許炳杰
著名語言學(xué)家Wilkins David A (1972)在關(guān)于詞匯教學(xué)時(shí)提到:“Without grammar very little can be conveyed; Without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.”這讓我們意識(shí)到詞匯對語言學(xué)習(xí)的重要性。無論書面表達(dá)還是閱讀理解,學(xué)生詞匯的積累都尤為重要。
《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017年版)》對教師詞匯教學(xué)的要求有:第一,課程理念提倡詞匯教學(xué)要從運(yùn)用的角度出發(fā),而不是從定義的角度入手;要與技能結(jié)合,而不是單純的知識(shí)灌輸。再往高一級(jí)發(fā)展就要在比較復(fù)雜的情況下有創(chuàng)造性地運(yùn)用,更高一級(jí)就要根據(jù)交際的話題、場合、人際關(guān)系等相關(guān)因素得體地運(yùn)用。第二,詞匯教學(xué)要重視語篇的支持,重視文化的影響,更重視對詞匯承載的深層含義的理解,也更注重表達(dá)的靈活性和恰當(dāng)性。第三,詞匯要與信息“捆綁”在一起進(jìn)行教學(xué)。凡是學(xué)生感興趣的信息,把相關(guān)詞匯與該信息連在一起很容易就被記住了;當(dāng)學(xué)生在信息交流的活動(dòng)中急需某個(gè)詞來表達(dá)自己的意思時(shí),對于他人及時(shí)提供的詞語,記憶非常牢固。
另外,《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》要求老師在具體教學(xué)中,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生利用詞語的結(jié)構(gòu)和文本的語境理解詞語的意思,借助詞典等資源,學(xué)習(xí)詞語的用法,并大膽使用新的詞語表達(dá)自己的意思。
總的來說,《新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》對詞匯教學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)以下四個(gè)方面:一是強(qiáng)調(diào)對詞匯的運(yùn)用;二是強(qiáng)調(diào)詞匯教學(xué)要結(jié)合語境;三是強(qiáng)調(diào)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)要形成有效的學(xué)習(xí)策略;四是強(qiáng)調(diào)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)要養(yǎng)成良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣。根據(jù)以上指導(dǎo)思想看出:教師在制定二輪詞匯復(fù)習(xí)計(jì)劃時(shí)應(yīng)做到記憶、應(yīng)用,測試等環(huán)節(jié)一個(gè)都不能少,在教學(xué)中注重詞匯運(yùn)用的循環(huán)與提升。復(fù)習(xí)詞匯時(shí),我們可以考慮以不同的方式反復(fù):以課本順序(必修到選修)、以話題順序 (考綱話題)、以字母表順序(考綱詞匯)、高考真題高頻詞、不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞、熟詞生義等。
以課本順序?yàn)槔?,我們?yīng)該做到:串點(diǎn)為線,織線為網(wǎng),從認(rèn)知到檢測以及運(yùn)用,教師可以依照由簡到難的題目設(shè)置:單詞——詞組——句子——語篇。在檢測單元詞匯的時(shí)候,除了簡單的中英呈現(xiàn)之外,還可以利用單句語境設(shè)置填空題,考查單元詞匯,再到句型的翻譯,題目設(shè)置如下:
單詞拼寫:請用本單元單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空,首字母已給出。(此題型可以訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的詞義猜測以及檢測對本單元單詞的理解)
1. We had i________ the fact that it was getting darker; otherwise, we would have been at home before six oclock.
2. Im sorry you are having trouble in making friends. However, the situation is easy to change if you take my advice. Here are some t________ to help you.
3. While walking the dog, you were careless and it got l________ and was hit by a car.
4. People, especially farmers, who spend a lot of time working o________have observed that, before a storm, field mice come out of their holes and runaround.
5. At present, Internet Slang, such as “GG”,“MM”, has become popular among the t________.
參考答案:
1. ignored。指“忽略,沒有注意到(ignore)”天黑這個(gè)事實(shí),用過去分詞ignored與前面had一起構(gòu)成完成時(shí)。
2. tips。與前面的advice是同義復(fù)現(xiàn)。
3. loose。由careless(粗心)與“狗被撞”可知,是系狗的鏈“松開(get loose)”了。
4. outdoors。由field可知,是在“戶外”。
5. teenagers。由常識(shí)與“GG”,“MM”可知,是指在“青少年”中流行;值得一提的是among后通常接復(fù)數(shù)名詞。
短語除了要求默寫、造句之外,還可以設(shè)置選詞填空的題目形式,但是所選句子語境必須充分,學(xué)生可以從前后語境判斷所選短語。這樣學(xué)生不僅可以考查短語的理解,還可以訓(xùn)練完形填空做題思維,養(yǎng)成做題關(guān)注語境的習(xí)慣。如:
1.set_down? 記下;放下;登記
2.be_fond_of? 喜愛;喜歡
3.care_about? 關(guān)心;憂慮;惦念
4.change_one's_mind? 改變主意
5.make_up_one's_mind 下決心;決定
6.give_in? 投降;屈服;讓步
7.because_of? 因?yàn)?由于
8.at_midnight? 在午夜
9.put_up? 張貼;搭建
10.can't_wait_to_do_sth.? 迫不及待做某事
語境應(yīng)用(選用上述短語的適當(dāng)形式填空):
1.Despite all my efforts to persuade him to give up smoking, he never______.
2.On weekends, they always drive to the seaside, where they? ? ? ? tents to enjoy the sunlight.
3.______,we set off fireworks to celebrate the coming of the new year.
4.My brother______playing chess, while I enjoy playing football and basketball.
5.If I didn't__________the tips______,I might forget all about them.
6._________the snow, the pilot(飛行員) had to land the plane at an airport in another city.
參考答案:1.gave in? ? ? 2.put up? ? ? ? 3.At midnight
4.is fond of? ?5.set...down? ?6.because of
做完題目之后,老師還可以挑選上面的部分短語進(jìn)行翻譯練習(xí)或讓學(xué)生造句。如翻譯練習(xí):
1.為了提高英語,他下決心每天早晨讀英語。(make up one's mind)
2.當(dāng)他年輕的時(shí)候和很喜歡畫畫。(be fond of)
3.由于有霧,我們很難看清道路.(because of)
...
翻譯答案:
1.In order to improve his English, he made up his mind to read English every morning.
2.He was fond of painting when he was young.
3.It was very difficult to see our way because of the fog.
...
單元詞匯檢測的另一重點(diǎn)是對派生詞的檢測,詞性轉(zhuǎn)換是每年高考的高頻考點(diǎn),教師應(yīng)教給學(xué)生認(rèn)真掌握詞的確切含義和用法,這類題目除了檢測學(xué)生詞義辨析之外還可以鞏固學(xué)生的基礎(chǔ)語法知識(shí)(詞性、句法等)。
第一,派生單詞——能辨別。下面以人教版B1U2為例(學(xué)生基礎(chǔ)較好的可以不提供提示詞):
1.office n.辦公室→? ? ? ? ___n.軍官;官員→? ? ? ? _ adj.官方的;正式的;公務(wù)的
2.gradual adj.逐漸的;逐步的→? ? ? ? ____ adv.逐漸地;逐步地
3.spell v.拼寫;拼成→____ n.拼寫;拼法
4.fluent adj.流利的;流暢的→? ? ? ? ____ adv.流利地;流暢地
5.frequent adj.頻繁的;常見的→? ? ? ? ____adv.常常;頻繁地
6.express adj.特快的;迅速的 v. 表達(dá);表示;顯而易見→? ? ? ? ?n.詞語;表達(dá);表示
7.recognize vt.辨認(rèn)出;承認(rèn);公認(rèn)→? ? ? ? ____ n.識(shí)別;承認(rèn);認(rèn)出
8. ___________? adj.東方的; 東部的 east? n.東方
第二,語境應(yīng)用。用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空,同根派生詞出現(xiàn)在同一語境有利于學(xué)生的詞性辨析。如:
1.As is known to all,education is a_______ process,and people are __________ aware of its importance.(gradual)
2.The puzzled____________ on her face suggested that she didn't know how she could? ? ? ? ______her feelings properly.(express)
3.He had changed so much that you couldn't ____________him.As a matter of fact,illness and age changed him beyond_______.(recognize)
4.Mary speaks_______ Chinese while her brother speaks Japanese_______.(fluent)
翻譯答案:1.gradual,gradually? ? ?2.expression,express??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?3.recognize,recognition? 4.fluent,fluently
最后說一下我對高頻詞以及熟詞生義的處理?,F(xiàn)在網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源以及一些教輔提供了一些往年閱讀理解以及完形填空的高頻詞,簡單的布置學(xué)生背誦的話任務(wù)單調(diào),難度較大,學(xué)生的理解也比較片面。對此,教師可以鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生對高頻詞進(jìn)行更進(jìn)一步的探索,養(yǎng)成查閱權(quán)威字典的習(xí)慣。學(xué)生通過查閱單詞的英英解釋以及例句鞏固單詞的理解,養(yǎng)成良好的自主學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣。最后,教師可以收集部分學(xué)生的例句改編為單句語法題,增加單詞的復(fù)現(xiàn)率,也訓(xùn)練了學(xué)生的語法考點(diǎn)。以下是我對部分高頻詞例句的改編練習(xí):
高考真題高頻詞:(部分例子)
1. personal adj.私人的,個(gè)人的
2.tie v.系;聯(lián)系n.聯(lián)系
3. still adj. 靜止的adv.基至;仍然
4. offer v.提供,出(價(jià));恩意(做某事)
5. addition n.增加
6. success n.成功
7. produce v.生產(chǎn);引起n.產(chǎn)品
8. expect v.預(yù)料,預(yù)計(jì);期待
9. cause v.引起n.原因;事業(yè);目標(biāo)
10. state v.聲明;陳述n.情形;狀態(tài)adj.國家的
收集學(xué)生例句后改編的單句語法練習(xí):
1. _____(have)? good personal relationships is the most important thing for me.
2.Just_________ minute! Let me put your tie straight.
3.But a great distance still seems to separate_________(we)? from such an assertion.
4.Fortunately, he? offered? some? _________(use) advice.
5 The addition of more meat into my diet has caused me to gain _________(weigh) .
6.Let me offer my hearty good wishes for your _________(succeed) .
7.Our cat _________(produce) kittens last week.
8._________(she)? parents expected high standards from her.
9.Drinking and driving is one of the most common _________(cause) of traffic accidents.
10It's a sad state of affairs and I'm not sure _________can be done about it.
參考答案:1.Having? 2.a? 3.us? 4.useful? 5.weight? 6.success
7.produced? 8.Her? 9.causes? 10.what.
正如語言學(xué)家、語文教育家呂叔湘說的那樣:“詞匯嵌在上下文里頭才有生命,才容易記住,才知道用法?!蔽覀兊脑~匯復(fù)習(xí)應(yīng)突出應(yīng)用,注重語境,練習(xí)為主。教師應(yīng)重視基礎(chǔ)單詞和詞組以及考綱詞匯的落實(shí)和檢查,做到“多檢測,多批閱,多收集,多復(fù)現(xiàn)”。
(注:文中部分練習(xí)摘自《名師指津》,部分題目為筆者改編)