羅金華
高考英語全國卷閱讀理解的干擾項的設置主要有以下三種:
一、無中生有
就是指憑空捏造的與文章內(nèi)容沒有關系的選項。這些選項內(nèi)容可能與文章所談論的問題相關,或與我們的已有常識相關,看上去似乎符合提出的問題,但事實上文章中根本找不到任何依據(jù),因此,是錯誤選項。這類干擾項在全國卷中最為常見。
(2019全國Ⅰ卷)Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast (夸耀) about themselves.
△We can infer that the purpose of Whaleys project is to _________.
A. help students see their own strengths
B. assess students public speaking skills
C. prepare students for their future jobs
D. inspire students love for politics
由Whaleys project很容易找到答題關鍵句:上述段落的最后兩句。其字面意思是:“Whaley說這個項目不僅僅是學習在公共場合閱讀和說話。他想讓這些孩子學會自我吹噓。”再看四個選項:A. 幫助學生發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的長處;B. 評估學生的公開演講技巧;C. 為學生將來的工作做準備;D. 激發(fā)學生對政治的熱愛。正確答案為A項。選項B, C, D三項,符合我們的常識,也符合問題,但與文中內(nèi)容毫無聯(lián)系。
破解方法:將各選項與文中關鍵信息對比,逐個排除與原文沒有關系的選項。
二、張冠李戴
就是命題人為了增加迷惑性,在錯誤選項中使用原文中出現(xiàn)的詞匯甚至句式,把本來適用于一種情況的內(nèi)容移用到其他情況??忌赡苤豢吹搅宋闹谐霈F(xiàn)過的詞語,卻沒有注意到選項是否針對提出的問題作出回答,是否符合題目的要求,造成誤選。
(2018全國Ⅱ卷)The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience.“Its not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,”says Dunn.“But interactions with peripheral(邊緣的)members of our social network matter for our well-being also.”
△What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?
A. It improves family relationships.
B. It raises peoples confidence.
C. It matters as much as formal talk.
D. It makes people feel good.
由題干可知是問研究結果,可迅速找到關鍵句The results showed ...(結果顯示,與服務員聊天的人積極情緒明顯更高,在咖啡店的體驗也更好),句中“積極情緒更高”“體驗更好”與選項D“閑聊會使人感覺更好”相符,為正確答案。但選項C,卻利用了文中的matter來迷惑考生,文中是說“與我們社會網(wǎng)絡的邊緣成員的互動對我們的幸福感很重要”而不是選項C的“閑聊和正式的談話一樣重要”,屬張冠李戴。
破解方法:選項中出現(xiàn)原文中單詞,不能想當然地就認為是正確答案,仔細對照原文和選項,確定真?zhèn)巍?/p>
三、偷換概念
這種干擾方法的命題思路是,在對原文進行同義轉(zhuǎn)換或解釋的過程中,通過改變一些詞匯或表達方法,使改變后的意思與原文意思發(fā)生微妙或較大的改變。
(2019全國Ⅲ卷)“China is impossible to overlook,”says Hill.“Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion — they are central to its movement.”
△What does Hill say about Chinese women?
A. They are setting the fashion.
B. They start many fashion campaigns.
C. They admire super models.
D. They do business all over the world.
本題問希爾如何評價中國女性,由Hill的話“中國模特是時尚活動的代言人”“不僅僅是時尚的消費者”“是這場運動的核心”可以推知,希爾認為中國女性是“時尚的引領者”,故選A項。而B選項利用原文的fashion campaigns,意為“她們發(fā)起許多時尚活動”與文中“她們是美麗和時尚的代言人”意思不同,偷換了概念。
破解方法:把選項與原句仔細比較,根據(jù)語境確定正確選項。
責任編輯蔣小青