国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

橡膠樹枝條初生乳管形態(tài)發(fā)育研究

2020-06-19 08:53譚德冠AnuwatKUMPEANGKEAW韓冰瑩付莉莉孫雪飄張家明
熱帶作物學報 2020年5期
關鍵詞:橡膠樹

譚德冠 Anuwat KUMPEANGKEAW 韓冰瑩 付莉莉 孫雪飄 張家明

摘? 要:橡膠樹的初生乳管主要存在幼嫩樹干、枝條、葉片、花和果實中,其發(fā)育過程依然不清楚。本研究利用石蠟制片和改良的堿處理剝離2種方法研究了幼嫩枝條初生乳管的形態(tài)發(fā)育過程,發(fā)現(xiàn)堿處理剝離法能觀察到乳管從起源到發(fā)育成熟的連續(xù)過程,優(yōu)于石蠟制片。采用堿處理剝離法系統(tǒng)研究橡膠樹枝條不同發(fā)育時期初生乳管形態(tài)特征。從古銅期枝條不同部位分離的乳管形態(tài)差異較大,頂端分生組織附近的乳管呈線性長管狀、不分支、無隔,外凸結構不明顯;距頂端7 cm左右的乳管具有明顯的外凸結構或珠狀結構;距頂端14 cm處的乳管明顯增粗,相鄰乳管間外凸結構聯(lián)結貫通形成乳管橋,最終形成網(wǎng)狀結構。穩(wěn)定期枝條各部位的乳管形態(tài)趨同,外凸或珠狀結構的密度和乳管橋的密度均顯著高于古銅期枝條對應的部位,都形成了復雜的網(wǎng)絡結構。同時發(fā)現(xiàn)初生乳管是多核的。本研究結果表明橡膠樹枝條初生乳管為無節(jié)聯(lián)結乳管,是一種新的乳管類型。本研究對植物乳管發(fā)育研究有重要意義。

關鍵詞:橡膠樹;初生乳管;乳管新類型;無節(jié)聯(lián)結乳管

中圖分類號:S794.1? ? ? 文獻標識碼:A

Morphological Development of Primary Laticifers in Shoots of Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg

TAN Deguan1, Anuwat KUMPEANGKEAW1,2, HAN Bingying1, FU Lili1, SUN Xuepiao1, ZHANG Jiaming1*

1. Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS) / Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, CATAS / Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biology and Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China; 2. Song Khla Rubber Research Centre, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Had Yai, Song Khla 90110, Thailand

Abstract: The primary laticifers of Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg present mainly in young trunks, shoots, leaves, flowers, and fruits. However, its morphological development is unknown. Two methods, parafin section and modified alkali-treated stripping were used to study the development of the primary laticifers in this study, and the latter was found superior to the former by continuous observation of the whole developmental process. The morphological development of the primary laticifers of different stages was systematically investigated using the modified alkali-treated stripping method. The results showed that the laticifers isolated from different positions of the bronze-stage shoots were morphologically distinct. The laticifers close to the apical meristem were longtube-like linear structures without end-walls and branches, and protrusive growth was not obvious. The lacifers at 7 cm away from the apical meristem had obvious intrusive growth and bead-like structures, which resulting in increase in the diameter of laticifers. The laticifers at 14 cm away from the apical meristem were significantly enlarged in diameter, and contained more bead-like structures, and the bead-like structures between the neighboring laticifers were connected to form laticifer bridges, which resulting in the formation of a laticifer network. The laticifers isolated from different positions of the stable-stage shoots were morphologically similar, and the density of the protrusions or bead-like structures and the laticifer bridges was significantly higher than that in bronze-stage shoots, and complex laticifer networks were formed in the barks at all positions. The primary laticifers were proved to be multinuclear as well. The results of this study indicate that the primary laticifers in the rubber tree shoots are non-articulated and anastomosing, and belong to a novel type of laticifers. This study would play an important role in the fundamental research of the plant laticifer development.

Keywords: Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg; primary laticifer; novel type of laticifer; non-articulated and anastomosing laticifer

DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2020.05.006

橡膠樹(Hevea brasiliensis)屬大戟科橡膠屬,是熱帶地區(qū)重要的經(jīng)濟作物。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計,全球產(chǎn)膠作物12500多種,由于橡膠樹所產(chǎn)天然橡膠具有產(chǎn)量高、易采收、質(zhì)量好等優(yōu)勢[1],是商品天然橡膠的主要來源。

乳管是指一種含有膠乳的特化細胞或一列含有膠乳的并合細胞[2],它也是橡膠樹膠乳生物合成、貯存和運輸?shù)膱鏊鵞3]。橡膠樹的乳管分為2種類型,初生乳管和次生乳管[4-5]。初生乳管是植物體初生生長時形成的乳管,主要存在橡膠樹的幼嫩樹干、枝條、葉片、花和果實中,而次生乳管主要存在樹干中[6-7]。橡膠樹中初生乳管的膠乳含有一些有毒物質(zhì),如羥基腈水解酶,可用來催化腈基類化合物水解,釋放氫氰酸,抵御害蟲和病原菌的侵害[8]。

目前尚欠缺對橡膠樹初生乳管系統(tǒng)發(fā)育的研究。吳繼林等[4]采用石蠟制片的組織化學染色法研究橡膠樹幼莖中初生乳管的發(fā)育,認為其為有節(jié)聯(lián)結乳管;而采用剝離的方法觀察到幼莖中初生乳管具有很多長的分枝,認為橡膠樹初生乳管為無節(jié)乳管[9]。導致這些研究結果的差異可能是由于研究方法和研究材料的差異所造成。本研究采用了改良的堿處理剝離法,系統(tǒng)研究橡膠樹枝條不同發(fā)育時期、不同部位初生乳管的形態(tài)特征,克服了前人研究的局限性,發(fā)現(xiàn)橡膠樹初生乳管屬于一種新型乳管類型——無節(jié)聯(lián)結乳管。

1? 材料與方法

1.1? 材料

橡膠樹品種‘熱研7-33-97芽接苗種植于中國熱帶農(nóng)業(yè)科學院熱帶生物技術研究所苗圃中,分別選取古銅期和穩(wěn)定期的枝條作為實驗材料。

1.2? 方法

1.2.1? 石蠟制片的組織化學染色法研究枝條初生乳管? 石蠟制片的組織化學染色法參考田維敏等[10]的方法進行。用古銅期的枝條作為實驗材料,選取距離頂端分生組織14 cm處的莖段,立刻置于75%乙醇中,抽真空,室溫固定2 d。將固定好的材料經(jīng)乙醇系列脫水,冰醋酸過渡處理4 h,溴碘染液處理48 h,冰醋酸浸洗3次(每次2 h),無水乙醇置換冰醋酸3次(每次1 h),經(jīng)正丁醇透明后進行石蠟包埋、切片,切片厚度10 ?m。切片用二甲苯脫蠟,固綠染色,二甲苯透明,中性樹膠封片,光學顯微鏡下觀察研究初生乳管。

1.2.2? 改良的堿處理剝離法分離和研究初生乳管? 橡膠樹枝條初生乳管的分離參考Zhao[9]的堿處理剝離法,并進行改良。選取古銅期和穩(wěn)定期的枝條,去除葉片,分別切取頂端分生組織部位和距頂端7、14 cm處的莖段,立刻置于75%乙醇中,抽氣后室溫條件下固定2 d。將固定好的莖段置于10% KOH溶液中,100 ℃處理10 min,再置于自來水中漂洗30 min,于解剖鏡下用鑷子小心將乳管從樹皮中分離出來。

用溴碘染色法[10]對剝離的初生乳管染色。剝離的初生乳管經(jīng)乙醇/正丁醇系列脫水,醋酸過渡處理2次,每次30 min,溴碘染液染色10 min,光學顯微鏡下觀察乳管的形態(tài)。

1.2.3? 初生乳管細胞核觀察? 將初生乳管從古銅期枝條剝離出來,乙醇/正丁醇系列脫水,石蠟包埋,滑走切片機上切片,切片厚度為8 ?m。切片用二甲苯脫蠟,于環(huán)已烷溶液中處理6 h。將處理好的切片復水,于卡寶品紅染液中處理8 min,光學顯微鏡下觀察乳管細胞核情況。

2? 結果與分析

2.1? 2種制片方法觀察乳管形態(tài)的比較

石蠟制片是研究植物乳管的經(jīng)典方法,已被廣泛應用于研究橡膠樹乳管發(fā)育[11-13]。堿處理剝離法應用較少。本研究以距頂端分生組織14 cm的古銅期枝條嫩莖為材料,比較了2種制片方法的觀察效果。

利用石蠟制片法,觀察到初生乳管細胞、乳管細胞之間的橋聯(lián)結構以及乳管外凸結構(圖1A,圖1B)。然而,由于乳管是彎曲的延伸結構,不在同一平面,乳管在同一個切片上往往時隱時現(xiàn)(圖1A,圖1B),一次只能觀察到乳管的局部。需要通過觀察多個切片,來推測乳管網(wǎng)絡的結構。另外,由于有時脫蠟不充分,或者受乳管周圍細胞的細胞壁折射的影響,可能觀察到疑似端壁的結構(圖1C),因而將初生乳管誤判為有節(jié)乳管。

利用改良剝離法分離到完整的乳管網(wǎng)絡,可以將整個乳管網(wǎng)絡放在同一個平面上觀察(圖1D,圖1E)??梢杂^察到石蠟切片中所觀察到的外凸結構、乳管之間的橋聯(lián)結構、乳管的3D結構等,還可以排除石蠟和周圍細胞對觀察結果的影響。

另外,石蠟制片操作步驟煩瑣,實驗周期較長;改良堿處理剝離法操作簡單方便,實驗周期短。綜上所述,改良堿處理剝離法優(yōu)于石蠟制片法。

A、B、C:石蠟制片染色法研究距頂端分生組織14 cm處初生乳管(縱切面);D與E:改良堿處理剝離法研究相同部位初生乳管,其中E為初生乳管3D圖象。藍色箭頭所示初生乳管;紅色箭頭所示乳管橋;綠色箭頭所示外凸或珠狀結構;

紫色箭頭所示疑似端壁結構。標尺=40 ?m。

2.2? 用改良的堿處理剝離法研究橡膠樹枝條初生乳管形態(tài)發(fā)育

橡膠樹枝條發(fā)育經(jīng)歷古銅期、變色期、淡綠期、穩(wěn)定期等4個階段[14-15]。新抽出的枝條呈現(xiàn)古銅色(圖2A);隨著發(fā)育,葉片顏色逐漸變綠。當發(fā)育到穩(wěn)定期時,莖段硬化,葉片變?yōu)樯罹G色。為了系統(tǒng)研究橡膠樹枝條初生乳管發(fā)育過程中的形態(tài)變化,本研究以古銅期和穩(wěn)定期的枝條為研究材料,采用改良的堿處理剝離法對2個發(fā)育時期枝條中不同部位的乳管進行觀察研究。

本研究只對橡膠樹枝條初生乳管的發(fā)育進行研究,橡膠樹的葉片、花、果實、根等器官也存在初生乳管,這些器官初生乳管類型及其發(fā)育模式是否與枝條相似依然未知,尚需對它們初生乳管的發(fā)育進行系統(tǒng)研究。

參考文獻

Hagel J M, Yeung E C, Facchini P J. Got milk? The secret life of laticifers[J]. Trends in Plant Science, 2008, 13(12): 631-639.

譚德冠, 孫雪飄, 張家明. 植物乳管研究進展[J]. 植物生理學報, 2011, 47(11): 1033-1038.

Gomez J B. Anatomy of Hevea and its influence on latex production[M]//Annual Report. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysia Rubber Research and Development Board Monograph (Malaysia), 1982: 1-2.

吳繼林, 譚海燕, 曾日中, 等. 巴西橡膠樹初生乳管分化與苗生長的關系[J]. 熱帶作物學報, 2000, 21(4): 1-6, 85-88.

Wang X, Shi M, Wang D, et al. Comparative proteomics of primary and secondary lutoids reveals that chitinase and glucanase play a crucial combined role in rubber particle aggregation in Hevea brasiliensis[J]. Journal of Proteome Research, 2013, 12(11): 5146-5159.

Sando T, Hayashi T, Takeda T, et al. Histochemical study of detailed laticifer structure and rubber biosynthesis-related protein localization in Hevea brasiliensis using spectral confocal laser scanning microscopy[J]. Planta, 2009, 230(1):

215-225.

Mahlberg P G. Laticifers: an historical perspective[J]. The Botanical Review, 1993, 59(1): 1-23.

丁? 梅, 吳坤鑫, 譚德冠, 等. 橡膠樹羥基腈水解酶基因的克隆、表達和基因家族分析[J]. 熱帶作物學報, 2016, 37(11): 2170-2175.

Zhao X Q. The significance of the structure of laticifer with relation to the exudation of latex in Hevea brasiliensis[J]. Journal of Natural Rubber Research, 1987, 2(2): 94-98.

田維敏, 史敏晶, 譚海燕, 等. 橡膠樹樹皮結構與發(fā)育[M]. 北京: 科學出版社, 2015: 245-246.

Hao B Z, Wu J L. Laticifer differentiation in Hevea brasiliensis: induction by exogenous jasmonic acid and linolenic acid[J]. Annals of Botany, 2000, 85(1): 37-43.

Tian W M, Yang S G, Shi M J, et al. Mechanical wounding-induced laticifer differentiation in rubber tree: an indicative role of dehydration, hydrogen peroxide, and jasmonates[J]. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2015, 182: 95-103.

Cao Y, Zhai J, Wang Q, et al. Function of Hevea brasiliensis NAC1 in dehydration-induced laticifer differentiation and latex biosynthesis[J]. Planta, 2017, 245(1): 31-44.

戴雪梅, 楊先鋒, 辛士超, 等. 橡膠樹葉片原生質(zhì)體分離條件的優(yōu)化[J]. 熱帶農(nóng)業(yè)科學, 2018, 38(3): 46-52.

王立豐, 陸艷茜, 鄧玉杰. 光照強度對巴西橡膠樹淡綠期葉片光合特性和活性氧代謝的影響[J]. 熱帶作物學報, 2014, 35(6): 1131-1136.

史自強, 胡正海. 植物含橡膠組織的制片方法[J]. 植物學報, 1965, 13(2): 179-183.

Tan D, Sun X, Zhang J. Histochemical and immunohistochemical identification of laticifer cells in callus cultures derived from anthers of Hevea brasiliensis[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 2011, 30(6): 1117-1124.

Salvucci M E, Coffelt T A, Cornish K. Improved methods for extraction and quantification of resin and rubber from guayule[J]. Industrial Crops and Products, 2009, 30(1): 9-16.

Chen Y, Gao X, Zhang X, et al. Relationship between the number of tapping-induced secondary laticifer lines and rubber yield among Hevea germplasm[J]. Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering, 2016, 3(4): 363-367.

Pickard W F. Laticifers and secretory ducts: two other tube systems in plants[J]. New Phytologist, 2008, 177(4): 877- 888.

猜你喜歡
橡膠樹
天然橡膠種植管理技術研究
生如橡膠樹
中國熱科院在橡膠樹低溫應答機制研究中取得重要進展
橡膠樹開割季在5月已經(jīng)開始
海南島橡膠樹風害坡度的影響特征
不同懸空培養(yǎng)高度對橡膠樹小筒苗接穗生長的影響
橡膠鏈格孢葉斑病病原菌生物學特性研究
云南山地膠園橡膠樹專用肥肥效研究
2013年海南省橡膠樹種苗基地調(diào)查報告
4個不同橡膠樹品系的光合特性研究