朱向香 盧婷婷 馮靜 馬文華
[摘要] 目的 探討低頻脈沖電刺激聯(lián)合吞咽功能訓(xùn)練在腦卒中后吞咽障礙患者中的應(yīng)用。 方法 選取2017年6月~2019年2月我院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科治療的腦卒中后吞咽障礙患者92例,隨機(jī)分為聯(lián)合組和單純組,每組各46例。單純組患者予常規(guī)吞咽功能訓(xùn)練,聯(lián)合組患者在單純組常規(guī)吞咽功能訓(xùn)練的基礎(chǔ)上加低頻脈沖電刺激治療,兩組干預(yù)周期均為6周。比較干預(yù)前后兩組患者的吞咽功能評(píng)分及血氧飽和度,并評(píng)估臨床效果。 結(jié)果 治療6周后,兩組藤氏評(píng)分、飲水試驗(yàn)評(píng)分和血氧飽和度均高于治療前,且聯(lián)合組均高于單純組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);聯(lián)合組總有效率(95.65%)顯著高于單純組(82.61%),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 低頻脈沖電刺激聯(lián)合吞咽功能訓(xùn)練用于腦卒中后吞咽障礙患者的效果優(yōu)于單純吞咽功能訓(xùn)練,能改善患者的吞咽功能及血氧飽和度水平。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 腦卒中;吞咽障礙;吞咽功能訓(xùn)練;低頻脈沖電刺激
[中圖分類號(hào)] R743.3? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2020)35-0008-4
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the application of low-frequency pulse electrical stimulation combined with swallowing function training in patients with dysphagia after stroke. Methods A total of 92 patients with dysphagia after stroke treated in the Department of Neurology at our hospital from June 2017 to February 2019 were selected. The patients were randomly divided into combined group and simple group, with 46 patients in each group. Patients in the simple group were given routine swallowing function training, and patients in the combined group were treated with low frequency pulse electrical stimulation on the basis of routine swallowing function training in the simple group. Both groups intervened for 6 weeks. The changes of swallowing function score and blood oxygen saturation before and after 6 weeks of intervention were evaluated in the two groups, and their clinical effects were compared. Results After 6 weeks of treatment, the Teng's score, drinking test score, and blood oxygen saturation in the two groups were significantly higher than those before treatment, and that in the combined group were higher than in the simple group, The differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). And the total clinical effective rate(95.65%) in the combined group was significantly higher than that in the simple group(82.61%)(P<0.05). Conclusion Low-frequency pulse electrical stimulation combined with swallowing function training is better than swallowing function training in patients with dysphagia after stroke. It can improve swallowing function and blood oxygen saturation level.
[Key words] Stroke; Dysphagia; Swallowing function training; Low frequency pulse electrical stimulation
腦卒中是嚴(yán)重危害中老年健康的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)常見病,致殘率及病死率相對(duì)較高[1-2]。吞咽障礙作為腦卒中后常見的臨床合并癥,不僅可影響攝食及營(yíng)養(yǎng)吸收,而且可引起食物誤吸入氣管導(dǎo)致的吸入性肺炎,嚴(yán)重者危及生命[3-4]。腦卒中后吞咽障礙歷來是神經(jīng)科關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)問題,以往臨床常采用吞咽功能訓(xùn)練進(jìn)行治療,但部分患者治療后效果仍不理想[5-6]。近年來隨著電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展,低頻脈沖電刺激逐漸成為治療吞咽障礙的重要方法之一,但其聯(lián)合吞咽功能訓(xùn)練協(xié)同作用的國(guó)內(nèi)報(bào)道較少[7-8]。本研究旨在探討低頻脈沖電刺激聯(lián)合吞咽功能訓(xùn)練在腦卒中后吞咽障礙患者中的應(yīng)用效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2017年6月~2019年2月我院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科治療的腦卒中后吞咽障礙患者92例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[9]:①符合腦卒中診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[10],并經(jīng)CT或MRI診斷確診;②生命體征平穩(wěn),意識(shí)清楚;③具有明顯的飲水嗆咳、咽反射遲鈍等癥狀。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[11]:①非腦卒中因素導(dǎo)致吞咽障礙者;②意識(shí)障礙、生命體征不穩(wěn)或延髓病變者。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將患者分為聯(lián)合組和單純組,每組各46例,兩組的性別、年齡、病程及卒中類型等一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。見表1。
1.2 方法
單純組患者予常規(guī)吞咽功能訓(xùn)練,在進(jìn)餐前指導(dǎo)患者進(jìn)行頸部活動(dòng)度訓(xùn)練、舌肌運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練、咽部冷刺激與空吞咽、呼吸道的訓(xùn)練、發(fā)音訓(xùn)練和進(jìn)食訓(xùn)練。聯(lián)合組患者在單純組常規(guī)吞咽功能訓(xùn)練的基礎(chǔ)上加低頻脈沖電刺激治療,治療儀采用愛生NMT-9系列神經(jīng)肌肉治療儀,采用低頻電流中的脈沖電流和指數(shù)電流進(jìn)行治療,正極和負(fù)極分別放置于患者的下頜、喉結(jié)上及后頸正中處,電流強(qiáng)度以患者能適應(yīng)并能觀測(cè)到被動(dòng)吞咽為最佳,30 min/次,2次/d。兩組干預(yù)周期均為6周。比較兩組干預(yù)前后的吞咽功能評(píng)分、血氧飽和度變化及臨床效果。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.3.1 吞咽功能評(píng)分? 采用藤氏評(píng)分法和洼田飲水試驗(yàn)評(píng)分進(jìn)行聯(lián)合評(píng)估[12-13]。藤氏評(píng)分法分為7級(jí),7級(jí)為正常,評(píng)分12分;每級(jí)遞減2分,1級(jí)評(píng)分0分;由7級(jí)到1級(jí)分別為正常、輕度問題、口腔問題、機(jī)會(huì)誤咽、水的誤咽、食物誤咽和唾液誤咽。洼田飲水試驗(yàn):囑患者飲下30 mL溫水,一次喝完無嗆咳為5分,兩次喝完無嗆咳為4分,一次喝完有嗆咳為3分,兩次喝完有嗆咳為2分,不能喝完頻繁嗆咳為1分;分?jǐn)?shù)越高表示患者的吞咽功能越好
1.3.2 臨床效果[14]? 根據(jù)治療前后患者藤氏評(píng)分情況進(jìn)行臨床效果評(píng)價(jià),基本痊愈:藤氏評(píng)分達(dá)9~10分;顯效:藤氏評(píng)分較前增加6~8分;有效:藤氏評(píng)分較前增加3~5分;無效:藤氏評(píng)分較前增加1~2分??傆行?(基本痊愈+顯效+有效)例數(shù)/總例數(shù)×100%。
1.3.3 血氧飽和度? 采用指套式光電傳感器(深圳市曼克科技有限公司,型號(hào):VSP0001)進(jìn)行測(cè)定,取三次平均值。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
應(yīng)用SPSS20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料用[n(%)]表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組干預(yù)前后的吞咽功能評(píng)分及血氧飽和度比較
兩組治療前藤氏評(píng)分、飲水試驗(yàn)評(píng)分和血氧飽和度比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。治療6周后,兩組藤氏評(píng)分、飲水試驗(yàn)評(píng)分及血氧飽和度高于治療前,且聯(lián)合組高于單純組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.2 兩組臨床效果比較
治療6周后,聯(lián)合組總有效率(95.65%)顯著高于單純組(82.61%),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表3。
3 討論
吞咽功能障礙是腦卒中治療后較常見的后遺癥。腦卒中后吞咽障礙的發(fā)生原因主要是腦卒中損傷影響與吞咽相關(guān)的中樞神經(jīng),使患者口唇部的肌肉松弛,引起口角流涎、食物流溢;患者舌、軟腭及咀嚼肌群支配神經(jīng)障礙,引起咀嚼和攪拌不協(xié)調(diào),尤其是舌不能自由伸縮抬舉,影響食團(tuán)的形成及吞咽;患者咽部肌群支配神經(jīng)障礙,引起咽反射能力差,易發(fā)生吸入性肺炎、嗆咳、誤吸誤飲,嚴(yán)重時(shí)發(fā)生窒息死亡[15-16]。嚴(yán)重的吞咽功能障礙導(dǎo)致水、液體或食物不能順利進(jìn)入消化道,還會(huì)引起患者營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況下降、電解質(zhì)紊亂及機(jī)體免疫功能下降等,不僅影響患者康復(fù)過程、延長(zhǎng)住院時(shí)間,而且可增加患者死亡率。腦卒中后吞咽障礙患者如不及時(shí)治療,使其喪失吞咽功能恢復(fù)的最佳時(shí)間,患者往往需終生鼻飼喂養(yǎng),影響患者的生存質(zhì)量[17-18]。
研究顯示,中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)具有較強(qiáng)的功能代償性,腦卒中后局部中樞神經(jīng)死亡,但其周圍的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)可通過樹突和突觸發(fā)芽進(jìn)行再生和功能重組,可使臨近失去神經(jīng)支配的組織重獲神經(jīng)支配,實(shí)現(xiàn)神經(jīng)功能代償[19-20]。吞咽功能訓(xùn)練是臨床常用于治療吞咽功能障礙的方法,可不斷向腦細(xì)胞輸入刺激信息,強(qiáng)化吞咽反射,防止咽下肌群發(fā)生失用性萎縮,具有興奮或抑制的雙向調(diào)節(jié)作用,促進(jìn)吞咽反射弧的修復(fù)和重建,增加肌肉運(yùn)動(dòng)的協(xié)調(diào)性,使其完成吞咽動(dòng)作。但部分病情頑固的患者采用單純吞咽功能訓(xùn)練的效果并不理想[21-22]。低頻神經(jīng)肌肉電刺激也是一種治療吞咽功能障礙的物理手段,利用一定強(qiáng)度、預(yù)設(shè)的刺激程序,對(duì)神經(jīng)肌肉接頭或運(yùn)動(dòng)終板處進(jìn)行生理性電刺激,從而刺激咽喉部吞咽相關(guān)肌群,使外周神經(jīng)去極化,誘發(fā)肌肉的收縮運(yùn)動(dòng)或模擬正常的自主運(yùn)動(dòng),提高咽部肌肉靈活性和協(xié)調(diào)性,以達(dá)到改善被刺激肌群運(yùn)動(dòng)功能的目的,防止廢用性萎縮、杓狀肌關(guān)節(jié)纖維化,改善吞咽相關(guān)肌肉動(dòng)力領(lǐng)域敏感性[23-25]。低頻神經(jīng)肌肉電刺激還可刺激感覺神經(jīng)的上行軸突,觸發(fā)吞咽功能反射弧,反饋式興奮大腦中樞,增加大腦皮層神經(jīng)電信號(hào)的輸入,建立和恢復(fù)吞咽反射的皮質(zhì)控制功能,誘導(dǎo)運(yùn)動(dòng)皮層功能的重塑[26-29]。近年來的研究結(jié)果顯示,低頻脈沖電刺激聯(lián)合吞咽功能訓(xùn)練用于腦卒中后吞咽障礙患者,具有協(xié)同作用,能更有效地改善患者的吞咽功能[30-31]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,治療6周后聯(lián)合組的藤氏評(píng)分、飲水試驗(yàn)評(píng)分及血氧飽和度高于單純組,且其臨床總有效率優(yōu)于單純組。
綜上所述,低頻脈沖電刺激聯(lián)合吞咽功能訓(xùn)練用于腦卒中后吞咽障礙患者的效果優(yōu)于單純吞咽功能訓(xùn)練,能改善患者的吞咽功能及血氧飽和度水平。
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