面含揮發(fā)性物質(zhì),會(huì)污染環(huán)境。本文采用散斑的數(shù)字設(shè)計(jì)和無損移轉(zhuǎn)技術(shù),依靠水溶膠的黏結(jié)力將打印的數(shù)字設(shè)計(jì)散斑從投影膠片轉(zhuǎn)移到試件表面,該方法制斑不破壞試件的力學(xué)性能,操作簡單可靠,可重復(fù)性好,制作的散斑圖質(zhì)量高。
1 數(shù)字散斑的設(shè)計(jì)
本文采用數(shù)字設(shè)計(jì)散斑,定義占空比為散斑設(shè)計(jì)中的散斑斑點(diǎn)所占面積與所設(shè)計(jì)的散斑總圖像面積之比。散斑的設(shè)計(jì)公式為
4.2 裂尖區(qū)域主應(yīng)變場分析
取位移載荷為0.69 mm時(shí)進(jìn)行分析,其裂紋尖端區(qū)域的最大主應(yīng)變進(jìn)行分析,如圖11所示。
以裂紋尖端為原點(diǎn),沿不同角度做出路徑進(jìn)行分析,由于試件的最大主應(yīng)變[ε1]是關(guān)于x軸對(duì)稱分布的,所以取與x軸夾角為0°、15°、30°、45°、60°、90°這6條路徑進(jìn)行分析,橫坐標(biāo)做無量綱處理,其圖像如圖12所示。
在裂尖場區(qū)域中,對(duì)最大主應(yīng)變和路徑r取對(duì)數(shù)進(jìn)行分析,不同路徑下最大主應(yīng)變雙對(duì)數(shù)曲線如圖13所示。最大主應(yīng)變[ε1]雙對(duì)數(shù)曲線中間部分存在線性變化的線段,表明裂尖部分存在指數(shù)型變化的奇異性變化部分,線性直線的斜率為,材料的奇異性指數(shù)[λ]為0.33。對(duì)氟硅橡膠在不同應(yīng)變率下的最大主應(yīng)變場進(jìn)行分析,裂紋尖端的奇異性區(qū)可分為3層,最內(nèi)為非線性奇異層,中間為呈指數(shù)型變化的奇異層,最外為線彈性層,如圖14所示。
5 結(jié)論
數(shù)字圖像方法在橡膠材料的力學(xué)問題研究中適用性好,散斑制作為數(shù)字圖像方法中關(guān)鍵的技術(shù),其質(zhì)量直接影響測量得精度和可靠性。本文對(duì)散斑進(jìn)行了多參數(shù)數(shù)字設(shè)計(jì),并提出了一種適合于橡膠類大變形材料的無損數(shù)字散斑移轉(zhuǎn)技術(shù),對(duì)氟硅橡膠橡膠I型斷裂問題進(jìn)行研究。分析裂尖區(qū)域的變形場,對(duì)裂尖進(jìn)行了環(huán)向分區(qū)和徑向分層。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果驗(yàn)證了裂尖場的奇異性徑向分層和裂尖變形場的收縮擴(kuò)張分區(qū)規(guī)律。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]? ? 戴福隆,沈觀林,謝惠民. 實(shí)驗(yàn)力學(xué)[M]. 北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,2010.
[2]? ? 計(jì)欣華,鄧宗白,魯陽,等. 工程實(shí)驗(yàn)力學(xué)[M]. 第2版. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2009.
[3]? ? CORRELATED SOLUTIONS. VIC speckle pattern application kit[EB/OL]. [2018-05-03]. http://correlatedsolutions. com/speckle-kit/.
[4]? ? GHORBANI R,MATTA F,SUTTON M A. Full-field deformation measurement and crack mapping on confined masonry walls using digital image correlation[J]. Experimental Mechanics,2015,55(1):227-243.
[5]? ? SCRIVENS W A,LUO Y,SUTTON M A,et al. Development of patterns for digital image correlation measurements at reduced length scales[J]. Experimental Mechanics,2007,47(1):63-77.
[6]? ? LI N,GUO S M,SUTTON M A. Recent progress in E-beam lithography for SEM patterning[C]// PROULX Tom. MEMS and Nanotechnology,Volume 2. New York:Springer New York,2011:163-166.
[7]? ? WANG H X,XIE H M,DAI X L,et al. Fabrication of a DIC sensor for in-plane deformation measurement[J]. Measurement Science and Technology,2013,24(6):065402.
[8]? ? CHEN Z N,QUAN C G,ZHU F P,et al. A method to transfer speckle patterns for digital image correlation[J]. Measurement Science and Technology,2015,26(9):095201.
[9]? ? LIOU N S. Specimen gratings made from body art paper for in-plane moiré strain analysis[J]. Polymer Testing,2005,24(4):535-539.
[10]? 劉洋,申立勇. 判別平面上兩個(gè)橢圓位置關(guān)系的代數(shù)條件[J]. 計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)與圖形學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2003,15(5):555-560.
[11]? 蘇勇. 數(shù)字圖像技術(shù)中散斑質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的研究[D]. 合肥:中國科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué),2016.
[12]? MAZZOLENI P,ZAPPA E,MATTA F,et al. Thermo-mechanical toner transfer for high-quality digital image correlation speckle patterns[J]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering,2015,75:72-80.
[13]? YU H,GUO R X,XIA H T,et al. Application of the mean intensity of the second derivative in evaluating the speckle patterns in digital image correlation[J]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering,2014,60:32-37.
[14]? 李曉雷. 數(shù)字云紋法及其在大變形測量中的應(yīng)用[D]. 天津:天津大學(xué),2006.
[責(zé)任編輯? ? 楊? ? 屹]