雷 雨, 黎嘉嘉, 劉蓉安, 曾 帆, 李貴森, 蘭蘊(yùn)平
1 西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院 腎內(nèi)科, 四川 瀘州 646000;2 四川省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院·四川省人民醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)中心 SICU, 成都 610072
Clinical features of patients with sepsis-induced cholestatic jaundice and risk factors for death
LEIYu,LIJiajia,LIURongan,etal.
(DepartmentofNephrology,TheAffiliatedHospitalofSouthwestMedicalUniversity,Luzhou,Sichuan646000,China)
Abstract:ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical features of patients with sepsis-induced cholestatic jaundice and the risk factors for death.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 139 patients with sepsis-induced cholestatic jaundice who were admitted to Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Critical Care Medicine Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, from August 2011 to August 2019, and the patients were divided into survival group with 62 patients and death group with 77 patients. Age, sex, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHEII) score, and infection sites were recorded; related laboratory data at five time points were recorded, including total bilirubin (TBil), direct bilirubin (DBil), indirect bilirubin (IBil), prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophils (NEU), procalcitonin (PCT), and lactic acid (Lac); the peak values of TBil, DBil, and IBil were also recorded, as well as duration of use of vasoactive agent, duration of mechanical ventilation, number of times of artificial liver plasma exchange, length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), Child-Pugh class, and jaundice grade. The independent samplest-test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data with homogeneity of variance between groups, and the Mann-WhitneyUtest was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data with heterogeneity of variance between groups; the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups; a binary logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors for death.ResultsThe mortality rate of patients with sepsis-induced cholestatic jaundice was 55.4%. Compared with the death group, the survival group had significantly lower levels of TBil, DBil, and IBil on days 14, 21, and 28 and significantly lower peak values of TBil, DBil, and IBil (TBil:Z=-3.230, -8.197, and -9.281,t=-5.371, allP<0.01; DBil:Z=-4.708, -8.633, -9.579, and -8.238,P<0.01; IBil:Z=-2.402, -6.522, -8.113, and -5.300, allP<0.01). The survival group had a higher proportion of patients with moderate jaundice, while the death group had a higher proportion of patients with severe jaundice (χ2=57.633,P<0.01). Compared with the death group, the survival group had significantly lower PT and INR at all time points (at diagnosis and on days 7, 14, 21, and 28) (PT:Z=-3.173, -3.467, -2.660, -2.261, and -3.120, allP<0.05; INR:Z=-3.141, -2.754, -3.230, -2.560, and -3.229, allP<0.05) and significantly lower levels of AST on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 (Z=-2.484, -3.200, -3.298, and -4.277, allP<0.05) and ALT on days 14, 21, and 28 (Z=-2.635, -2.667, and -4.656, allP<0.01). Compared with the death group, the survival group had significantly lower levels of WBC and NEU on days 7, 14, and 21 (WBC:Z=-3.229, -2.987, and -4.537, allP<0.01; NEU:t=-3.332,Z=-3.107 and -4.485, allP<0.01), as well as significantly lower PCT at diagnosis and on days 14, 21, and 28 (Z=-4.844, -2.215, -2.869, and -7.442, allP<0.05) and Lac at all time points (at diagnosis and on days 7, 14, 21, and 28) (Z=-4.316, -2.913, -3.068, -8.578, and -9.341, allP<0.01). Compared with the death group, the survival group had significantly shorter duration of use of vasoactive agent (Z=-6.421,P<0.01), duration of mechanical ventilation (Z=-2.005,P<0.05), duration of artificial liver (Z=-4.822,P<0.01), and length of stay in the ICU (t=-3.005,P<0.01). TBil (odds ratio [OR]=0.959, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.929-0.991,P<0.05), DBil (OR=1.056, 95%CI: 1.009-1.105,P<0.05), IBil (OR=1.071, 95%CI: 1.006-1.140,P<0.05), WBC on day 7 (OR=31.365, 95%CI: 2.878-41.761,P<0.05), WBC on day 14 (OR=5.859, 95% CI: 1.073-31.999,P<0.05), NEU on day 7 (OR=0.007, 95%CI: 0.003-0.409,P<0.05), NEU on day 14 (OR=0.132, 95%CI: 0.023-0.765,P<0.05), PCT at diagnosis (OR=1.062, 95%CI: 1.017-1.110,P<0.05), PCT on day 7 (OR=0.920, 95%CI: 0.855-0.990,P<0.05), PCT on day 28 (OR=12.711, 95%CI: 3.532-45.745,P<0.05), duration of use of vasoactive agent (OR=1.657, 95%CI: 1.337-2.053,P<0.05), duration of mechanical ventilation (OR=0.783, 95%CI: 0.634-0.967,P<0.05), and duration of artificial liver (OR=1.534, 95%CI: 1.065-2.208,P<0.05) were independent risk factors for death in patients with sepsis-induced cholestatic jaundice.ConclusionPatients with sepsis-induced cholestatic jaundice have a high mortality rate. The survival group has significantly lower levels and peak values of bilirubin than the death group in the middle and late stages of the disease, and there is a higher proportion of patients with moderate jaundice in the survival group and a higher proportion of patients with severe jaundice in the death group. Compared with the death group, the survival group has significantly lower degree of coagulation disorder, levels of AST and ALT, infection indices WBC, NEU, and PCT, and perfusion index Lac. Compared with the death group, the survival group has significantly better duration of use of vasoactive agent, duration of artificial liver support, duration of mechanical ventilation, and length of stay in the ICU. Bilirubin levels, infection indices WBC, NEU, and PCT, vasoactive agent, duration of mechanical ventilation, and duration of artificial liver support are independent risk factors for death in patients with sepsis-induced cholestatic jaundice.
Keywords:sepsis; cholestasis; bilirubin; risk factors
膿毒癥由于宿主對(duì)感染反應(yīng)失調(diào)導(dǎo)致的危及生命的器官功能障礙,常常伴隨出現(xiàn)全身性異常表現(xiàn),如意識(shí)障礙、呼吸急促、心率增快、血壓降低等,這與細(xì)菌產(chǎn)物和炎癥因子導(dǎo)致血管擴(kuò)張和毛細(xì)血管通透性增加相關(guān)[1]。在膿毒癥疾病過(guò)程中,肝臟發(fā)揮了重要的宿主防御機(jī)制,包括代謝、內(nèi)分泌以及免疫功能的調(diào)控[2]。據(jù)報(bào)道,膿毒癥常常導(dǎo)致肝功能異常和黃疸,而以黃疸就診的危重患者,膿毒癥是僅次于炎癥和缺氧的最常見(jiàn)病因[3]。在重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房(intensive care unit,ICU)中以膽汁淤積為特點(diǎn)的中度肝功能異常患者數(shù)量眾多,主要由膿毒癥、缺血、多器官功能衰竭所致。臨床上通常稱為“危重病相關(guān)膽汁淤積”,表現(xiàn)為流向十二指腸的膽汁明顯減少或缺乏,其病因是膽道系統(tǒng)膽汁形成異?;蚍置诓蛔悖浒l(fā)病機(jī)制可能是由于肝內(nèi)以及全身系統(tǒng)發(fā)生炎癥因子驅(qū)使的膽紅素和(或)膽汁酸瞬時(shí)聚集所致[4-6]。本文對(duì)膿毒癥相關(guān)膽汁淤積性黃疸患者臨床資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析,旨在總結(jié)此類患者的臨床特點(diǎn)及預(yù)后。
1.1 研究對(duì)象 收集2011年8月-2019年8月四川省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院·四川省人民醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)中心SICU收治的膿毒癥相關(guān)膽汁淤積性黃疸患者139例,分為存活組(n=62)和死亡組(n=77)。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)年齡≥18歲;(2) 符合2016年膿毒癥診治指南中膿毒癥及膿毒癥休克標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7];(3)符合膿毒癥相關(guān)膽汁淤積性黃疸診斷[4]:膿毒癥患者TBil>34.2 μmol/L,且常常伴隨ALP及GGT>2~3倍正常值上限。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)肝膽系統(tǒng)腫瘤;(2)膽道系統(tǒng)結(jié)石;(3)病毒性肝炎。本研究方案經(jīng)由四川省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院·四川省人民醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)審批[批號(hào):倫審(研)2018年第232號(hào)],納入患者均由授權(quán)親屬簽署知情同意書。
1.2 資料收集 記錄患者年齡、性別、急性生理和慢性健康評(píng)分(acute physiology and chronic health evaluation,APACHE Ⅱ)以及感染部位。記錄5個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)TBil、DBil、IBil、PT、國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值(INR)、AST、ALT、WBC、中性粒細(xì)胞(neutrophils,NEU)、降鈣素原(procalcitonin,PCT)、乳酸(lactic acid,Lac)數(shù)值;同時(shí)記錄TBil、DBil、IBil峰值,血管活性藥物,機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間,人工肝血漿置換次數(shù)以及ICU住院時(shí)間。肝損傷嚴(yán)重程度采用國(guó)際通用的Child-Pugh分級(jí)進(jìn)行;黃疸分級(jí),輕度:TBil 34.2~85.5 μmol/L,中度:TBil 85.5~171 μmol/L,重度:TBil>171 μmol/L。
2.1 一般資料 共收集患者139例,其中男94例,女45例,年齡29~93歲。存活組62例患者中男42例,女20例,年齡36~82歲,平均(65.3±10.5)歲;死亡組77例(病死率達(dá)55.4%)患者中男52例,女25例,年齡29~93歲,平均(68.3±14.4)歲。感染部位主要來(lái)源于肺部、腹腔、血液、其他(皮膚軟組織、泌尿系統(tǒng)等)。兩組患者年齡、性別、APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分、感染部位、發(fā)熱情況比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均>0.05)(表1)。
2.2 兩組間臨床數(shù)據(jù)比較 存活組TBil、DBil以及IBil在14 d、21 d、28 d以及峰值水平均顯著低于死亡組(P值均<0.01);存活組PT和INR在所有時(shí)點(diǎn)均低于死亡組(P值均<0.05);存活組中度黃疸比例高,而死亡組重度黃疸比例高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);AST在7 d、14 d、21 d及28 d明顯低于死亡組(P值均<0.05);ALT在14 d、21 d及28 d明顯低于死亡組(P值均<0.01);存活組WBC、NEU在7 d、14 d、21 d均顯著低于死亡組(P值均<0.01);存活組PCT診斷時(shí)、14 d、21 d和28 d明顯低于死亡組(P值均<0.05);Lac在所有時(shí)點(diǎn)均明顯低于死亡組(P值均<0.01);存活組血管活性藥物、人工肝時(shí)間、機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間和ICU住院時(shí)間均明顯低于死亡組(P值均<0.01)(表1)。
2.3 多因素分析 將表1中有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的指標(biāo)納入多因素分析。結(jié)果顯示,TBil、DBil、IBil,WBC 7 d、14 d,NEU 7 d、14 d,PCT診斷時(shí)、7 d、28 d,血管活性藥物時(shí)間,機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間以及人工肝持續(xù)時(shí)間是膿毒癥相關(guān)膽汁淤積性黃疸患者死亡的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P值均<0.05)(表2)。
表2 多因素分析結(jié)果
注:OR,比值比;95%CI,95%可信區(qū)間。
2.4 血培養(yǎng)病原菌分布 存活組62例患者中血培養(yǎng)陽(yáng)性25例,死亡組77例患者中血培養(yǎng)陽(yáng)性29例,血培養(yǎng)病原菌分布見(jiàn)表3。
表1 兩組間臨床資料比較
續(xù)表
指標(biāo)存活組(n=62)死亡組(n=77)統(tǒng)計(jì)值P值A(chǔ)ST(U/L) 診斷時(shí)98.5(76.2~133.1)113.3(77.3~176.6)Z=-1.6300.103 7 d156.0(115.5~208.5)165.3(146.5~288.1)Z=-2.4840.013 14 d198.5(154.2~231.7)231.1(177.2~376.5)Z=-3.2000.001 21 d153.1(112.9~211.2)211.2(153.5~376.4)Z=-3.2980.001 28 d101.3(84.2~121.0)143.5(101.2~321.5)Z=-4.277<0.001ALT(U/L) 診斷時(shí)131.5(88.2~166.5)143.0(93.1~199.5)Z=-1.2440.214 7 d 177.0(166.2~260.3)188.5(167.2~321.0)Z=-1.7650.078 14 d 243.5(199.5~322.1)312.5(216.8~416.3)Z=-2.6350.008 21 d 274.5(189.2~311.5)311.0(227.1~428.9)Z=-2.6670.008 28 d 122.5(99.0~151.5)182.5(115.6~381.5)Z=-4.656<0.001WBC(×109/L) 診斷時(shí)19.6(15.7~21.5)18.8(17.6~21.8)Z=-1.0070.314 7 d19.5(17.3~22.5)21.8(18.6~24.4)Z=-3.2290.001 14 d22.9(18.9~27.8)19.7(18.8~24.8)Z=-2.9870.003 21 d19.5(17.5~21.7)17.6(16.3~18.5)Z=-4.537<0.001 28 d13.3(11.8~16.8)14.8(13.4~15.7)Z=-1.6110.107NEU(×109/L) 診斷時(shí)17.4(14.1~19.1)16.9(15.2~19.2)Z=-0.8110.417 7 d18.1±3.219.2±3.9t=-3.3320.002 14 d20.3(17.1~25.2)17.9(16.5~22.3)Z=-3.1070.002 21 d17.3(15.7~19.9)15.3(14.3~16.8)Z=-4.485<0.001 28 d11.4(10.3~14.1)12.8(11.6~14.1)Z=-1.5100.131PCT(ng/ml) 診斷時(shí)24.4(12.1~46.7)45.7(32.6~76.8)Z=-4.844<0.001 7 d30.3(11.5~35.6)23.7(12.1~53.2)Z=-0.3640.716 14 d10.4(7.3~20.2)11.8(7.2~35.6)Z=-2.2150.027 21 d5.2(4.5~5.7)6.3(4.4~21.7)Z=-2.8690.004 28 d2.7(1.7~2.8)3.7(3.1~6.4)Z=-7.442<0.001Lac(mmol/L) 診斷時(shí)10.5(7.2~14.5)16.5(11.2~21.3)Z=-4.316<0.001 7 d5.9(4.7~8.3)6.7(6.0~10.3)Z=-2.9130.004 14 d 4.1(3.3~4.9)5.6(3.6~6.7)Z=-3.0680.002 21 d 2.7(2.1~3.2)5.5(4.2~7.2)Z=-8.578<0.001 28 d 1.9(1.6~2.7)5.3(4.2~7.2)Z=-9.341<0.001Child-Pugh分級(jí)(例)χ2=2.4470.294 A級(jí)109 B級(jí)3943 C級(jí)1325黃疸分級(jí)(例)χ2=57.633<0.001 輕度51 中度5119 重度657血管活性藥物時(shí)間(d)7(6~9)10(8~12)Z=-6.421<0.001機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間(d)9.5(8~12)10(9~12)Z=-2.0050.045人工肝血漿置換次數(shù)0 1(0~2)Z=-4.822<0.001ICU住院時(shí)間(d)13.8±3.615.3±2.4t=-3.0050.003
注:1)其他指皮膚軟組織、泌尿系統(tǒng)等。
表3 血培養(yǎng)病原菌分布情況
肝臟是膿毒癥中最常見(jiàn)的損傷器官。在膿毒癥病程中,肝臟發(fā)揮著清除細(xì)菌及產(chǎn)生炎癥介質(zhì)的重要防御作用。對(duì)膿毒癥相關(guān)肝功能傳統(tǒng)性的認(rèn)識(shí)是危重病晚期、表現(xiàn)為黃疸及高膽紅素血癥。然而,近期研究[8]提出,在膿毒癥早期也可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)肝功能異常。膿毒癥患者膽汁淤積和黃疸與感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加相關(guān),包括細(xì)菌移位、胃腸道并發(fā)癥、腎衰竭、高呼氣末正壓機(jī)械通氣、大型手術(shù)等,最終導(dǎo)致病死率至少增高2倍[9-10]。當(dāng)膿毒癥相關(guān)的肝功能異常進(jìn)展為肝衰竭,將發(fā)生一系列嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,如腦水腫、急性凝血病、循環(huán)衰竭、呼吸衰竭、腎衰竭,也就是說(shuō),膿毒癥相關(guān)的肝功能異常會(huì)導(dǎo)致多器官功能不全[11]。
本研究主要對(duì)膿毒癥相關(guān)膽汁淤積性黃疸患者的臨床特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行總結(jié),發(fā)現(xiàn)存活組和死亡組相比,雖然疾病危重度、感染部位、血培養(yǎng)病原菌分布等無(wú)差異,但在黃疸程度、凝血功能、肝損傷等諸多方面仍存在較大差異。在死亡患者中,膽紅素在疾病的中后期增高更明顯,膽紅素峰值更高,并且整個(gè)病程中均表現(xiàn)為DBil增高為甚的特點(diǎn),同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),死亡患者重度黃疸比例更高,故研究提示膿毒癥患者出現(xiàn)高膽紅素血癥會(huì)明顯增加病死率。據(jù)報(bào)道[12-13],膿毒癥患者發(fā)生膽汁淤積性黃疸的比例為34%,而這些患者的總體病死率高達(dá)61%,這與本研究病死率基本符合,膿毒癥患者發(fā)生黃疸的比例遠(yuǎn)超于缺氧性肝炎,膿毒癥早期、甚至無(wú)發(fā)熱及白細(xì)胞增多的患者亦可出現(xiàn)黃疸。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),死亡組患者在不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)DBil均明顯高于存活組患者,分析其原因可能與膿毒癥肝病發(fā)病機(jī)制相關(guān)。膽汁淤積是膿毒癥的常見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥,其原因可能是膽汁形成受損(肝細(xì)胞膽汁淤積),也可能是小膽管或大膽管膽汁流動(dòng)不良(膽管膽汁淤積),而并非均是膽道梗阻所致。在組織學(xué)上,膿毒癥相關(guān)的膽汁淤積最突出的特征是肝內(nèi)膽汁淤積,伴隨Kupffer細(xì)胞增生、單核細(xì)胞肝門區(qū)浸潤(rùn)和局部肝細(xì)胞壞死。若感染者血中IBil過(guò)多,可僅表現(xiàn)為黃疸;如果患者血中DBil過(guò)多,則黃疸通常伴隨著膽汁淤積[14]。有學(xué)者[15]提出,在膿毒癥早期即會(huì)出現(xiàn)急性肝損傷,主要表現(xiàn)為肝臟酶學(xué)升高、膽紅素升高以及凝血功能障礙。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在膿毒癥早期,AST與ALT兩組并無(wú)明顯差異,而在疾病的中后期,兩者在死亡組患者中更高,提示可能肝細(xì)胞損傷更重;凝血功能PT與INR在死亡組患者中延長(zhǎng)更明顯。研究[16]指出,在膿毒癥的發(fā)生和發(fā)展過(guò)程中,患者體內(nèi)的炎性細(xì)胞可過(guò)度激活,使機(jī)體本身的炎癥反應(yīng)失調(diào),從而繼發(fā)全身性的凝血異常,凝血功能指標(biāo)被認(rèn)為與膿毒癥病程進(jìn)展密切相關(guān)。然而,膿毒癥過(guò)程中凝血功能障礙,是膿毒癥本身導(dǎo)致的,還是膿毒癥合并肝損傷后引發(fā)的凝血功能障礙,目前尚未探索清楚,這可能需在疾病機(jī)制方面做進(jìn)一步深究。感染會(huì)誘發(fā)肝損傷,甚至出現(xiàn)肝衰竭;另一方面,肝損傷、膽汁淤積時(shí)腸道菌群紊亂,炎癥因子釋放,最終造成腸壁通透性增加,內(nèi)毒素、細(xì)菌代謝等誘導(dǎo)更嚴(yán)重的炎癥反應(yīng),形成惡性循環(huán),若不能及時(shí)針對(duì)病因治療,臨床結(jié)局差[17]。
膿毒癥進(jìn)展為膿毒性休克時(shí),其本質(zhì)性的改變是組織、細(xì)胞缺血缺氧,最終導(dǎo)致器官功能障礙,而Lac是無(wú)氧情況下糖酵解代謝產(chǎn)物,反映組織缺氧狀態(tài)及灌注不足程度,可作為反映細(xì)胞缺氧和組織灌注不良的有效指標(biāo)[7]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在不同觀察點(diǎn),死亡組患者的Lac水平均明顯高于存活組,這一結(jié)果可以間接反映該組患者疾病嚴(yán)重程度更重,故預(yù)后更差。WBC、NEU計(jì)數(shù)以及PCT在膿毒癥的早期診斷中發(fā)揮重要作用。在生理情況下,主要由甲狀腺C細(xì)胞合成和分泌,并且正常人血清PCT水平極低(<0.1 ng/ml),但在炎癥細(xì)胞因子的作用下,膿毒癥患者的實(shí)質(zhì)器官(包括腎、肝、肌肉組織和脂肪組織等)會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量的PCT并分泌入血,導(dǎo)致膿毒癥患者血清PCT大幅度上升,其在呼吸系統(tǒng)感染和膿毒癥的早期診斷中發(fā)揮重要作用[18-19]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),死亡組患者在疾病初期及中后期WBC和NEU計(jì)數(shù)均較存活組患者高。死亡組患者PCT水平明顯高于存活組,這與WBC和NEU計(jì)數(shù)趨勢(shì)是一致的。而死亡組患者PCT 28 d明顯高于存活組,分析其原因可能為感染加重或出現(xiàn)新發(fā)感染,尚需在后續(xù)研究中繼續(xù)觀察。
死亡組患者血管活性藥物、人工肝血漿置換、呼吸機(jī)使用持續(xù)時(shí)間需求更大,這可能與該組患者循環(huán)、肝功能更差以及呼吸功能不全相關(guān),需要更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的支持和替代治療。死亡組患者ICU住院時(shí)間更長(zhǎng),考慮與多器官功能衰竭、病情復(fù)雜相關(guān)。
早期有效的處理原發(fā)病是防治膿毒癥相關(guān)膽汁淤積性黃疸的基本策略,應(yīng)針對(duì)潛在或已經(jīng)存在的感染灶和對(duì)膿毒癥全身反應(yīng)進(jìn)行規(guī)范化治療,包括膿毒癥集束化治療如早期液體復(fù)蘇和合理應(yīng)用血管活性藥物,有助于改善肝臟灌注,預(yù)防并減輕肝功能障礙。此外,需注意炎癥反應(yīng)最小化、最大程度減輕缺氧、避免高血糖、避免或減少腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)、減少使用非必須藥物[4,20-21]。在膿毒癥早期未及時(shí)糾正肝功能或新發(fā)肝功能異常均明顯降低28 d存活率,嚴(yán)重膿毒癥72 h內(nèi)出現(xiàn)進(jìn)行性惡化的肝功能障礙、甚至肝衰竭與臨床不良結(jié)局明顯相關(guān)[10]。
綜上,膿毒癥相關(guān)膽汁淤積性黃疸患者病死率高,死亡患者比存活患者膽紅素水平在疾病的中后期增高更明顯,膽紅素峰值更高,重度黃疸比例更高,且整個(gè)病程中均以DBil增高為甚。死亡患者血管活性藥物以及人工肝血漿置換需求更大,呼吸機(jī)使用時(shí)間和ICU住院時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)。膽紅素峰值、早期感染指標(biāo)WBC與PCT、血管活性藥物、機(jī)械通氣和人工肝持續(xù)時(shí)間是患者死亡的危險(xiǎn)因素。