文 / 李 健
在上一篇中,我們譯評了中國《建設(shè)工程施工合同(示范文本)》(GF-2017-0201)關(guān)于質(zhì)量的“5.1 質(zhì)量要求”條款5.1 Quality Requirements。本篇我們來討論其“5.2 質(zhì)量保證措施”條款5.2Measures for Quality Assurance 中的語言或法律問題。這個條款之下有三個子款,分別是關(guān)于發(fā)包人、承包人、監(jiān)理人的質(zhì)量保證措施,結(jié)構(gòu)非常清晰?,F(xiàn)討論如下:
原文:5.2.1 發(fā)包人的質(zhì)量管理
發(fā)包人應(yīng)按照法律規(guī)定及合同約定完成與工程質(zhì)量有關(guān)的各項工作。
試譯:5.2.1 Quality Management by the Employer
The Employer must complete all the works relating to the construction quality in accordance with the Law and the Contract.
點評:本款沒有困難的語言問題;需要點評的主要是法律問題。建設(shè)工程各參與主體,包括發(fā)包人、勘察人、設(shè)計人、施工人、監(jiān)理人等,均負(fù)有保證建設(shè)工程質(zhì)量的法定職責(zé)和約定職責(zé)。本款的目的在于強化發(fā)包人的質(zhì)量監(jiān)督管理責(zé)任。
首先,綜合中國《建筑法》Construction Law of the PRC、《建設(shè)工程質(zhì)量管理條例》Regulations on the Quality Management of Construction Projects,發(fā)包人應(yīng)當(dāng)按照法律規(guī)定履行質(zhì)量管理責(zé)任,如:辦理土地規(guī)劃和工程規(guī)劃許可手續(xù),按照法定程序(如招標(biāo))選擇有資質(zhì)的設(shè)計人、監(jiān)理人,施工圖設(shè)計文件報審,辦理工程質(zhì)量監(jiān)督手續(xù),辦理施工許可證,組織圖紙會審,對分部分項工程、隱蔽工程進行驗收、竣工驗收及備案等。
其次,合同當(dāng)事人還可以在專用條款中約定其他應(yīng)當(dāng)由發(fā)包人完成的與工程質(zhì)量有關(guān)的工作,如在施工過程中委托監(jiān)理人對工程材料進行驗收;如果自行采購建筑材料,應(yīng)當(dāng)確保運輸、保存過程都符合材料安全需求等。
原文:5.2.2 承包人的質(zhì)量管理
承包人按照第7.1 款〔施工組織設(shè)計〕約定向發(fā)包人和監(jiān)理人提交工程質(zhì)量保證體系及措施文件,建立完善的質(zhì)量檢查制度,并提交相應(yīng)的工程質(zhì)量文件。對于發(fā)包人和監(jiān)理人違反法律規(guī)定和合同約定的錯誤指示,承包人有權(quán)拒絕實施。
承包人應(yīng)對施工人員進行質(zhì)量教育和技術(shù)培訓(xùn),定期考核施工人員的勞動技能,嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行施工規(guī)范和操作規(guī)程。
承包人應(yīng)按照法律規(guī)定和發(fā)包人的要求,對材料、工程設(shè)備以及工程的所有部位及其施工工藝進行全過程的質(zhì)量檢查和檢驗,并作詳細記錄,編制工程質(zhì)量報表,報送監(jiān)理人審查。此外,承包人還應(yīng)按照法律規(guī)定和發(fā)包人的要求,進行施工現(xiàn)場取樣試驗、工程復(fù)核測量和設(shè)備性能檢測,提供試驗樣品、提交試驗報告和測量成果以及其他工作。
試譯:5.2.2 Quality Management by the Contractor
The Contractor must submit its quality assurance system and measure documents to the Employer and the Construction Project Management Enterprise in accordance with Sub-clause 7.1〔Construction Management Plan〕, institute sound rules for quality inspection, and submit corresponding construction quality documents. Where any wrong instructions given by the Employer or the Construction Project Management Enterprise violate the Law or the Contract, the Contractor has right to refuse to conduct them.
The Contractor must educate and train its personnel on construction quality and techniques, periodically examine its personnel’s skill to ensure their operation to meet the construction codes and operation rules.
The Contractor must carry out all-round quality inspection and test of materials, plants, and all parts of the project and its construction process, keep records in detail, and form construction quality report and submit it to the Construction Project Management Enterprise for check, in accordance with Law and requirements of the Employer.Furthermore, the Contractor must test site samples, check site survey data, test functions of plants, and submit to the Employer the samples,the testing report, the survey results and the other work, in accordance with the Law and requirements of the Employer.
點評:本款的主要目的在于明確承包人的質(zhì)量管理義務(wù);同時也確認(rèn)了承包人拒絕執(zhí)行錯誤指示的權(quán)利。
首先,就承包人義務(wù)的方面來說,條文包括了下列內(nèi)容:1.按約定提交包含工程質(zhì)量保證體系quality assurance system 及措施文件的施工組織設(shè)計Construction Management Plan;2.對施工人員進行質(zhì)量教育和技術(shù)培訓(xùn)或進行技能考核—按照中國的法律,未經(jīng)教育培訓(xùn)或考核不合格的人員不得上崗作業(yè),特殊工種的施工人員還必須持有相應(yīng)崗位資格證書;3.對材料、工程設(shè)備以及工程的所有部位及其施工工藝進行全過程質(zhì)量檢查和檢驗quality inspection and test;4.取樣site samples 送檢。所有這些義務(wù)的完成都應(yīng)當(dāng)有書面記錄,這樣既有利于發(fā)包人或監(jiān)理人開展檢查、復(fù)核等工作,也便于形成解決質(zhì)量爭議所需的證據(jù)。
其次,就承包人權(quán)利的方面來說,對于發(fā)包人和監(jiān)理人錯誤指示instructions,本款賦予了承包人拒絕執(zhí)行的權(quán)利。這種權(quán)利既是合同權(quán)利,也是法律權(quán)利。但是,這種權(quán)利不可絕對化,在一定意義上,其同時也構(gòu)成一項義務(wù)—作為具備相應(yīng)資質(zhì)或被認(rèn)為“有經(jīng)驗”的承包人,應(yīng)當(dāng)具備辨別發(fā)包人或監(jiān)理人指示是否錯誤的能力。如果承包人明知發(fā)包人或監(jiān)理人指示錯誤而不拒絕執(zhí)行,導(dǎo)致工程質(zhì)量不符合約定的,承包人應(yīng)就其不作為承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的過錯責(zé)任;同時,承包人也不能濫用此項權(quán)利來對抗發(fā)包人或監(jiān)理人的正確指示,承包人濫用拒絕權(quán)影響工程進度的,承包人也要承擔(dān)相應(yīng)責(zé)任的。
原文:5.2.3 監(jiān)理人的質(zhì)量檢查和檢驗
監(jiān)理人按照法律規(guī)定和發(fā)包人授權(quán)對工程的所有部位及其施工工藝、材料和工程設(shè)備進行檢查和檢驗。承包人應(yīng)為監(jiān)理人的檢查和檢驗提供方便,包括監(jiān)理人到施工現(xiàn)場,或制造、加工地點,或合同約定的其他地方進行察看和查閱施工原始記錄。監(jiān)理人為此進行的檢查和檢驗,不免除或減輕承包人按照合同約定應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任。
監(jiān)理人的檢查和檢驗不應(yīng)影響施工正常進行。監(jiān)理人的檢查和檢驗影響施工正常進行的,且經(jīng)檢查檢驗不合格的,影響正常施工的費用由承包人承擔(dān),工期不予順延;經(jīng)檢查檢驗合格的,由此增加的費用和(或)延誤的工期由發(fā)包人承擔(dān)。
試譯:5.2.3 Quality Inspection and Test by the Construction Project Management Enterprise
The Construction Project Management Enterprise must carry out quality inspection and test of all parts of the project and its construction process, materials, and plants. The Contractor must facilitate the quality inspection and test by the Construction Project Management Enterprise, such as offering access to the Site,fabricating or processing places, or other places as specified in the Contract for the Construction Project Management Enterprise to inspect the construction quality, or offering access to the original construction documents. Such quality inspection and test by the Construction Project Management Enterprise neither indemnify the Contractor from or against liabilities that the Contractor must assume as agreed upon in the Contract, nor mitigate such liabilities.
The quality inspection and test by the Construction Project Management Enterprise may not hamper the Contractor from its normal operation. Where the quality inspection or test by the Construction Project Management Enterprise has influence on the Contractor’s operation, if the quality proves unqualified, the Contractor must assume the extra expenses arising from such influence,and the time for completion may not be extended; however, if the quality proves qualified, the Employer must assume the extra expenses,the Delay Damages, or both, arising from such influence.
點評:為保證工程質(zhì)量合格qualified,本款就監(jiān)理人質(zhì)量檢查和檢驗的權(quán)利確認(rèn)、承包人配合義務(wù)、質(zhì)量檢查和檢驗影響施工費用和工期的承擔(dān)等三個方面進行了約定。這里提示四點注意事項:
第一,監(jiān)理人檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)工程質(zhì)量不符合要求,此時該如何處理,示范文本并未作出約定,合同當(dāng)事人可以在專用條件中作出具體約定,可以避免糾紛。第二,承包人負(fù)有為監(jiān)理人檢查、檢驗提供便利條件的義務(wù);但監(jiān)理人的檢查、檢驗不免除(indemnify…from or against)或減輕(mitigate)承包人按照合同應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任,所以承包人在施工中切記不能因為有了監(jiān)理人檢查、檢驗就不重視自身的施工質(zhì)量。第三,如果監(jiān)理人檢查、檢驗行為不當(dāng),增加了費用或?qū)е鹿て谘诱`,其產(chǎn)生的合同責(zé)任由發(fā)包人承擔(dān)。這是有監(jiān)理合同屬于委托合同的性質(zhì)決定—受托人的行為后果由委托人承擔(dān);發(fā)包人才是施工合同的當(dāng)事人parties,監(jiān)理人只是相關(guān)方而已。第四,如果監(jiān)理人與發(fā)包人或承包人串通,將檢驗、檢查中發(fā)現(xiàn)的不合格的建筑材料、構(gòu)配件和設(shè)備按照合格進行確認(rèn),導(dǎo)致降低工程質(zhì)量,這將不僅僅是合同責(zé)任了,還會產(chǎn)生行政責(zé)任,如果后果嚴(yán)重,還將產(chǎn)生刑事責(zé)任。
最后,我們來看一個非常有用的表達access。這個詞表示具體可感的事物時,它是“通道”“入口”;表示抽象的事物時,它既可以是“進入(或接近、接觸到)某地方、某事物的方法”,還可以是相應(yīng)權(quán)利。其后通常接介詞to。The only means of access to the building is a muddy track.進入這座建筑物的唯一通道就是一條泥濘的小路。Students need easy access to books.學(xué)生需要很方便就能借到圖書。Access to the paper is restricted to the Defense Department personnel only.只有國防部人員才可以接觸這些文件。Access 還可以同時表達具體和抽象的意思,意思內(nèi)容取決于to 所接的事物。本文試譯“承包人應(yīng)為監(jiān)理人的檢查和檢驗提供方便,包括監(jiān)理人到施工現(xiàn)場,或制造、加工地點,或合同約定的其他地方進行察看和查閱施工原始記錄”時,就同時體現(xiàn)了access 的具體意思和抽象意思。